海绵蛋糕的水分含量对感官品质影响研究

结合了单因素试验与正交试验,以牛奶添加量、大豆油添加量和白砂糖添加量为因素,结合水分含量与感官评定,对海绵蛋糕感官品质进行评价,并探讨高水分含量对海绵蛋糕贮藏和销售的影响,最终发现当烘烤时间为20 min,烘烤温度为面火170℃,底火140℃时,以鸡蛋液56 g,低筋面粉27.5 g,白砂糖27 g,大豆油10 g,牛奶15 g,食盐0.5 g,白醋1滴为基础配方的海绵蛋糕感官品质最好。     

蛋壳粉低糖蛋糕的研制

将蛋壳粉添加到蛋糕中研制蛋壳粉低糖蛋糕,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验筛选出蛋壳粉低糖蛋糕的最佳配方和生产工艺条件为:面粉100 g,鸡蛋4个,蛋壳粉0.7 g,白糖50 g,植物油45 g,烘烤温度180℃,烘烤时间17 min。制得的蛋壳粉低糖蛋糕色泽自然均匀,形态周正不粘边,口感松软、甜度适中,无异味,蛋壳粉均匀地分散在蛋糕组织中,组织富有弹性,气孔均匀一致,感官品质评分达93分,具有一定的营养保健功能。     

D-最优混料法优化木糖醇牛肝菌核桃戚风蛋糕配方

为探究木糖醇牛肝菌核桃戚风蛋糕的最优配方,以感官评分为评价指标,通过单因素试验,筛选牛肝菌粉、木糖醇、牛奶及蛋糕表面核桃颗粒的最适添加量;使用D-最优混料法优化牛肝菌粉、木糖醇、牛奶的最佳配比。结果表明,蛋糕最优配方为：牛肝菌粉3.94 g,木糖醇15.55 g,牛奶16.01 g,蛋清70 g,蛋黄35 g,低筋面粉12 g,玉米淀粉6 g,食用油13 g,蛋糕表面添加核桃颗粒0.3 g。蛋糕烘烤条件为：上下火均为130 ℃,时间30 min。使用该配方和工艺制作的木糖醇牛肝菌核桃戚风蛋糕菌香浓郁、松软可口,为适合各年龄段人群食用的休闲食品。     

纯紫薯蛋糕配方及加工工艺研究

以纯紫薯粉为原料,采用单因素试验和L_9(3~4)正交试验设计研究纯紫薯蛋糕的配方;通过对不同处理的感官评价、质构检测,以及花青素、油脂、总糖含量的测定,筛选纯紫薯蛋糕最佳处理为T_6J_5Y_3,其次是T_7J_6Y_4,T_6J_5Y_2。结果表明,纯紫薯蛋糕的最佳配方为紫薯粉添加量100 g,鸡蛋添加量300 g,白砂糖添加量120 g,植物油添加量30~40 g,较普通海绵蛋糕断裂度和硬度小、松软易咀嚼;加工工艺为打发白砂糖和鸡蛋至白色奶油状,紫薯粉过100目筛,分次加入蛋糊混匀,加入植物油拌匀,浇模至模具的2/3(50~55 g),上、下火160℃,烘烤25 min。     

高粱粉海绵蛋糕的研制

将高粱粉加入海绵蛋糕中,通过一定的加工工艺制成高粱粉海绵蛋糕,并通过单因素试验和正交试验确定蛋糕最优配方为高粱粉添加量25%,低筋粉添加量75%,鸡蛋添加量200%,蛋糕油添加量3%,白砂糖添加量80%,色拉油添加量20%,水添加量10%,按此最优组合生产出的蛋糕组织均匀、口感柔软、香味浓郁。     

烘烤型黑蒜山药薯片的研制及质构特性分析

将黑蒜和山药加入马铃薯粉中,研制烘烤型黑蒜山药薯片。以感官评分和质构特性为评价指标,探讨黑蒜粉添加量、山药粉添加量、白砂糖添加量、食盐添加量以及烘烤温度和烘烤时间对烘烤型黑蒜山药薯片品质的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化烘烤型黑蒜山药薯片制作配方及工艺。结果表明,烘烤型黑蒜山药薯片的最佳配方及工艺为：马铃薯粉添加量30 g,白砂糖添加量9 g,油添加量2 g,食盐添加量1.0 g,黑蒜粉添加量1.5 g,山药粉添加量9 g,水添加量50 mL,烘烤温度145℃,烘烤时间22 min。按此配方及工艺条件生产的黑蒜山药薯片质地均匀,无裂纹,口感较好,入口爽脆,有独特的黑蒜风味。研究结果为新型薯片的研制提供技术支持。     

干果马铃薯蛋糕的试验研究

马铃薯营养价值高,富含多种维生素和矿物质,且碳水化合物和脂肪含量较低,食用马铃薯可以减少脂肪摄入量。为推进马铃薯主粮化,对干果马铃薯蛋糕的制作工艺和配方进行了研究,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定了干果马铃薯蛋糕的最佳配方:以面粉和马铃薯粉总量为烘烤百分比100%,其中低筋面粉与马铃薯全粉质量比3∶2,鸡蛋的烘烤百分比130%,白砂糖烘烤百分比110%,碳酸氢铵0.5%,水40%,干果10%。以此配方加工的干果马铃薯蛋糕外形饱满、口感柔软,兼具奶香和马铃薯香味。     

模糊数学在汽爆苹果渣玛芬蛋糕感官评价中的应用

通过应用正交设计方案和模糊数学评价法,研究汽爆苹果渣玛芬蛋糕的配方。结果表明,汽爆苹果渣玛芬蛋糕的最优工艺配方为低筋粉添加量100%,苹果渣添加量12%,白砂糖粉添加量45%,蛋液添加量120%,牛奶添加量40%,烘烤温度180℃,烘烤时间30 min,所制得的产品口感细腻、绵软,富有弹性,含有可溶性膳食纤维3.48%。     

魔芋精粉功能性蛋糕的工艺研究

魔芋具有很高的营养价值及保健功能,通过研究以魔芋精粉为主要辅料生产功能性蛋糕的工艺流程,采用单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验研究其工艺参数,确定魔芋精粉功能性蛋糕的最佳配方:蛋糕专用粉40 g,鸡蛋105 g,白砂糖45 g,蛋糕油8 g,魔芋精粉0.1g.     

魔芋精粉功能性蛋糕的工艺研究

魔芋具有很高的营养价值及保健功能,通过研究以魔芋精粉为主要辅料生产功能性蛋糕的工艺流程,采用单因素试验和L_9(3~4)正交试验研究其工艺参数,确定魔芋精粉功能性蛋糕的最佳配方:蛋糕专用粉40 g,鸡蛋105 g,白砂糖45 g,蛋糕油8 g,魔芋精粉0.1 g。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.