苹果拉枝注意事项

<正>苹果拉枝宜在夏末秋初进行。具体1年生枝最好在8月下旬至9月下旬,小枝在春季树液流动后,3年生及以上的大枝应在5月中下旬。应将枝拉至枝条较少而空间较大的地方,注意永久性主枝基角拉至90°左右,临时性小主枝和辅养枝拉至95°~110°,主枝上的枝组全部拉至自然下垂状态。拉枝采取"一推二揉三压四定位"的方法,即     

北方日光温室冬茬黄瓜高产栽培

<正>冬茬黄瓜的采收上市期在元旦、春节和早春,此时黄瓜市场价格高,经济效益显著。冬茬黄瓜在每年8月中旬至9月中旬开始播种,9月中旬至10月中下旬定植,10月上中旬至11月下旬开始采收,直至第     

核桃树修剪要适期

<正>核桃树冬季修剪极易引起伤流,使树体水分和贮藏养分大量流失,导致树势衰弱,甚至枝条枯死,严重影啊树体正常生长和结果.核桃树伤流主要发生在休眠期;果实生长期有一定伤流;芽体萌动至盛花期,果实采收至落叶期内基本没有伤流.因此,整形修剪宜选在秋季果实采收后至落叶期和春季     

葡萄的年生长周期与周年管理

<正>1树液流动期从春季树液流动至萌芽为树液流动期,一般在2月下旬至3月上旬。此时期由于春天土温升高,葡萄根系即开始活动,并将吸收的水分和无机盐及根内贮藏的营养物质运送至地上部,供芽眼萌动。由于根压的作用及葡萄颈部组织疏松,导管粗大,树液活动非常旺盛,如植株有新的伤口即有大量液体流出(伤流)。冬季修剪在树液流动期之前,一般是在落叶后半月至树液流动(伤流)前1~2周的休眠期进行,12月下旬至     

芦笋栽培技术讲座(6)

第三讲 绿芦笋栽培 (3)采收季节和时间 绿芦笋的采收季节与各地的气象条件关系较大。我国南方的台湾和福建等省,由于气温高,生育期长,每年可在春秋季节进行两次采笋,春季是4月上旬至6月下旬,秋季是8月中旬至10月中旬。其它省区多数是4月上中旬至6月下旬。吉林省是5月上旬至7月上旬,根据情况,秋季也可少量采收。     

早秋日光温室番茄栽培技术

正1茬口安排早秋茬番茄一般在6月下旬至7月上旬播种育苗,7月中、下旬至8月中旬定植,9月中旬至10月上旬开始采收,至11月底或者12月底,根据茬口安排拔秧清园。2品种选择早秋茬番茄苗期和栽培前期正处在高温、高湿、强光季节,病虫害严重,应选用早熟、耐热、抗病、适应当地生长的品种。     

核桃栽植技术

<正>栽植核桃树苗的适期为春季和秋季。春栽多在土壤解冻后至萌芽前进行;秋季多在落叶后至地面上冻以前栽植。在冬季温暖不干旱地区,秋栽比春栽效     

日光温室越冬黄瓜越夏番茄一年两茬栽培模式

1茬口安排日光温室黄瓜越冬栽培的播种育苗期为9月中旬至10月上中旬。在温暖、光照充足的秋季育出壮苗,在11月底至12月初定植在温室内,1月中下旬开始采收,直至翌年7月。番茄5月中下旬播种育苗,6月中下旬至7月份采收上市,至10月中旬拉秧。     

