丝状支原体山羊亚种最佳培养基的筛选

在不同条件下对丝状支原体山羊亚种进行培养,通过PPLO精氨酸培养基、牛心汤培养基、MEM-KM2培养基以及不同种类动物血清和同一动物不同浓度血清,从生长滴度、生长速度、培养基来源、造价各个方面的比较试验,结果显示,加100 mL/L马血清的MEM-KM2培养基更适合于丝状支原体山羊亚种的培养,它的生长滴度可达109,所需时间只为5 d,并且配置方便,价格合理。这一结果为丝状支原体山羊亚种抗原的大批量生产奠定了良好的基础。     

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri associated with goat respiratory disease and high flock mortality

A high mortality outbreak of respiratory mycoplasmosis occurred in goats in Mexico. The clinicopathologic presentation resembled contagious caprine pleuropneumonia caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae. By using a battery of polymerase chain reaction assays, the mycoplasma associated with this outbreak was identified as Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri.     

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC can be grouped into a single subspecies

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC can be combined into one taxon on the basis of several contributions on both DNA sequence and protein analyses reported in the literature. Moreover, for the differentiation and identification of mycoplasmas of the "mycoides cluster", we investigated the rpoB gene, encoding the beta-subunit of the RNA polymerase. A segment of 527 bp of the rpoB gene was amplified from 31 strains of ruminant mycoplasmas by PCR. The nucleotide sequences were determined and aligned, and accurate genetic relationships were calculated. Cluster analysis of rpoB DNA allowed species differentiation within the "mycoides cluster" and confirmed that M. mycoides subsp. capri and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC cannot be distinguished from each other. "Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri" is proposed as a common name for both subspecies.     

Antibody response of horses to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp capri.

In horses given whole cultures or cells of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp capri (by subcutaneous and intravenous injections), antibody responses were measured by serologic procedures. During an immunization period of 22 weeks, horses produced an antiserum that was used to identify M mycoides subsp capri by agglutination, complement-fixation, and fluorescent antibody (FA) tests, but not by the growth-inhibition test. Horses that were injected with whole cultures of M mycoides subsp capri responded better than horses that were injected with only cells, ie, antibodies were detectable sooner by agar gel diffusion and FA tests and the serums displayed more bands of precipitation. The FA reagent was stable during lyophilization and storage at 5 C for 60 days.     

Comparison of culture and PCR to detect Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri in ear swabs taken from goats

This study was designed to evaluate the validity of PCR for the direct detection of Mycoplasma (M.) agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc), as the two species most frequently causing contagious agalactia (CA) in goats. The PCR method was compared with the traditional culture technique to determine which method was most efficient at identifying all auricular carriers present in herds. The samples analyzed were 307 ear swabs taken from goats reared in a CA endemic area. We assessed the validity of each technique to detect each species and agreement between both methods. For each species, the result was taken as true-positive when at least one of the two tests was positive. Of the swabs tested, 246 were scored positive by PCR (235 and 11 for Mmc and M. agalactiae, respectively) and 117 showed a positive culture result (113 for Mmc and 4 for M. agalactiae). 133 of the PCR-positive samples (124 and 9 for Mmc and M. agalactiae, respectively) yielded negative culture results and 4 culture-positive samples tested negative using PCR (2 for each species). Sensitivity and negative predictive values for PCR were 84.62 and 99.32 (for M. agalactiae) and 99.16 and 97.22% (for Mmc) respectively, and for culture were 30.77 and 97.03 (for M. agalactiae) and 47.08 and 36.08% (for Mmc), respectively. PCR proved to be a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of mycoplasmas in the external ear of asymptomatic carriers. Tools such as this are needed to adopt efficient control measures against CA.     

Use of an ELISA for differential diagnosis of Mycoplasma agalactiae and M mycoides subspecies mycoides (LC) in naturally infected goat herds.

Contagious agalactia is an ovine and caprine mycoplasmosis which manifests as mastitis, arthritis and keratoconjunctivitis. Mycoplasma agalactiae is recognised as a causal agent but M mycoides subspecies mycoides (LC), and M capricolum may also be responsible for this syndrome in goats. The clinical signs are not pathognomonic; diagnostic procedures are based on isolation of the organism from diseased animals or by detection of seroconversion. An ELISA specific for M agalactiae and M m mycoides (LC) is described. The specificity of the antigens was demonstrated by immunoblotting and by ELISA using monospecific hyperimmune rabbit sera. A correlation of ELISA activity with other serological tests and isolation of mycoplasmas was carried out in two goat herds under field conditions. Results indicate the ability to detect subclinical mycoplasma infection and individual carrier goats on the basis of ELISA, a finding which will assist control procedures.     

