浅谈林地水量平衡研究

研究林地水量平衡可以比较全面的认识林区水资源的分配状况,揭示降水在运动中所具有的各种形式之间的联系,从而使生态环境朝着人们所期待的方向转化。本文主要对林地水量平衡各分量的研究成果进行介绍。     

Snow gliding and loading under two different forest stands: a case study in the north-western Italian Alps

The presence of a thick snowpack could interfere with forest stability, especially on steep slopes with potential damages for young and old stands. The study of snow gliding in forests is rather comple...     

优材更替生态公益林水土保持效益研究

以湖南省洞口县月溪国有林场生态公益林为研究对象,对其成熟林优材更替前后水土保持效益进行了研究.结果表明:1#更替模式(新造杉木纯林)和2#更替模式(新造杉木+樟树混交林)的地表径流量、泥沙流失量都比3#更替模式(CK,未砍伐杉木过熟林)大2～3倍;前者实施了挖穴造林,破坏了地表土壤结构,但水土流失系数没有超出允许浸蚀量...     

Extensive study on forest runoff water chemistry over east Asia

The chemistry of runoff waters from 13 forested watersheds in six regions (four regions from Japan, one from southern China and one from northern Thailand) was evaluated. The Cl⁻ concentrations in runoff waters were higher in those watersheds which had closed canopies and were nearer to the ocean. The NO₃ ⁻ concentrations were higher in those watersheds having the developed soils and high moisture conditions, but were lower in tropical and subtropical regions for those watersheds which had high rates of nitrogen uptake and for watersheds with large areas of saturated soils. The SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations were affected by SO₄ ²⁻ adsorption properties of the soils: at Shibecha, Jiulianshan, and Chiang Mai with high adsorption capacities SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations in streams were low. High SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations were found at Mt. Hiei and Kagawa due to the weathering of sulfur minerals and high levels of atmospheric sulfur deposition. Within regions SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations were inversely related to NO₃ ⁻ concentrations. A comparison among the watersheds suggested H⁺ consumption in deeper soil that increased pH and HCO₃ ⁻ concentrations of the runoff waters of some watersheds. Anion concentrations increased with low H.I. (Humidity Index) values suggesting that dry conditions increased concentrations due to high rates of evapotranspiration.     

生态公益林林地土壤水源涵养功能研究

以湖南省5种不同类型生态公益林为研究对象,对其林地土壤水源涵养功能进行研究,结果表明:从土壤容重的均值来看,自然保护区类公益林林地最低,天然混交林相对于人工纯林林地土壤结构的改善效果更为明显;土壤的非毛管孔隙度大致随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少;不同类型公益林林地土壤最大蓄水量顺序为:江河源头＞江河两岸＞自然保护区＞湿地和...     

苹果园春季典型月份和花期水量平衡分析

利用水量平衡原理,对肥城市潮泉镇苹果园春季典型月份果园水分的收入与支出情况进行分析,确定其果园水分的亏缺与盈余状况,从而制定相应的灌溉措施。通过典型月份和花期2个时间段的水分平衡状况进行研究,试验结果表明,在不进行任何形式灌溉的情况下,典型月份果园水分总体上处于亏缺状态,水分的亏缺量为19mm。典型月份日均蒸腾量为1.86mm;花期日均蒸腾量为1.97mm,花期内水分消耗量要更明显一些。     

Simulated soil temperature and moisture at a clearcutting in central Sweden

Soil water and temperature measurements were made at a clearcutting in Jädraås, central Sweden, to give appropriate information for nutrient flow calculations and soil biological research. Compared to uncovered plots, slash‐covered plots were 1–2°C colder and had 3–6 volume percent higher water content in the 5 cm thick humus‐layer during the growing season following cutting. Relative to air, soil temperatures became warmer at both treatments during the second season and differences between uncovered and covered plots decreased. Tension dynamics in the mineral soil was most pronounced in uncovered plots, especially during the first dry growing season. The physically based model, SOIL, was used to analyse these observations and to estimate the effects of clearcutting. Simulated snow and frost depths, soil temperatures, water contents and tensions as well as ground water table were compared with measured data during a period of one to four years. Physical parameter values were estimated from independent measurements and by subjective optimization. Simulated soil water dynamics revealed the importance of hysteresis and vapour flows in sandy forest soils. The hydrological clearcutting effect as estimated from mature Scots pine evapotranspiration properties showed a 50% reduction of evapotranspiration, an increased soil water storage (0–1 m) of up to 120 mm and an increased percolation of 125 mm per year.     

