切抛组合式小麦宽幅沟播破茬清秸防堵装置设计与试验

针对西北地区玉米秸茬覆盖地小麦免少耕宽幅沟播时,由于玉米根茬阻碍秸秆流动导致的秸茬聚集壅堵、土壤扰动大、种带清洁率低、播种质量差等问题,提出先被动切割、后主动抛撒的种带清理方法。设计了一种切抛组合式破茬清秸防堵装置,通过纵向布置的倾斜缺口圆盘与旋抛装置配合作业对种带残茬与秸秆进行清理。适配防堵装置设计了分流式开沟器,实现行距稳定的一沟两行播种。分析确定了缺口圆盘倾角与偏角参数;依据滑切理论设计计算了平直旋刀与侧倾旋刀刃线结构参数;建立MBD-DEM联合仿真平台并采用正交旋转组合试验方法,以种带清洁率、秸茬粘结键破碎率与土壤扰动宽度为指标进行旋抛装置关键参数优化仿真试验。基于仿真结果建立各指标回归模型并通过响应面分析与多目标优化得出,当侧倾旋刀倾角为20°、回转速度为310r/min时,防堵装置种带清洁率达到96.9%,秸茬粘结键破碎率为26.9%,土壤扰动宽度为139mm。在玉米秸茬覆盖地进行小麦播种试验,结果表明切抛组合式小麦宽幅沟播破茬清秸防堵装置通过性良好,种床清洁率为90.1%,破茬率为96.2%,土壤扰动宽度为127mm,土壤扰动量为6.9%,整机作业质量稳定且播种后小麦出苗均匀,满足宽幅沟播小麦免耕播种农艺要求。     

免耕播种机星齿凹面盘式清秸防堵装置设计与试验

针对东北地区免耕播种机在玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田作业时,平面爪轮式清秸防堵装置清秸率低、作业性能不稳定,播种机作业质量和工作效率降低等问题,设计一种星齿凹面盘式清秸防堵装置。通过分析作业时秸秆颗粒在凹面清秸盘上的运动规律,确定了影响清秸率的主要结构参数和各参数的取值范围。结合旋转正交试验设计和EDEM离散元仿真技术确定了星齿凹面清秸盘的最优结构参数组合,通过田间对比试验验证了该装置的作业性能。研究结果表明:影响星齿凹面盘式清秸防堵装置作业性能的主要结构参数为清秸盘回转半径、圆盘曲面投影长度和曲率半径。当清秸盘回转半径为152. 5 mm、曲率半径为160 mm和圆盘曲面投影长度为50. 9 mm时,该装置作业性能最佳,苗带清秸率和作业阻力分别为92. 2%和142. 6 N。星齿凹面盘式清秸防堵装置的工作性能优于平面爪轮式防堵装置,作业质量稳定,满足免耕播种作业农艺和技术要求。     

条带对行主动式玉米免耕播种防堵装置设计与试验

针对我国黄淮海地区小麦秸秆覆盖地玉米免耕播种机高速作业时开沟器易堵塞、播种质量差等问题,基于旋耕防堵理论设计一种浅旋条带对行主动式防堵装置。根据黄淮海地区小麦玉米种植模式中小麦苗带状况,对防堵装置的刀型排布结构和刀轴转速进行设计;从秸秆流动、抛撒轨迹和受力角度进行分析,确定防堵装置结构参数设计的合理性,并对影响其性能的关键因素进行土槽试验;选取刀轴间距、刀轴转速和机具前进速度为影响因素,以秸秆清秸率和动土率为性能评价指标,进行离散元模拟仿真和多因素正交试验,对影响作业性能刀轴间距和防堵装置工作参数进行优化。仿真试验结果表明,在刀轴转速为800r/min、刀轴间距为70mm、机具前进速度为7km/h时,综合作业质量最优;对优化结果进行玉米播种田间试验,在秸秆覆盖量为1.02kg/m2,前进速度为8km/h时,秸秆清秸率为91.85%,沟深稳定性为86.67%,动土率为26.47%,可满足高速作业要求。     

全秸硬茬地碎秸行间集覆小麦播种机设计与试验

针对我国稻麦轮作区常规稻茬麦机械化播种时存在田间稻秸量大、耗工耗时和播期延误等问题,提出了全量碎秸行间集覆、洁区种带宽幅播种的技术思路,设计了一种全秸硬茬地碎秸行间集覆小麦播种机,该机能一次性完成碎秸清秸、行间覆秸、种带施肥旋耕、播种镇压等工序,适宜在稻收后未作任何秸秆移出及耕整地处理的全秸硬茬地作业。对秸秆粉碎装置、碎秸导流装置和种带旋耕装置等关键部件进行了理论分析,确定了相关结构与参数;为在种带内高质、顺畅、满播小麦,设计了播种及镇压装置;以粉碎刀辊转速、径向距离和作业速度为试验影响因素,以清秸率和种带宽度变异系数为评价指标,设计了三水平三因素正交试验。结果表明,工作参数为粉碎刀辊转速2200r/min、径向距离20mm、作业速度0.8m/s和旋耕刀辊转速300r/min时,对应田间试验的碎秸平均长度为110mm、平均碎秸合格率为91.47%、平均种带清秸率为92.58%、平均种带宽度变异系数为10.91%、平均播深为41mm、平均播深合格率为97.32%;长势跟踪及测产结果表明,与常规播种方式相比,未出现明显缺苗弱苗现象,两种播种方式的产量基本相同。     

