48例犬子宫蓄脓的中西医治疗体会

收集了前来我校动物医院就诊的48例犬子宫蓄脓病例,随机分成A、B、C 3组,分别采用中医疗法15例、激素疗法20例和手术疗法13例。结果表明,中医疗法治愈率为33.3%,激素疗法治愈率为50%,手术疗法治愈率为84.6%。     

The effect of trilostane treatment on circulating thyroid hormone concentrations in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism

OBJECTIVE: To assess thyroid hormone levels in hyperadrenocorticoid dogs before and after therapy with trilostane, a reversible inhibitor of steroidogenesis. METHODS: Serum total thyroxine, free thyroxine and endogenous canine thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations were measured in 20 dogs with spontaneously occurring hyperadrenocorticism before and six months after successful treatment with trilostane. RESULTS: Fourteen dogs demonstrated an increase in thyroxine following trilostane treatment; however, this was not significant (P=0.108). Fourteen dogs demonstrated an increase in canine thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations with trilostane therapy (P=0.006). Of the 14 dogs that demonstrated an increase in thyroxine concentrations following therapy, 10 also showed an increase in canine thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations. Before treatment, free thyroxine values were within, above and below the reference range in 10, six and two dogs, respectively. Sixteen of 18 dogs had free thyroxine values within the reference range after treatment, with 11 dogs showing a decrease in free thyroxine levels following therapy (P=0.029). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: While treatment with trilostane did not induce a significant change of thyroxine concentrations, there was a significant increase in canine thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations following treatment, a finding that supports thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression as one of the factors that contributes to the effects of glucocorticoids on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. The significant elevation in free thyroxine values following treatment with trilostane was unexpected and did not support the findings of previous studies in this area.     

Possible association of thymus dysfunction with fading syndromes in puppies and kittens

"Wasting" or "fading" syndromes are common causes of puppy and kitten mortality. Numerous infectious and toxic, metabolic, or nutritional factors could potentially be responsible for wasting and death in young animals. Evidence has been presented that infectious canine hepatitis virus infection, beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection, and feline infectious peritonitis virus infection are responsible for a significant number of deaths due to wasting syndrome. However, many cases of wasting syndrome cannot be attributed to infectious agents or other specific etiologies. The thymus gland warrants special attention when one is evaluating an animal with a wasting syndrome because it is known that, in some species, neonatal thymectomy results in wasting and death. Unfortunately, most reports describing fading syndromes in puppies and kittens do not mention the gross or histologic appearance of the thymus gland at postmortem examination. When examining the thymus gland, one must keep in mind that the thymus may be hypoplastic owing to a congenital or genetic defect in its structure and function or it may be atrophic secondary to whatever is causing the fading syndrome. If a thorough history, clinical examination, and/or postmortem examination do not reveal a cause for the fading syndrome, then defective thymus function should be considered as a possible causative or contributing factor to the fading syndrome. In these cases, therapy designed to replace or improve the defective thymus function should be considered. At least one form of wasting syndrome in puppies (immunodeficient dwarfism) has been found to respond to short-term therapy with a thymus hormone (thymosin fraction 5) or with bovine growth hormone (which is thymotropic) in limited clinical trials. It is possible that other forms of wasting or fading syndromes would also respond to therapy with thymus hormone or growth hormone. Certain thymus hormones (thymopoietin pentapeptide, thymosin alpha 1, facteur thymique serique, and rabbit thymus acetone powder) and bovine growth hormone are commercially available. Before initiating therapy, one should consider that if the cause of the wasting syndrome is genetic, then successful treatment may perpetuate a genetic defect. More research (both basic and clinical) is needed to determine the role of thymus gland dysfunction in fading syndromes of puppies and kittens and if therapy with one or several of the thymus hormones or with growth hormone could reverse the symptoms of wasting.     

Improvement in clinical condition and thymus morphologic features associated with growth hormone treatment of immunodeficient dwarf dogs

Immunodeficient dwarfism in Weimaraner dogs was characterized by failure to grow, emaciation, growth hormone (GH) deficiency, decreased lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to mitogens, lack of thymus cortex, and recurrent infections usually resulting in death. Affected pups did not respond to conventional supportive therapy, but did respond to treatment with thymosin fraction 5. Response to therapy with bovine GH was monitored by clinical observation, histopathologic examination of thymic biopsy material, lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to nonspecific mitogens, and radioimmunoassay of thymosin alpha 1 concentration in the serum. Growth hormone therapy (0.1 mg/kg of body weight/dose, 14 doses) during a 1-month period in 2 immunodeficient dwarf pups resulted in clinical improvement and a marked increase in the thickness and cellularity of the cortex of the thymus. Immunodeficient dwarf pups were not deficient in serum thymosin alpha 1 before GH therapy. Growth hormone therapy was not associated with a consistent increase in serum thymosin alpha 1 concentration or lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to mitogens.     

