负压式生鲜食品包装机设计与试验

针对目前国内人工包装生鲜食品劳动强度大、生产效率低等问题,设计了一种负压式生鲜食品包装机。该包装机由横封装置、切断机构、送膜机构和纵封装置等构成,能够一次性完成物料的输送、封膜包装作业,可适用多种规格生鲜食品的包装。通过FLUENT对后吸风盒流场分析,采用截面参数lA和lB分别为25 mm和64 mm的直角盒型,并经过试验确定后吸风盒吸风口静压为32 Pa。张膜输送带通过调整偏心滚筒,保证上部输送带和下部输送带之间有足够的压力。样机试验表明:包装机对于生鲜食品的包装速度为49.4包/min,包装率为99.4%,鼓包率为5%,基于负压式原理的负压式生鲜食品包装机达到了生鲜食品包装作业要求。     

果蔬包装机凸轮连杆式切断机构运动分析与优化

针对目前果蔬包装机中存在切刀刮膜和切口不正等问题,提出了一种基于连杆机构和凸轮机构的果蔬包装机切断机构。建立了切断机构的运动数学模型,并以此为依据建立了切断机构基于ADAMS的参数化模型,得到该机构主要参数变化对机构运动的影响规律。通过二次规划算法优化分析计算,得出一组最优参数组合。利用此参数组合的运动学仿真分析表明,下切刀的加速度最大值为7.971mm/s2,切割距离为20.4mm。根据优化结果加工组装试验样机,以PVC膜切断率为主要检测指标对该试验样机进行试验,结果表明,对11、12、13μm 3种厚度的PVC保鲜膜切断率都在98%以上,切断机构满足果蔬包装机作业要求。     

鲜切果蔬包装机输送机构仿真与试验

针对鲜切果蔬包装机输送机构作业时包装物料损伤和滑移的问题,分析了输送机构对包装盒压缩变形原理,通过PET包装盒的压缩试验,得到了包装盒及盒内的果蔬产品避免造成机械损伤的条件,PET包装盒压缩位移应在10 mm以内,包装机输送机构压缩力应在5~15 N之间。采用参数化建模,通过有限元仿真分析了输送机构对包装盒压缩变形的过程及机理,分析了包装盒的易损伤位置及原因。根据压缩试验及仿真分析,以滑移率为指标,进行正交试验,确定最佳参数组合:包装盒质量为19 g,立式输送带对包装盒的压缩位移为8 mm,输送带速度为0.25 m/s,在包装盒及鲜切果蔬不压缩受损的同时PET包装盒和输送机构有较好的输送同步性。     

水培生菜自动纵向包装装置设计与试验

为提升设施园艺中水培生菜生产全程机械化水平,设计了收获后生菜自动纵向包装装置,包括导向装盒机构、切膜与封膜机构等。利用聚拢气缸和压菜气缸执行生菜纵向装盒,同时利用导向环保证装盒过程中生菜偏移、翻转等位姿要求;通过柔性毛刷对薄膜的梳刷作用及薄膜自粘性使其贴于包装盒,完成包装盒封膜。根据生菜挤压试验、力学分析、理论计算,分别确定了包装盒尺寸、导向装盒机构参数、切膜与封膜机构参数。基于高速摄像,提出了生菜水平偏移、姿态角量化方法;通过生菜装盒位姿特性试验,研究了导向环对装盒过程生菜位姿特性的影响。研制了自动包装样机,利用正交试验优化了切膜作业参数并进行了试验验证。生菜装盒位姿特性试验结果显示:生菜入盒时有导向环水平偏移平均值、姿态角平均值分别为5. 8 mm、17. 9°,相较无导向环时分别减小75. 0%、74. 2%,导向环保证了生菜纵向装盒成功率。正交试验结果显示:切膜作业参数最优组合为薄膜纵向切刀与薄膜夹角30°、拉膜辊拉膜速度300 mm/s、薄膜横向切刀速度500 mm/s。最优参数组合下,包装成功率为96%,样机单次包装用时10. 5 s,比人工缩短58%。     

枕式包装机的纵封-横封机构设计

以枕式包装机作为研究对象,对其纵封与横封机构进行了设计。包装机通过供膜装置将包装薄膜传接到纵封机构。纵封机构由一对等速相向旋转的圆形辊轮构成,通过其等速相向旋转的圆形辊轮对纵向封口进行加压加热,以达到纵向封口的目的;横封机构由一对等速相向旋转的横封轴和两对热封头组成,通过一对等速相向旋转的横封轴和相距180°的热封头,使其封缝一边后,旋转180°封缝其另一边,从而实现整个包装过程的封缝。设计的纵封和横封机构具有高效、稳定的封缝效率,有效克服了传统包装机封口不严、撕拉薄膜等缺陷,使枕式包装机能够整体高效、连续、稳定地工作。     