新疆伊犁蔷薇黄卷蛾生物学特性与防治

蔷薇黄卷蛾是新疆伊犁河谷林、果园新发生的害虫。2015—2016年采取室内饲养和田间调查对蔷薇黄卷蛾发生为害情况、形态特征、生活史、生物学特性及防治技术进行了研究,以期为防控提供参考依据。结果表明:蔷薇黄卷蛾在新疆伊犁地区1年发生1代,产卵在树缝、老翘皮或树干背面洼裂处,并越冬。在伊宁市和霍城县,翌年3月中旬越冬代卵开始孵化,4月上旬幼虫出现,分散为害,5月上旬开始化蛹,5月中旬成虫出现,6月中旬至翌年3月中旬越冬代卵出现。在尼勒克县,由于气候冷凉,幼虫孵化较霍城县和伊宁市晚逾10d,即4月下旬至5月上中旬幼虫出现,5月中下旬至6月上旬蛹期,5、6月下旬蛹开始羽化成成虫,6月下旬至翌年4月中旬越冬代卵出现。在特克斯县,气候更冷凉,较其他县晚1个月,翌年5月上旬幼虫孵化,5月下旬至6月上、中旬化蛹,6月中下旬至7月上旬成虫出现,7月上旬至翌年4月下旬越冬代卵出现。参试的5种药剂在蔷薇黄卷蛾幼虫时期使用防效均较高,以22%阿立卡(12.6%噻虫嗪+9.4%高效氟氯氰菊酯)微囊悬浮剂3 000倍液效果最佳。     

植物油对西瓜白粉病的防治效果

通过室内孢子萌发试验和田间喷药防治,研究了植物油乳油对西瓜白粉病的室内活性和田间的防治效果。结果表明:室内试验92%豆油乳油稀释至5.000mL/L和3.333mL/L均能有效抑制白粉病分生孢子萌发;田间防治效果表明,植物油稀释至2.000mL/L与对照药剂20%三唑酮乳油稀释至1.000mL/L在喷药第14天比较,前者效果较好,其防效超过70%。     

Effects of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase on hypertensive vascular remodeling

AIM: To investigate the changes of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) in hypertensive vascular remodeling and to explore the relationship between SCAD and vascular remodeling in hypertension.METHODS: The spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR; 24 weeks old) and Wistar rats (24 weeks old) were used as experimental control groups. The SHR and Wistar rats of 16 weeks old were trained by swimming as experimental groups. The systolic pressure was measured periodically. The thickness of vascular wall and the diameter of the vascular lumen were measured. The contents of ROS and ATP, the enzyme activity of SCAD, and the expression of SCAD at mRNA and protein levels in the aorta were determined. The free fatty acid in the serum and aorta was also measured.RESULTS: Compared with Wistar group, the diameter of vascular lumen decreased in SHR group. The thickness of vascular wall, the ratio of vascular wall and the diameter of vascular lumen, and the blood pressure in SHR group were increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with SHR group, the diameter of vascular lumen increased in SHR+swim group. The thickness of vascular wall, the ratio of vascular wall and the diameter of vascular lumen, and the blood pressure in SHR+swim group were decreased significantly. Compared with control group, the expression of SCAD at mRNA and protein levels, the enzyme activity of SCAD, and the content of ATP were decreased in SHR group. However, the free fatty acid in the serum and aorta, and the content of ROS in the aorta were increased in SHR group. The expression of SCAD at mRNA and protein levels, the enzyme activity of SCAD, the content of ATP were increased in Wistar+swim group and SHR+swim group. However, the free fatty acid in serum and aorta, and the content of ROS in the aorta were decreased in Wistar+swim group and SHR+swim group.CONCLUSION: Decrease in SCAD expression may be associated with hypertensive vascular remodeling. Swimming training can reverse hypertensive vascular remodeling by increasing the expression of SCAD in the aorta.     

蚯蚓对苹果园土壤生物学特性及幼树生长的影响

 以果园褐土、潮土和棕壤以及2年生红富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh. ) 幼树为试材, 在盆栽条件下, 通过向盆土埋放蚯蚓, 研究蚯蚓对土壤酶、土壤微生物量碳和氮以及苹果根系和新梢生长的影响。结果表明, 引入蚯蚓后, 3类土壤中脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性以及微生物量氮均显著提高, 其中棕壤脲酶活性提高78.9% , 潮土碱性磷酸酶活性提高170.0% , 棕壤微生物量氮提高180.4%。蚯蚓处理也显著提高褐土和潮土微生物量碳, 其中潮土微生物量碳提高幅度最大, 达299.2%。3类土壤经蚯蚓处理后, 苹果幼树根系活力、根系和新梢生长量均显著提高, 其中, 棕壤中的幼树根系活力最高, 褐土中的幼树根系生长量最大, 潮土中的幼树新梢生长量最大。     