Feline acromegaly

Acromegaly, or hypersomatotropism, results from chronic, excessive secretion of growth hormone in the adult animal. The anabolic effects of growth hormone are exerted through the intermediary hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, which is produced in the liver under the influence of growth hormone. Feline acromegaly is caused by a pituitary adenoma that secretes excessive amounts of growth hormone. Characteristic effects of excessive growth hormone secretion include the development of diabetes mellitus and growth of the acral segments of the body (jaw, extremities, skull, etc.). Acromegaly occurs in older, predominately male cats and is often associated with diabetes mellitus. Other clinical signs include stridor, enlargement of the jaw and extremities, lean weight gain, and organomegaly (heart, liver, kidney, etc.). Diagnosis is made by documentation of increased levels of growth hormone or insulin-like growth factor (or both) and demonstration of a pituitary mass via magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. The most effective treatment to date has been radiation therapy. Prognosis is fair to good with proper treatment.     

奶牛子宫内膜炎治疗研究进展

子宫内膜炎是奶牛的常发病,对奶牛养殖业造成的危害巨大.目前,治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的方法主要有抗生素疗法、中药疗法、中西医结合疗法、微生物疗法、免疫学疗法和激素疗法.主要根据国内最新的研究成果,对奶牛子宫内膜炎的治疗进行综述,并对不同治疗方法的优缺点进行比较,以期为积极探寻该病最为合适的治疗方法提供参考.     

Update on drugs used to treat endocrine diseases in small animals.

Drug therapy for the endocrine system is implemented to replace a hormone deficiency or to prevent or reduce the formation or effects of excess hormone. Treatment of endocrine disorders covers diseases of the pituitary, adrenal, parathyroid, and thyroid glands as well as the endocrine pancreas. This article focuses on new therapies currently available for specific diseases. Administration of trilostane for treatment of hyperadrenocorticism and use of insulin glargine, protamine zinc insulin (PZI), and porcine Lente insulin for diabetes mellitus are discussed. In addition, transdermal methimazole therapy for treatment of feline hyperthyroidism and administration of progestins for pituitary dwarfism are considered.     

Pituitary deficiencies

Diabetes insipidus, arising from damage to or congenital abnormalities of the neurohypophysis, is the most common pituitary deficiency in animals. Hypopituitarism and isolated growth hormone or thyrotropin deficiency may result in growth abnormalities in puppies and kittens. In addition, treatment of associated hormone deficiencies, such as hypothyroidism and hypoadrenocorticism, in patients with panhypopituitarism is vital to restore adequate growth in dwarfed animals. Secondary hypoadrenocorticism is an uncommon clinical entity; however differentiation of primary versus secondary adrenal insufficiency is of utmost importance in determining optimal therapy. This article will focus on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of hormone deficiencies of the pituitary gland and neurohypophysis.     

Interrelationships between postpartum events, hormonal therapy, reproductive abnormalities and reproductive performance in dairy cows: a path analysis.

Path analysis was used to determine the interrelationships between postpartum administration of gonadotrophin releasing hormone and cloprostenol and the occurrence of reproductive disease and reproductive performance in dairy cows. The data analysed were those collected on 226 Holstein-Friesian cows calving in a commercial dairy herd during a 17 month period (May 1, 1981 to October 1, 1982). Cows administered gonadotrophin releasing hormone at day 15 postpartum experienced an improved rate of uterine involution as determined by rectal palpation nine days later. Although this improved rate of uterine involution reduced the risk of pyometritis, it actually directly delayed conception. Also, gonadotrophin releasing hormone therapy directly resulted in an increased incidence of pyometritis which in turn resulted in an increase incidence of cystic ovarian disease and anestrus. The occurrence of these abnormalities resulted in increased intervals from calving to first observed estrus, first service and conception. In addition to this effect, the administration of gonadotrophin releasing hormone was also associated with increased plasma progesterone concentrations at days 24 and 28 postpartum which delayed conception. Cloprostenol therapy at day 24 postpartum resulted in a decreased plasma progesterone concentration at day 28 postpartum which was directly and indirectly associated with a decrease in the calving to conception interval. The indirect effects were mediated by a reduction in days to first estrus. Cloprostenol therapy also directly resulted in a decreased calving to first observed estrus interval for reasons not attributable to the level of progesterone at day 28.     

Clinical features and their course of pituitary carcinoma with distant metastasis in a dog

An 11-year-old male toy poodle with neurological symptoms was diagnosed with a macroscopic pituitary tumor, which produced adrenocorticotropic hormone. Radiation therapy with a linear accelerator was performed for the pituitary tumor, and resulted in good local tumor control. However, serum endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations were uncontrollable even after the tumor disappeared. Abdominal computed tomography revealed splenic masses, and splenectomy was performed. Histopathological examination of the surgical specimen showed tumor cells with eosinophilic and finely granular cytoplasm suggestive of endocrine origin. Since these cells were positive for adrenocorticotropic hormone, the case was diagnosed as a pituitary carcinoma with distant metastasis. Necropsy revealed multiple metastases to the abdominal organs. This is the first case report describing canine pituitary carcinoma with distant metastasis.     

奶牛卵巢疾病性不孕症治疗方法概述

[目的]为了了解和掌握目前国内治疗奶牛卵巢疾病性不孕症的治疗方法,[方法]本文通过检索目前治疗奶牛卵巢疾病性不孕症主要采用的方法有激素疗法、中药疗法、穿刺疗法、激光疗法、碘化钾疗法、电针疗法、物理按摩等.[结果]通过对各种疗法的治疗效果综合比较采用激素疗法、中药疗法、复合疗法效果较好.[结论] 但考虑到临床实际便于推广使用及畜产品安全的要求,建议采用中药疗法治疗奶牛卵巢疾病性不孕症.     

HYPOTHYROIDISM IN A DOG AFTER SURGERY AND RADIATION THERAPY FOR A FUNCTIONAL THYROID ADENOCARCINOMA

Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in a dog which had undergone unilateral thyroid lobectomy and external beam irradiation (48 Gy in 3 Gy fractions) for a functional cystic thyroid adenocarcinoma. Hypothyroidism became biochemically apparent within 4 months of completion of radiation therapy, and clinically apparent within 7 months. Clinical signs resolved after thyroid hormone supplementation. The potential for alterations in thyroid function should be considered in any animal undergoing radiation therapy in which the thyroid gland is included in the radiation field. This potential may be greater if surgery and radiation are combined.     

大豆异黄酮药理作用研究进展

论述了大豆异黄酮在人体中的代谢途径及其抗癌,抑制骨质疏松,雌激素替代治疗,防治心血管疾病的作用与药理,为异黄酮的开发利用及在其他豆科作物中的应用提供借鉴.     

Experience with LH-FSH releasing hormone in treatment of ovarian cysts within the framework of artificial insemination of cows

95 cows with large cystic degeneration of the ovaries were treated with luteinizing hormone-follicle stimulating hormone releasing hormone (dosages of .25-1.0 mg). 12 of the cows were treated further with repeated Lutal doses. 70 cows became pregnant, a success rate of 73.6%, which corresponds to the experiences of Bentele and Humke and Christl. The 1st venereal ardor occurred 22.8 days after Lutal injection with a standard deviation of 15.4 days. The unpredictability of the onset is a disadvantage of the therapy and use of prostaglandins should be researched in this context. Otherwise this therapy is practical and effective. No clear correlation was found with respect to effectiveness of the medication and the dosage level.     

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in a cat

A 3-year-old, spayed female, domestic shorthaired cat was presented for evaluation of liver disease. Following anesthesia, laparoscopy, and medical therapy, the cat developed severe hyponatremia that was unresponsive to fluid therapy. Further evaluation of serum and urine osmolality determined that the cat fulfilled the criteria for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Treatment with fluid restriction resulted in resolution of the hyponatremia and clinical signs associated with the electrolyte imbalance.     

Atypical hypoadrenocorticism in a Birman cat

A 1-year-old female spayed Birman cat was presented with a history of inappropriate urination and defecation, lethargy, anorexia, and weight loss. After intermittent responses to non-specific therapy she was diagnosed with atypical hypoadrenocorticism from the results of an adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test.     

Euthyroid sick syndrome in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy before treatment with anticonvulsant drugs

Euthyroid sick syndrome is a common finding in dogs and is attributable to nonthyroidal illness or treatment with any of a variety of drugs such as phenobarbital. In dogs with epilepsy, treatment with anticonvulsant drugs can lead to subnormal plasma thyroid hormone concentrations despite normal thyroid function. One-hundred thirteen dogs with seizure activity were retrospectively evaluated to determine the influence of idiopathic epilepsy (IE) on thyroid hormone concentrations. Blood samples were taken from 60 dogs with IE before initiation of anticonvulsant therapy. Control groups consisted of 34 dogs with IE and receiving anticonvulsants and 19 dogs with secondary epilepsy. Thyroid concentrations consistent with euthyroid sick syndrome were diagnosed in 38% of dogs with untreated IE without clinical signs of hypothyroidism or concomitant diseases. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.363, P = .01) between seizure frequency and plasma thyroid hormone concentrations: the longer the interval between 2 seizure events, the higher the serum total thyroxine concentration. There was no correlation between the degree of alteration of thyroid hormone concentrations and the time span between the most recent seizure event and blood collection, the type of the most recent seizure event, the duration of the complete seizure history, or the predominant seizure type. These results suggest that IE can be a reason for euthyroid sick syndrome in dogs. The effect of phenobarbital on plasma thyroid hormone concentrations must be investigated in future studies, as it might be less pronounced than expected.     

Effects of an oral vasopressin receptor antagonist (OPC-31260) in a dog with syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone

OBJECTIVE: The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone is a rare disorder in dogs characterised by hypo-osmolality and persistent arginine vasopressin production in the absence of hypovolaemia and/or hypotension. The study describes the efficacy and safety of the nonpeptide selective arginine vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist OPC-31260 in a dog with the naturally occurring syndrome. DESIGN: The detailed case history of a dog with spontaneous syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone that received long-term therapy with oral OPC-31260 is presented. Effects of the first dose of OPC-31260 and of a dose administered after a continuous dosing period of 12 days are reported. PROCEDURE: Packed cell volume, plasma sodium, total protein, arginine vasopressin, renin activity, atrial natriuretic peptide, urine specific gravity, urine output, heart rate and body weight were monitored for 2 h before, and for 4 h after, the first dose of OPC-31260. The same parameters plus plasma osmolality and urine osmolality were monitored when an identical dose was administered after 12 days of therapy. RESULTS: Oral administration of OPC-31260 at 3 mg/kg body weight resulted in marked aquaresis with increased urine output and decline in urine specific gravity within 1 h. Corresponding increases in concentrations of plasma sodium, plasma osmolality and plasma renin activity were recorded over a 4 h period. Arginine vasopressin concentration remained inappropriately elevated throughout the study. Results were similar when the trial procedure was repeated after a stabilisation period of 12 days. Long-term therapy with OPC-31260 at a dose of 3 mg/kg body weight orally every 12 h resulted in good control of clinical signs with no deleterious effects detected during a 3-year follow-up period. Despite sustained clinical benefits observed in this case, plasma sodium did not normalise with continued administration of the drug. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of a dog with naturally occurring syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone with OPC-31260 at 3 mg/kg body weight orally every 12 h resulted in marked aquaresis and significant palliation of clinical signs with no discernible side-effects detected over a 3-year period. Thus, OPC-31260 appears to offer a feasible medical alternative to water restriction for treatment of dogs with syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Higher doses of OPC-31260 may be required to achieve and maintain normal plasma sodium in dogs with this syndrome.     

Iatrogenic,sulfonamide‐induced hypothyroid crisis in a Labrador Retriever

This case report describes a sulfonamide‐induced hypothyroid crisis in a 4‐year‐old Labrador Retriever bitch. Empirical therapy with high‐dose trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole for 10 days produced signs of weakness, ataxia and mental depression and the clinicopathological results supported hypothyroid‐induced central nervous system depression. Short‐term levothyroxine sodium therapy led to complete resolution of all clinical signs and follow‐up thyroid hormone assays ruled out underlying thyroid pathology. This case report is the first to highlight this potentially life‐threatening manifestation of sulfonamide‐induced hypothyroidism. Sulfonamide combinations are widely used antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and early recognition of this syndrome is critical.     

Congenital hypothyroidism with goiter in toy fox terriers

Congenital hypothyroidism with goiter was observed to segregate as a simple autosomal recessive trait in Toy Fox Terriers (TFTs). Neonatal affected pups exhibited inactivity, abnormal hair coat, stenotic ear canals, and delayed eye opening. Palpable ventrolateral cervical swellings were evident by 1 week of age. Serum thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations were low and high, respectively. Histologic examination of the cervical masses disclosed cuboidal to columnar follicular epithelial cell hyperplasia with widely varying follicular size, shape, and amount of colloid. Oral thyroid hormone replacement therapy restored near-normal growth and development. At 8 weeks of age, radioiodine uptake and perchlorate discharge testing indicated an iodine organification defect. Biochemical analysis of thyroid tissue from affected dogs demonstrated enzymatic iodine oxidation deficiency and lack of sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant thyroglobulin dimers, suggesting thyroid peroxidase deficiency. A nonsense mutation in the thyroid peroxidase gene of affected dogs was discovered and demonstrated to segregate with the disease. A DNA-based carrier test was developed and currently is used by TFT breeders to prevent this disorder.