Kinetics of substrate oxidation and hydrogen peroxide production by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Large Colony (LC) type and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Large Colony (LC) type is a pathogen of goats causing contagious agalactia and respiratory disease, found on all continents where small ruminants are kept. It shares close genetic characteristics with M. mycoides subsp. capri. Substrate oxidation by 22 strains of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC from nine countries was compared with that of eight strains of M. mycoides subsp. capri from five countries. There was considerable similarity in the substrates used, but substrate saturation coefficients (K_s) varied for different substrates. Substrate utilization patterns and K_s values did not (1) significantly differentiate the LC strains from each other, (2) show any correlation with geographical origin, or (3) distinguish the LC strains from the capri strains. These results support previous studies justifying the reclassification of these subspecies as a single species.     

丝状霉形体山羊亚种巢式PCR检测方法的建立

根据已发表的丝状霉形体簇各成员核苷酸序列，设计合成了2对引物McF、McR和MmcF、MmcR，建立了可以鉴别丝状霉形体山羊亚种（Mycoplasma mycoides subsp．capri，Mmc）的巢式PCR方法。特异性和敏感性试验结果显示，该方法只能对Mmc扩增出195bp的片段，而对其他病原菌不能扩增出任何条带，它最低能够检测出10Pg的Mmc DNA，说明该方法具有良好的特异性和很高的敏感性。田间试验结果显示，对4株霉形体分离株及其病料均可扩增出Mmc特异性片段，表明，该巢式PCR方法可用于Mmc快速鉴定和流行病学调查。     

青海地区丝状支原体山羊亚种的流行病学调查

为弄清楚丝状支原体山羊亚种在青海省地区的流行状况,试验利用丝状支原体山羊亚种抗体检测正向间接血凝试剂盒对2007至2009年采自青海各地区的1200份山羊血清进行了检测。结果显示,平均阳性率为16.08%。不同地区山羊血清的阳性率从5%~20.9%不等。从季节上看,冬春季节发病率要高于夏秋季节。结果提示青海地区的丝状支原体山羊亚种的感染率偏高,应该加强对丝状支原体山羊亚种的防控。     

绵羊肺炎支原体、丝状支原体山羊亚种和精氨酸支原体多重PCR检测方法的建立及应用

根据GenBank登陆的绵羊肺炎支原体(MO)、丝状支原体山羊亚种(MmC)和精氨酸支原体(M.arg)的相关基因序列,分别设计了扩增MO hsp70基因、MmC hsp70基因和M.arg ADI基因片段的特异性引物,通过对反应条件和反应体系的优化,建立了MO、MmC和M.arg的多重PCR检测方法。特异性试验结果显示:该方法能同时扩增出MO 703bp、MmC 385bp和M.arg223bp的特异性目的片段,而对其他病原的DNA扩增为阴性。敏感性试验结果显示:该方法对这3种支原体的最低核酸检出量均为10pg。55份临床样品检测结果表明:三重PCR检测结果与分离培养诊断方法一致,均能检测出样品中的病原菌。本试验建立的多重PCR方法能为MO、MmC和M.arg的感染提供正确快速诊断方法。     

丝状支原体山羊亚种LPPA蛋白原核表达及间接ELISA方法的建立

【目的】建立基于丝状支原体山羊亚种(Mmc)膜脂蛋白LPPA的间接ELISA方法。【方法】扩增Mmc LPPA基因并将其克隆至pCold-Ⅰ载体,构建重组质粒pCold-Ⅰ-LPPA,测序鉴定正确后转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,经IPTG诱导表达后纯化得到Mmc LPPA重组蛋白,采用SDS-PAGE验证该重组蛋白是否表达,并采用Western blotting和传统经典的琼脂扩散血清学试验分析其与Mmc阳性血清的反应原性。以该重组蛋白为包被抗原,建立Mmc重组LPPA蛋白的间接ELISA抗体检测方法,对该方法进行反应条件优化后开展特异性、重复性试验,并将其初步应用于184份山羊血清样本。【结果】通过PCR扩增得到Mmc LPPA基因,成功构建了重组质粒pCold-Ⅰ-LPPA,经诱导表达后得到Mmc LPPA重组蛋白,SDS-PAGE结果显示,获得了大小约23 ku的LPPA重组融合蛋白;琼脂扩散及Western blotting试验证明该蛋白反应原性良好。ELISA方法反应条件优化结果显示,LPPA抗原蛋白的包被浓度为2.0μg/100μL,血清稀释度为1∶300,3%BSA封闭...     