有机态和无机态硼对柑橘枳橙砧木生长及生理的影响

以柑橘枳橙[Citrus siinensis(L.)Osb.×Poncirus trifoliata(L.)Raf.]砧木为试验材料,采用水培方式,研究有机态山梨醇—硼和无机态硼酸对其生长及各种生理指标的影响。两种形态硼都能增加砧木幼苗各部位的干、鲜质量和株高;有机态山梨醇—硼对地下部生长的促进作用尤为明显。有机态山梨醇—硼比无机态硼酸更易于向叶片等地上部位转运,有机态山梨醇—硼处理根和茎中的硼含量与无机态硼酸处理没有显著差异,但叶片中的硼含量与硼积累量均显著高于无机态硼酸处理,叶片占总硼含量的比例也显著高于无机态硼酸处理。有机态山梨醇—硼处理各部位钾、钙、镁元素含量高于对照,而无机态硼酸处理各部位元素含量则比有机态山梨醇—硼处理高。缺硼易导致叶片中糖类物质的积累,有机态山梨醇—硼比无机态硼酸能更有效地促进叶片中多糖物质的转运,有机态山梨醇—硼处理可溶性糖含量比对照和无机态硼酸处理分别降低26.3%和11.8%,淀粉含量分别降低43.5%和26.1%。在提高枳橙砧木叶片抗逆能力方面,有机态山梨醇—硼效果优于无机态硼酸,两种硼类型处理叶片中脯氨酸和伤害率均显著低于对照,有机态山梨醇—硼和无机态硼酸分别降低了20.6%和19.6%,有机态山梨醇—硼和无机态硼酸处理伤害率降低了13.3%和16.5%,有机态山梨醇—硼处理叶片中丙二醛含量显著低于无机态硼酸处理19.4%。有机态硼对改善枳橙砧木根系的生长发育的作用效果优于无机态硼酸;能有效降低叶片中碳水化合物的含量,有利于光合作用产物顺利转移;而在减少叶片有害物质的积累、保护质膜方面,有机态与无机态硼有同样的效果。     

保存8~33年的苹果试管苗增殖能力与端粒长度分析

为分析苹果试管种质端粒长度与繁殖能力、衰老的关系,探索端粒长度与苹果试管种质离体保存年限的关系,对保存多年的不同继代次数的3个苹果品种试管苗进行了表型、增殖能力以及端粒长度的研究。结果表明:保存了8~33年的‘富士’、保存8~27年的‘金冠’和保存8~25年的‘嘎拉’苹果茎尖试管苗继代增殖能力大部分没有变化,表型未发生明显变化;3个品种不同继代次数30 d苗龄试管苗叶片端粒长度均差异不显著;继代73代苗龄分别为10、30、50和90 d的试管苗叶片端粒长度变化因品种而异,‘富士’‘嘎拉’差异不显著,‘金冠’50 d苗龄的最长,90 d苗龄的最短;继代71代苗龄30 d的‘金冠’试管苗茎段端粒长度显著高于叶片,茎段和愈伤组织、叶片和愈伤组织之间差异不显著,‘嘎拉’表现为愈伤组织>叶片>茎段。苹果试管苗端粒长度变化与其增殖能力、表型及同一继代周期内衰老程度的变化相吻合。     

Dry weight and carbohydrate distribution in different tree parts as affected by various fruit-loads of young persimmon and their effect on new growth in the next season