粉粒成型充填封口包装机的改进设计

主要介绍了中袋粉粒成型-充填-封口包装机的机构组成和工作原理,提出了该机的总体结构改进设计方案,完成了横封机构、除静电装置及自动计量装置的结构设计;利用横封机构进行试验研究,对两种塑料包装膜分别进行了封合温度与封合时间的测定。试验结果表明,其结构符合设计要求。     

基于Flow Simulation的气力脱膜装置流场分析

为解决目前残膜回收机脱膜难题,设计了一种气力脱膜装置。采用SolidWorks软件对该装置进行了几何建模,利用其附带的CFD插件Flow Simulation对模型进行流场特性模拟,得出了在不同结构参数下吹气口压强和风速的分布特性。结果表明:圆室圆口风箱吹气口的压强和风速均比方室方口风箱大,在风箱入口风压为101 826 Pa、流量为2 006 m3/h时,吹气口最小风压为101 462.83 Pa,最小风速为11.729 m/s,能够很好地满足脱膜条件。此研究结果可以为气力脱膜机械的研发提供参考。     

膜下滴灌水稻穴直播机研究

根据水稻膜下滴灌穴直播的农艺要求,分别设计了不同种植模式下适用的膜下滴灌水稻播种机,并对关键部件滚筒式穴播器和覆土装置进行分析;通过正交试验确定了影响其播种性能的因素依次为成穴鸭嘴长度、滚筒式穴播器的滚筒直径和行走速度,影响其覆土性能的因素依次为导土板螺旋升角、覆土滚筒直径和行走速度。在较优参数组合鸭嘴长度28mm、穴播滚筒半径180mm、覆土滚筒螺旋升角35°、覆土滚筒直径360mm、播种机行走速度0.65m/s时,膜下滴灌水稻播种机播种深度合格率为92.6%,穴粒合格率为94.7%,覆土合格率为91.2%,空穴率为1.8%,平均产量达10500kg/hm2,该播种机能满足膜下滴灌水稻播种的技术要求。     

梳齿往复式杭白菊采摘装置设计与试验

针对杭白菊采摘耗费人力、采摘效率低等问题,设计了一种小型实用的梳齿往复式杭白菊采摘装置。根据杭白菊的生长特性和采摘要求,利用SolidWorks软件进行采摘装置的结构建模,该采摘装置利用梳齿梳脱和辊刷清扫作用以及曲柄摇杆机构的急回特性实现杭白菊的采收作业。为了获得该装置的最佳工作参数,进行了田间试验。首先,通过单因素采摘试验,确定了梳齿往复频率、梳齿间距、梳齿工作深度为影响采摘效果的3个主要因素;然后,以梳齿往复频率、梳齿间距、梳齿工作深度为试验因素,以杭白菊采摘率、含杂率、破损率和落地损失率为评价指标,进行了正交试验,试验结果表明：在梳齿往复频率40r/min、梳齿间距6.5mm、梳齿工作深度200mm的参数组合下,采摘效果最佳,此时,杭白菊的采摘率为92.47%,含杂率为11.07%,破损率为1.48%,落地损失率为1.41%。所设计的梳齿往复式杭白菊采摘装置获得到了较好的采摘效果。     

采后甘蓝单体排序定向输送装置设计与试验

针对采后甘蓝人工上料及定向排序劳动强度大、生产效率低、人工成本高等问题,结合采后甘蓝商品化处理工艺及转动惯量特性,设计了采后甘蓝单体排序定向输送装置。该装置采用气缸传动对空间堆叠状态的采后甘蓝进行翻转卸料,随后在单层喂入辊和曲面缓冲轨道作用下采后甘蓝呈单层状态排出,再经限位辊和变螺距输送辊引导完成采后甘蓝的单体排序输送,最终基于转动惯量特性在4个锥形辊形成的稳定空间内实现定向输送。对翻转卸料机构、单层喂入缓冲机构、变螺距单体排序机构、锥形辊定向输送机构等关键部件进行了结构设计,并试制了采后甘蓝单体排序定向输送装置样机。以“中甘15号”甘蓝为试验材料,以卸料气缸运行速度、单层喂入辊转速、变螺距输送辊转速和输送链条线速度为试验因素,以单体排序成功率和定向成功率为试验指标进行了正交试验。结果表明,最优参数组合为卸料气缸运行速度10mm/s、单层喂入辊转速50r/min、变螺距输送辊转速30r/min、输送链条线速度300mm/s,在最优参数组合下,采后甘蓝单体排序成功率平均值为96.50%,定向成功率平均值为95.17%,标准差分别为2.54%、3.28%,单通道作业效率约为1004kg/h。本研究为深入研发采后甘蓝多通道高通量单体排序定向输送装置、实现采后甘蓝商品化处理机械化作业提供参考。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。