抗草甘膦杂草及其检测方法发展现状

草甘膦在世界范围的多年大量使用已经引起了抗草甘膦杂草的产生。本文针对全球迄今为止发现的21种抗草甘膦杂草的发生、发展状况进行了论述。探讨了抗草甘膦杂草抗药性检测方法,分别从整株生物测定及生物化学等方面介绍了抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的研究现状,为抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的发展及其抗性监测方法的建立提供参考。     

抗草甘膦杂草的抗性机理研究进展

草甘膦因其独特而优异的理化特性,自上市起便受到广泛的关注,现在已经成为全世界应用最广的除草剂之一.但是随着草甘膦抗性杂草的不断出现,草甘膦的应用前景受到严峻的挑战.文章综述了草甘膦生产及应用现状、草甘膦作用机理和草甘膦抗性杂草的发展,重点阐述了草甘膦抗性杂草的抗性机理.最后对如何通过延缓草甘膦抗性杂草的出现,保护草甘膦提出建议.     

抗草甘膦杂草及其抗性机制研究进展

介绍了迄今为止全球发现的13种抗草甘膦杂草的发生、发展,并从草甘膦的吸收、输导和分布,5-烯醇丙酮莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶(EPSPS)的活性以及抗药性遗传等方面对其抗性机制进行了讨论,指出了中国在未来出现抗草甘膦杂草的潜在风险性,并提出了延缓杂草对草甘膦抗性发生的策略。     

农田杂草抗药性检测方法研究进展

杂草抗药性问题备受全球关注。文章通过检索国内外已报道的有关杂草抗药性的文献,对实验室常用的杂草抗药性检测方法进行了概述,并将杂草抗药性检测方法归纳为整株水平、器官或组织水平、细胞或细胞器水平以及分子水平,并对这些方法进行了简要分析,可为研究人员或农技推广人员根据快速、准确、经济等不同需要提供相应的杂草抗药性检测方法。     

几种抗药性杂草的检测方法

农田化学除草已成为全球性现代化农业生产的重要组成部分。除草剂的长期和大面积使用给农民带来巨大好处,但杂草抗药性问题逐渐突出。为解决抗性杂草,国际上专门成立了治理除草剂抗性的组织,如除草剂抗性治理委员会（ＨＲＡＣ）等。７０年代末８０年代初,我国除草剂应...     

阿根廷新发现一种抗草甘膦杂草

在阿根廷,一种新的杂草品种Bradley发展出了抗草甘膦除草剂的特性。国家杂草抗性知识网REM已经发出预警,提醒这种多年生的草本植物Bradley已发展出抗药性。据REM称,这是禾本科杂草中出现的第六个抗性品种,其余还包括假高梁（Sorghumhalepense）、多花黑麦草（Loliummultiflorum）、     

草甘膦防除果园杂草试验小结

随着农业种植业结构的调整，江苏沛县苹果种植面积有较大增加，但草害是影响苹果生产的一个主要因素。为探明南京红太阳集团生产的50％草甘膦WP在苹果园的最佳用药量及除草效果，为大面积推广应用提供科学依据，2003年本站对其进行了小区试验，现将结果总结如下。     

农田杂草抗药性及其检测鉴定方法

杂草的抗药性是杂草综合治理中存在的重大难题之一,本文根据国内外已报道的文献,对农田杂草抗药性的现状与发展,抗药性杂草产生的原因和机理以及抗药性杂草的检测鉴定方法作一综述。     

杂草对灭生性除草剂百草枯的抗性问题

本文综述了百草枯抗性杂草的发生、发展情况以及抗性机理方面的报道,并就抗性杂草的治理提出几点建议。     

Weed control in glyphosate‐tolerant maize in Europe

Maize growing in the EU27 increased to over 13 million ha in 2007, most of which (>80%) was grown in just eight countries (France, Romania, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain and Bulgaria). The number of herbicides used to control the wide spectrum of weeds occurring in all these countries is likely to decline in the future as each current active ingredient is reassessed for toxicological and environmental safety under Directive 91/414/EEC. Glyphosate has already been approved under this directive. Glyphosate, applied alone or in combination with currently available residual herbicides to genetically modified varieties tolerant to glyphosate, can provide a viable, flexible and profitable alternative to conventional weed control programmes. Glyphosate usage with glyphosate‐tolerant varieties also provides an environmentally sustainable weed control option as long as sufficient diversity of weed management options (crop rotation, chemical diversity, multiple cultural and mechanical practices, buffer strips) is maintained within the farm management system. Appropriate product stewardship measures will be required to maximise the long‐term overall benefits of the glyphosate‐based system. Specifically, care will need to be taken to manage potential weed shifts to more difficult‐to‐control species and to reduce the risk of selection for glyphosate‐resistant weeds. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Herbicide‐resistant weed management: focus on glyphosate