2BMFJ-3型麦茬地免耕精播机防堵装置

针对黄淮海一年两熟地区小麦机收后地表残留的秸秆量大且根茬过高,致使免耕播种下茬作物时易发生堵塞的现象,设计了一种用于麦茬地免耕精播机的防堵装置。为确定该装置合理的结构与作业参数,采用三因素三水平正交试验方法进行了优化试验,得到最优参数组合:机组作业速度4.5 km/h、清秸覆秸刀齿排布4-3-4、刀轴转速400 r/min。田间试验结果表明,当清秸覆秸刀齿切茬深度为20～30 mm时,防堵装置土壤扰动量为63%～76%,防堵效果好,能够创造良好的种床,提高播种质量。     

大垄玉米原茬地免耕播种机防堵装置设计与优化试验

为解决北方寒区玉米机收秸秆粉碎覆盖大垄原茬地免耕播种时易发生堵塞及地温回升较慢的问题,设计了一种大垄玉米原茬地免耕播种机的防堵装置。通过理论分析,设计了防堵装置关键部件,初步得到了该装置的结构和作业参数。应用三因素三水平正交试验方法和模糊综合评价分析法,以机组作业速度、清秸刀齿总成转速、清秸刀齿总成回转轴垂直面与机具前进方向的夹角为试验因素,以根茬清除率、秸秆清除率、防堵装置当量功耗为评价指标,对影响防堵装置性能的结构与作业参数进行了试验与优化研究。结果表明:在试验条件和试验因素水平范围内,影响多目标函数的参数优化组合为机组作业速度5.4 km/h、清秸刀齿总成转速440 r/min、清秸刀齿总成回转轴垂直面与机具前进方向的夹角20°,此时,根茬清除率为93.94%,秸秆清除率为95.39%,防堵装置当量功耗为4.36 k W,土壤扰动量为31.9%。     

前置式大垄原茬地种床整备装置设计与试验

为解决东北寒区部分播种机在秸秆重度覆盖还田地区无法正常播种作业问题,基于2BMFJ-DL4型原茬地免耕精量播种机侧向清秸覆秸原理,结合玉米大豆1.1m大垄轮作宽窄行种植模式,设计了一种前置式原茬地种床整备装置。通过理论分析和计算机仿真,设计了装置结构和液压系统,确定了其作业关键参数范围,液压系统分析结果表明,液压悬挂系统和液压驱动系统各执行元件的同步性能、转速和扭矩均满足作业技术要求。应用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件和三因素三水平正交试验方法,以作业速度、种床整备单元组刀轴转速和种床整备刀齿入土深度为试验因素,以清秸率、覆秸均匀度和每个种床整备单元组刀轴旋转功耗为评价指标,实施参数组合优化田间试验。结果表明,在参数组合为作业速度7.2km/h、种床整备单元组刀轴转速600r/min、种床整备刀齿入土深度30mm时,清秸率为91.03%,覆秸均匀度为92.61%,每个种床整备单元组刀轴旋转功耗为7.96kW,性能满足生产农艺技术要求;研究结果为提高播种机利用率和原茬地免耕覆秸播种机械化技术模式在玉米秸秆全量还田地区的推广应用提供了技术支持。     

协拨组合式玉米条带秸秆清理装置设计与试验

针对现有条带秸秆清理装置集行效果差、秸秆清理率低等问题，提出了一种协拨组合式条带秸秆清理方案，从力学角度对比分析不同齿形清秸轮拨送秸秆的过程，设计了一种径向锐化协拨清秸轮，清秸轮半径为162.5 mm、齿数为12、齿长为65 mm。开展了协拨组合式条带秸秆清理装置的仿真试验，以径向锐化清秸轮的工作参数为影响因素，秸秆清理率为指标，开展离散元仿真试验，分析了清秸轮工作过程中秸秆运动、土壤扰动及秸秆清理率的变化。结果表明，试验因素对秸秆清理率的影响由大到小为侧倾角、前进速度、前倾角，当机具前进速度为7.8 km/h、清秸轮前倾角为31.7°、侧倾角为13.4°时，秸秆清理率最高为91.62%。开展了协拨组合式条带秸秆清理装置和整机的作业性能田间试验，结果表明协拨组合式条带秸秆清理装置工作稳定，秸秆清理率为87%～90%,实现了条带秸秆清理装置的设计目标。     

螺旋切分式种带清理装置设计与试验

针对东北地区免耕播种时易出现秸秆堵塞等问题,本研究设计一种螺旋切分式种带清理装置。通过理论分析,确定了清茬刀的排布方式和清茬刀刃口曲线参数,并得到影响种带清理效果的主要因素：拖拉机前进速度、螺旋切分式种带清理装置转速和螺距。在离散元软件EDEM中建立螺旋切分式种带清理装置仿真模型,以种带清秸率为试验指标,以前进速度、转速和螺距为试验因素,进行了二次回归组合仿真试验,建立了种带清秸率的回归模型,结果表明,前进速度、转速和螺距对种带清秸率影响极显著(P<0.01),其中转速影响最为显著。利用Design-Expert软件对影响因素进行优化求解,得到最优参数组合为：前进速度2m/s、转速400r/min、螺距570mm,最佳组合下种带清秸率为92.55%。在最优参数下进行了田间验证试验,试验种带清洁率比仿真减少了约2.89个百分点,基本满足玉米免耕播种的要求。该研究为东北地区免耕播种机秸秆清理与防堵装置的研究提供了参考。     

幅宽自动控制清秸防堵装置设计与试验

针对免耕播种机在进行玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田作业时,清秸防堵装置存在清秸幅宽、秸秆抛掷距离不合理和幅宽稳定性差等问题,设计了一种幅宽自动控制的清秸防堵装置.建立清秸幅宽数学模型,确定影响作业幅宽和漏清区域的主要工作参数和各参数的取值范围;运用S型压力传感器和电动直线推杆协同作用设计幅宽自动控制系统;通过正交试验设计和EDE...     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。