Characterisation of protein and antigen variability among Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (LC) and Mycoplasma agalactiae field strains by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (LC) (Mmm LC) and Mycoplasma agalactiae are the most important mycoplasma species involved in the contagious agalactia syndrome. A total of 25 field strains from Spain and the two type strains were analysed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Two polyclonal antisera (PAbs) raised against a pool of strains of each mycoplasma species were used. The results revealed a high degree of protein variability among the field strains. The type strain of Mmm LC appeared to be representative of the field strains of this species, whereas this was not the case with the M. agalactiae type strain. Whereas M. agalactiae is known to possess a gene family regulating surface antigen diversity, there is a need to study the mechanisms used byMmm LC to generate antigenic variability in more detail.     

Molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC, the aetiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), is considered the most pathogenic of the Mycoplasma species. Its virulence is probably the result of a coordinated action of various components of an antigenically and functionally dynamic surface architecture. The different virulence attributes allow the pathogen to evade the host's immune defence, adhere tightly to the host cell surface, persist and disseminate in the host causing mycoplasmaemia, efficiently import energetically valuable nutrients present in the environment, and release and simultaneously translocate toxic metabolic pathway products to the host cell where they cause cytotoxic effects that are known to induce inflammatory processes and disease. This strategy enables the mycoplasma to exploit the minimal genetic information in its small genome, not only to fulfil the basic functions for its replication but also to damage host cells in intimate proximity thereby acquiring the necessary bio-molecules, such as amino acids and nucleic acid precursors, for its own biosynthesis and survival.     

Infection of two goatherds with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri in Hungary,evidence of a possible faecal excretion

During epidemic outbreaks in two goatherds clinical symptoms and deaths occurred in five (14%) of the 3-week-old goat kids in farm A, and in six (33%) of those in farm B. In the latter farm, three female goats aborted before the clinical symptoms in the kids emerged. Mycoplasma could be isolated from both healthy and sick goat kids and from female goats, which had diseased kids or had aborted. Three goat kids (one from herd A and two from herd B) were sent for post-mortem examination. In all these cases septicaemia caused by Mycoplasma was diagnosed. Based on the bacteriological examination the Mycoplasma strains proved to be Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc). This was confirmed by the PCR examination. Mmc was isolated from several locations including from the rectum of one healthy female goat, and from two diseased kids. In addition, bacteria were detected in the small intestine in two of the necropsied kids by bacteriological and/or immunohistochemical methods. The finding suggests that Mmc may be transmitted via faeces in goatherds, kept under conventional conditions.     

丝状霉形体山羊亚种血清抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立

利用丝状霉形体山羊亚种标准株PG3制备抗原,经纯化后作为包被抗原建立了间接ELISA方法,用于检测丝状霉形体山羊亚种血清抗体。经方阵滴定确定最佳抗原包被浓度为1.09μg/mL,血清样品最佳稀释度为1∶64,兔抗羊IgG辣根过氧化物酶结合物的最佳稀释度为1∶40 000,抗原抗体最佳结合时间为1 h。判定标准为样品D490 nm值与标准阴性血清D490 nm值之比（P/N）≥3为阳性,≤2.5为阴性,介于二者之间的为可疑。重复性和稳定性试验证明,建立的间接ELISA的稳定性和重复性良好,与间接血凝试验相比,其敏感性较高。     

Studies on Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (LC) in lambs and calves.

Six cesarean-derived lambs were inoculated either with 4.5 X 10(4), 4.5 X 10(6) or 4.5 X 10(8) Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides intratracheally. One animal receiving the intermediate dose died four days post-inoculation, the two receiving the high dose died six days postinoculation, while one receiving the low dose died eight days postinoculation. The two surviving lambs were challenged on day 20 postinoculation with 1 X 10(8) organisms subcutaneously and 2 X 10(9) organisms intravenously. One animal died eight days following this challenge while the other survived and was killed. Six conventionally reared lambs challenged with 90 to 8500 organisms by intranasal and intraocular instillation failed to become infected. Three conventionally reared calves were each inoculated with 1 X 10(8) organisms by each of intratracheal, subcutaneous and intravenous routes. They were killed 20 days post-inoculation without having shown any clinical signs.     

青海地区丝状支原体山羊亚种的流行病学调查

为弄清楚丝状支原体山羊亚种在青海省地区的流行状况,笔者利用丝状支原体山羊亚种抗体检测正向间接血凝试剂盒对2007至2009年采自青海各地区的1200份山羊血清进行了检测。结果显示,平均阳性率为16.08%。不同地区山羊血清的阳性率从5%-20.9%不等。从季节上看,冬春季节发病率要高于夏秋季节。结果提示青海地区的丝状支原体山羊亚种的感染率偏高,应该加强对由丝状支原体山羊亚种的防控。