This study was conducted to determine the changes in the accumulation of dry weight (DW) and the distribution of carbohydrates in different parts of young persimmon (Diospyros kaki) as affected by various fruit-loads. The effects of such changes were monitored with regard to the abundance of new growth in the following year. On June 15, the fruit-load was adjusted to a leaf–fruit (L/F) ratio of 10, 20, and 30, and some trees were completely defruited. Between June 15 and November 11, the increase in DW was less in the defruited and more in the higher L/F-ratio trees. Among the various tree parts, the DW increased the most in the fruits during the same period. It was observed that the lower the L/F ratio, the more the DW in the fruits: the fruits accounted for 78.7% of the total DW in the 10-L/F, 57.6% in the 20-L/F, and 49.7% in the 30-L/F ratio trees. In contrast, as the L/F ratio increased, the DW distribution to the roots increased to 3% in the 10-L/F, 13% in the 20-L/F, and 26% in the 30-L/F ratio trees and 61% in the defruited trees. During this period, carbohydrates were distributed mostly to the fruits, but as the L/F ratio decreased, their distribution to permanent tree parts decreased. The distribution of soluble sugars and starch to the permanent parts was 1% and 14% in the 10-L/F, 3% and 48% in the 20-L/F, 9% and 57% in the 30-L/F ratio trees, and 71% and 93% in the defruited trees, respectively. Maintaining a lower L/F ratio resulted in a decrease in the shoot and fruit numbers in the following year: there were zero and four fruits in those trees with an L/F ratio of 10 and 20, respectively. The carbohydrates decreased in the roots of both the 30-L/F ratio trees and the defruited trees, whereas the defruited trees showed more new shoot growth in the following year. In the roots of the trees with the L/F ratio of 30, soluble sugars and starch decreased by 7.6 g and 1.8 g, respectively, during the spring growth, whereas, in the roots of the defruited trees soluble sugars and starch decreased by 33.3 g and 94.6 g, respectively.     

十字花科4种蔬菜硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐含量分析与评价

对十字花科大白菜、甘蓝、花椰菜和青花菜不同品种、不同部位、不同贮藏时间的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、VC含量进行分析和评价。结果表明,4种蔬菜以大白菜硝酸盐含量最高,花椰菜最低;同种蔬菜不同品种、同一品种不同部位的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、VC含量均存在很大差异。大白菜和甘蓝的硝酸盐含量为外叶>中叶>内叶,叶柄中硝酸盐含量显著高于叶片;VC含量为内叶>外叶>中叶,大白菜叶片中VC含量显著高于叶柄。不同部位的亚硝酸盐含量没有明显规律可循,但外叶的亚硝酸盐含量均最高。通过相关性分析表明,4种蔬菜的硝酸盐含量与VC含量呈极显著负相关。随着贮藏时间的延长,4种蔬菜中的硝酸盐含量均呈先升高后下降的趋势,亚硝酸盐含量均有所升高。     

Effects of exogenous ADM on HPA axis in early stage of acute mechanical renal trauma

AIM: To explore the effects of exogenous adrenomedullin(ADM) on hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex (HPA)axis in the early stage of acute mechanical renal trauma.METHODS: Healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: 8 in control group, 32 in trauma group, 32 in the group injected with ADM before trauma and 32 in the group injected with ADM after trauma. To induce renal trauma, the rats in the latter 3 groups were subjected to mechanical impact directly on the skin of renal region by a free-fall iron hammer. The rats in 2 treatment groups were injected with ADM (0.1 nmol/kg) intraperitoneally 10 min just before and after trauma,respectively. The rats in the 3 groups with kidney injury were executed in batches by drawing all the blood quickly in the hearts at the time points of 1 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after trauma. The hypothalamus tissues were also collected. The expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH) in hypothalamus and the concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) and cortisol(CORT) in plasma were detected by immunohistochemical method and radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: The expression of CRH in hypothalamus and the concentrations of ACTH and CORT in plasma in trauma group,but were slightly higher than those in control group,but without statistical significance. The expression of CRH in hypothalamus at 1 h and 24 h, the concentration of ACTH in plasma at 12 h and CORT at 6 h,12 h and 24 h in the group injected with ADM before trauma significantly higher than those in trauma group and control group (P<0.05). The expression of CRH in hypothalamus at 1 h, 6 h and 12 h and the concentration of CORT in plasma at 12 h and 24 h in the group injected with ADM after trauma were obviously higher than those in trauma group and control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Exogenous ADM stimulates HPA axis and activates the function of HPA axis markedly. However, the different layers of HPA axis have different responses to exogenous ADM. Injection of ADM before or after trauma has different effects on HPA axis.     