This review focuses on proactive and reactive management of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) weeds. Glyphosate resistance in weeds has evolved under recurrent glyphosate usage, with little or no diversity in weed management practices. The main herbicide strategy for proactively or reactively managing GR weeds is to supplement glyphosate with herbicides of alternative modes of action and with soil‐residual activity. These herbicides can be applied in sequences or mixtures. Proactive or reactive GR weed management can be aided by crop cultivars with alternative single or stacked herbicide‐resistance traits, which will become increasingly available to growers in the future. Many growers with GR weeds continue to use glyphosate because of its economical broad‐spectrum weed control. Government farm policies, pesticide regulatory policies and industry actions should encourage growers to adopt a more proactive approach to GR weed management by providing the best information and training on management practices, information on the benefits of proactive management and voluntary incentives, as appropriate. Results from recent surveys in the United States indicate that such a change in grower attitudes may be occurring because of enhanced awareness of the benefits of proactive management and the relative cost of the reactive management of GR weeds. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of weed management measures on glyphosate resistance and endophyte infection in naturalized Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)

Recently, glyphosate‐resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was found on rice paddy levees in a western region of Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Naturalized populations of Italian ryegrass are frequently infected with fungal Epichloë endophytes. Endophytes often confer benefits to their host grasses. This study investigated the influence of five weed management treatments on glyphosate resistance and endophyte infection in Italian ryegrass that was growing on paddy levees where glyphosate‐resistant individuals were dominant. The weed management treatments were: (i) mowing once before the grass flowered; (ii) mowing once during flowering; (iii) mowing twice during flowering; (iv) glyphosate application before flowering; and (v) no treatment. The seeds were collected from the treatment plots in 2013 and 2014. The seeds were examined for endophyte infection and the seedlings that had been grown from the seeds were tested for the frequency of glyphosate resistance. The seedlings that had been derived from the glyphosate treatment showed higher frequencies of glyphosate resistance than those seedlings that had been derived from all the other treatments. Endophytes were found in all populations of the seeds from the paddy levees, with higher infection rates in the seeds that had been derived from the glyphosate treatment and the twice‐mowed treatment. There was a significant relationship between the endophyte infection frequency in the seeds and glyphosate resistance in the seedlings that had been grown from the same populations. The results indicate that where glyphosate herbicides are frequently used, selection for glyphosate‐resistant Italian ryegrass occurs, and along with this, the frequency of endophyte infection also increases.     

Growth of Parietaria debilis in fallow and in undisturbed areas

Parietaria debilis is a dominant annual weed in many non‐tillage fallow and undisturbed areas in Argentina. Herbicides control P. debilis inconsistently. A study on the growth of P. debilis, in a fallow in a soyabean–maize rotation including glyphosate‐resistant cultivars and in an undisturbed area without crops or weed control, was conducted in the central soyabean area of Argentina. The biomass dynamics of all species in the community, as well as biomass, density and growth traits of P. debilis were assessed. Biomass of several species including P. debilis and total biomass were greater in undisturbed than in fallow plots in both years of the study. Diversity was greater in undisturbed plots in 2000, but no differences in diversity were observed in 2001. In both treatments, P. debilis emergence began in March and finished in October and density increased from March to May. High mortality occurred in June and July, particularly in undisturbed plots. In the fallow plots, no other tall weed species were present and light interception was higher in spring when fruit production was at its peak. Conversely, in the undisturbed plots, P. debilis was substantially taller and had greater leaf area due to lower light interception by the high canopy of the rest of the community. In fallow, P. debilis is favoured by single applications of glyphosate, because the herbicide eliminates competitors. Control, if applied, should be directed to both fallow and undisturbed environments, as the weed produces considerable numbers of seeds and can invade extensively managed areas.     

Weeds and weed management in rice production in Japan

The area of paddy rice fields in Japan was 1.79 million ha in 1998 almost all of which was planted with young seedlings from nursery boxes by a mechanical rice transplanter. Japanese farmers controlled paddy weeds mainly by chemical herbicides, which were applied around 1.8 times in one growing season of rice by sequential treatment. The cost of herbicides was 35 320 ¥/ha on average, the main of which was ‘one‐shot’ herbicides, while weeding labor for the paddy field, including herbicide application, was 19.0 h/ha, or 29 976 ¥/ha in labor cost, in 1998. Under the Integrated Weed Management (IWM) for sustainable paddy rice production, other technologies for weed management are also recommended to paddy farmers, such as ecological or cultural, mechanical, biological methods and so on.     

Benchmark study on glyphosate-resistant cropping systems in the United States. Part 6: Timeliness of economic decision-making in implementing weed resistance management strategies

BACKGROUND: The introduction of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) crops in the late 1990s made weed control in maize, cotton and soybean simple. With the rapid adoption of GR crops, many growers began to rely solely on glyphosate for weed control. This eventually led to the evolution of GR weeds. Growers are often reluctant to adopt a weed resistance best management practice (BMP) because of the added cost of additional herbicides to weed control programs which would reduce short‐term revenue. This study was designed to evaluate when a grower that is risk neutral (profit maximizing) or risk averse should adopt a weed resistance BMP. RESULTS: Whether a grower is risk neutral or risk averse, the optimal decision would be to adopt a weed resistance BMP when the expected loss in revenue is greater than 30% and the probability of resistance evolution is 0.1 or greater. However, if the probability of developing resistance increases to 0.3, then the best decision would be to adopt a weed resistance BMP when the expected loss is 10% or greater. CONCLUSION: Given the scenarios analyzed, risk‐neutral or risk‐averse growers should implement a weed resistance BMP with confidence that they have made the right decision economically and avoided the risk of lost revenue from resistance. If the grower wants to continue to see the same level of return, adoption of BMP is required. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry