马铃薯播种漏播检测自动补种装置设计与试验

针对勺式马铃薯播种机作业中排种勺空穴漏播需人工检测与补种的难题,提出了一种基于激光对射传感器的漏播检测方法,设计了一种马铃薯播种漏播检测自动补种装置,并验证了装置的漏播检测性能和自动补种性能.采用两对激光对射传感器和接触式行程开关传感器分别探测漏播空勺和准确补种位置,依靠步进电机驱动补种装置进行精确补种.试验结果表明:...     

巨菌草播种机漏播补种系统设计

针对缓坡地预切种式菌草种植机存在的漏播现象,提高菌草播种机械作业的质量和自动化水平,提出一种基于stm32的漏种补播系统,该系统采用光电对射传感器和编码器分别监测漏种和排种器转速,在监测到排种器漏种时驱动补种器步进电机执行补种动作,播种发生故障时自动报警。为验证系统的可靠性,对试验样机进行测试。结果表明,排种速度在1～6 km/h时,播种机的漏种率较低,漏种后的补种率高,提高了巨菌草种植机的播种质量。      

智能电控精量播种技术研究现状及展望

精量播种可有效减少种子使用数量，节省成本开支，且通过精量播种的农作物生长质量较高。为把握国内外电控精量播种技术的发展水平，从精量播种在线检测技术、播种量控制技术和补种技术开展研究，重点分析光电传感器检测、压电传感器检测、电容传感器检测、视觉图像检测和精量播种控制技术的优缺点；指出我国精量播种机缺乏标准化、高精度传感器研发力度不足、智能控制技术不成熟等问题，并提出相关建议；最后，结合国内外发展现状，展望我国精量播种技术在多机协同、远程控制、智能控制等方向的发展趋势，为今后研究人员了解我国电控精量播种技术提供一定的参考。     

加速补种的马铃薯播种机控制系统研发

针对当前马铃薯播种难以满足轻简、高效、均匀、精准和联合播种作业的需求,以及无法改善播种过程中的漏播和仍然依靠人工辅助补种等问题,研发了一种基于单片机控制的集排种、检种和补种于一体的马铃薯播种机.阐述了播种和加速补种的控制原理,建立播种机行走路径与排、补种之间的数学模型,并给出了主要硬件电路和软件流程的相关设计.所设计的...     

马铃薯智能排种机补种系统设计与试验

为提高马铃薯智能排种机的排种效率,降低作业人员的劳动强度,进一步提高马铃薯出芽及收获产量,对智能排种机的补种系统进行了设计。在智能排种机结构组成及工作原理基础上,建立马铃薯运动学参数模型,并加装补种装置,主要包括声光传感器、步进电机及报警装置等。给定合理的补种控制程序,进行试验,结果表明:设计的智能排种机补种系统补种合格率达97.5%以上,漏种指数试验平均值为1.1%,重种指数试验平均值为1.3%,各关键参数指标符合设计要求。该优化试验可为马铃薯智能排种机其他关键装置性能提升提供参考。     

二自由度调节振动吸盘式精量播种装置设计与分析

针对目前振动吸盘式播种装置种群离散不均匀、合格率低、伤种严重等问题,根据气吸与振动相结合的精密播种装置设计原理研究二自由度调节振动吸盘式精量播种装置,设计溜种装置、下料装置、补种装置、种盘装置、吸种装置等关键部件,溜种装置采用振动电机与海绵筒实现种子均匀限流有序落入下料装置内,下料装置利用转轴旋转将腔体中的种子加入到补种装置中,补种装置设有称重传感器实现精量均匀加种,种盘装置可二自由度调节种盘振动,实现种群"沸腾"运动,吸种装置实现种子的精密吸附和排出,并设有顶针清理机构有效防止吸嘴堵塞,播种装置工作效率可达到340盘/h以上。     

玉米免耕精密播种机漏播补偿系统的研究

研制的漏播补偿系统,采用等待补种、实时充种的方式,根据补种过程各动作时间关系,控制电磁阀和补种系统排种器动作时间,实现适时补种。该系统以2BYFZ-4型玉米免耕精密播种施肥机为载体进行田间试验,结果表明:安装漏播补偿系统后,机具在5～7km/h速度下播种合格率提升至99. 47%、99. 35%、98. 75%,漏播补偿系统补种性能良好。     

超级稻精密播种点位控制技术研究

设计了机械臂式点位控制补种机构,并基于Lab VIEW提取空穴坐标,确定空穴位置。对种头运动轨迹进行组合优化算法研究,对穷举法、最近邻点策略及最短链接策略3种算法进行了3种轨迹优化试验。试验结果表明:3种算法各自绘制出的运动图形轨迹与给出的空穴位置相吻合,均能够完成精密播种的点位控制;且穷举法运行时间短,编程简单,结果精确,输出距离短,确定为最优运动轨迹算法。     

"一器4行"针孔气力式蔬菜排种器的设计与试验

为了保证穴盘育苗播种的精密性,实现高效播种,根据蔬菜种子的播种农艺要求,提出了“一器4行”气力式排种方案,设计了蔬菜“一器4行”排种器。根据播种因素对工作性能的影响以及播种试验,确定了排种器的设计参数。播种样机采用种子在供种盘中沸腾振动与气吸相结合的原理对种子进行播种,利用1排针孔进行吸排种,然后通过导种管将种子分成4行,实现每次同时播种4行。通过对白菜种子的播种试验表明,播种机播种的单粒合格率达95%以上,最高每小时可播种600盘以上,空穴率低于3%。     

气吸式穴盘育苗精量播种机的设计与试验

根据工厂化穴盘育苗的农艺要求,研究设计了气吸穴盘育苗精量播种机,详细介绍了其结构和工作原理,分析确定了针式吸种盘、抛掷式种子盘和气吹投种和清孔系统的结构参数.田间播种生产试验表明:该机较好地解决了气吸式精量播种机对番茄等不规整小颗粒种子播种单粒率低和空穴率高等难点,指出了小颗粒不规整种子吸附过程中的姿态对提高气吸式精量播种机取种精度至关重要.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。