新形势下我国梨产业的发展现状与几点思考

梨是我国原产果树之一,在我国水果产业中有着举足轻重的地位。针对近年来我国梨产、贮、销的变化情况,产业出现的新业态、新模式,以及梨产业在乡村振兴中发挥的作用等方面,细致剖析了我国梨产业的发展现状与趋势,并针对产业发展过程中存在的一些问题提出了几点建议,旨在为我国梨产业健康发展提供参考。     

Relationship between the tissue neutral endopeptidase and the adrenomedullin in blood and tissues of rats with septic shock

AIM: The activity and expression of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and the adrenomedullin (ADM) contents in various tissues were observed in septic shock and control rats to study the possible role of NEP in the change of ADM contents in tissues during septic shock. METHODS: The septic shock model of rats were established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). ADM contents, NEP activities, level of NEP mRNA and NEP protein were measured. RESULTS: (1) In early septic shock (ES), the ADM contents were generally higher in detected tissues, the NEP activity in left ventricle and small intestine were lower and was higher in blood than those in controls, and in lung, kidney and aorta were similar with the controls. NEP immunoreactive staining were less in lung, left ventricle, endothelium and media of aorta, but more in adventitia of aorta and kidney than those of the controls; (2) In late septic shock (LS), the ADM contents in small intestine was less but in plasma and other tissues were higher, and the NEP activity were less in plasma and other tissues than those in ES. The NEP immunoreactive staining were less in heart, endothelium and media of aorta, lung and kidney than those in ES, and was no significant change in adventitia of aorta compared with those of ES. RT-PCR found that NEP gene expression were significantly less in left ventricle, aortas, lung and small intestine than those in the controls. CONCLUSIONS: In septic shock rats, the NEP activity changes heterogeneously but the ADM contents elevate in most tissues. These results indicate that during the septic shock, the local concentrations and actions of ADM in various tissues may be regulated differently by the NEP.     

The influence of exposure to light on the phenolic content of ‘Fuji’ apple

In this study, the influence of changes in fruit lighting on individual and total phenols in ‘Fuji’ apple, as well as color development was studied. Content levels of eight quercetin glycosides, five anthocyanins, two catechins and a hydroxycinnamic acid in the skin of apples were analyzed, using high-performance liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Total phenol, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were determined by spectrometry. The purpose of this study was to compare content levels of those compounds in apple skin of fruit grown in different parts of the tree canopy, under and outside of the hail net. Lighting of fruit was measured during the last month before harvest. The lowest values were measured in the inner fruit and higher ones in the outer parts of the canopy, while the highest values were measured in fruit growing at the top of the tree. The hail net had no influence on the decrease of lighting in comparison to the control. Light conditions in the tree canopy influenced lower content levels of quercetin glycosides and most anthocyanins in the fruit skin in the inner part of the tree canopy, whereas fruit from the canopy top contained the highest levels of quercetin glycosides and cyanidin glycosides. Catechin, epicatechin and chlorogenic acid content levels in apple skin were independent of fruit position in the canopy or hail net usage, except for chlorogenic acid, where the content level was higher in cases when the orchard was covered with a hail net. Fruit from the top and outer parts of the canopy had a darker and redder coloration than inner fruit, while no influence of canopy position on chlorophyll and carotenoids was detected. Since quercetin glycosides and cyanidin glycosides are influential in red skin color development, better coloration of fruit from the outer and top canopy was observed. More intensive lighting stimulated a higher content level of flavonoids and, consequently, better coloration, which is an important factor in fruit quality.