Soil water characteristics in glacial till at two forest sites in Sweden

Soil water characteristics were determined in 6 soil profiles along a Norway spruce forested sandy‐loamy till hillslope in Southern and Northern Sweden, respectively. The soil moisture class was mesic at both sites, i.e. having well drained soil water conditions. Two different Podzols; Leptic and Orthic, were developed at each site respectively. The vertical distribution of soil water retention capacity (SWRC) was similar in the different profiles at each site respectively. The SWRC of the mineral soil was significantly higher in the spodic B horizon compared to the other horizons. In concordance with the vertical distribution of SWRC, the largest amount of organic matter in the mineral soil, measured as ignition loss, was also found in the spodic B horizon. The significantly higher SWRC in the spodic B horizon, i.e. the ¡lluvial horizon, was suggested to depend on the accumulated organic‐sesquioxide material in this horizon. As SWRC reached maximum values in the spodic B horizon at all tensions applied, it was further suggested that soil formation in the studied profiles enhanced the formation of both micro‐ and macropores in the spodic B horizon. The variation of SWRC, at a certain level in the soil, was often larger within a profile than between the profiles at each site respectively.     

油茶林地水土保持经营技术措施

随着油茶栽培面积的不断扩大,水土保持工作已成为重要的研究课题。本文阐述了水土流失的原因以及水土保持的重要性,提出了生物措施和工程措施相结合的油茶林地水土保持经营技术措施。     

Carbon balance of a forest ecosystem after stump harvest

Abstract

Stump harvest in forests can cause both reductions of CO₂ emissions through a decrease of decomposable substrate (direct effect) and emission increases as a consequence of deep and extensive soil disturbance (indirect effect). Here, the effects of stump harvest on net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) in a former Norway spruce stand in mid Sweden are presented. CO₂ exchange was continuously followed by eddy-covariance measurements during the first years after harvest. Differences in NEE from stump harvested and mounded (reference) plots were determined by soil-surface respiration measurements. Respiration from decaying stumps was estimated by a decomposition model. Fluxes indicated a direct effect (decreased efflux) during the first year after harvest that corresponded to the absence of decomposing stumps. During the following years, this emission reduction was increasingly counteracted by an indirect effect (increased efflux) of similar magnitude. This means that the expected emissions caused by extra soil disturbance occur with a certain delay and seem to increase with time. By these emissions, the substitution efficiency of stumps as bioenergy resource is reduced. Furthermore, at a time scale of centuries, instant combustion of stumps leads to a larger contribution to global warming than slow decomposition, because the stump carbon is available earlier in form of greenhouse gas. This is estimated by the time integral of emissions. Thus, despite the surprisingly low initial emissions, the overall substitution efficiency and climate benefits of stump harvest are likely to be small. The long-term consequences of stump harvest for the carbon budget are, however, still uncertain.     

攸县3种不同水土保持林土壤抗侵蚀性能

为了研究湖南省攸县境内的不同水土保持林对土壤抗侵蚀性能的影响,本文从林地土壤的物理性状、土壤抗蚀性能和土壤抗冲性能3个方面来进行对比研究。测定其林地0~20 cm层土壤的容重、孔隙度、水稳定指数、渗透系数、土壤团聚体占土样百分比和抗冲指数几个指标,进而分析不同林分类型之间的林地土壤抗侵蚀性能的差异。结果表明:从土壤的物理性状来看,楠+桤木+枫香混交林的容重和孔隙度均比其他两种林分要好;从土壤的抗蚀性能来看,3种不同林分的水稳性指数大小按照大小顺序为楠+桤木+枫香混交林枫香+栾树+桤木混交林杉木+柏木+马尾松混交林,楠+桤木+枫香混交林的渗透性能优于杉木+柏木+马尾松混交林和枫香+栾树+桤木混交林,且3种林分的水稳性指数与渗透系数均大于荒坡地;从土壤抗冲性能来看,土壤总团聚体占土样百分比和土壤抗冲指数按照楠+桤木+枫香混交林枫香+栾树+桤木混交林杉木+柏木+马尾松混交林的大小排列顺序,且指标均大于荒坡地。     

A new model to analyze water retention characteristics of forest soils based on soil pore radius distribution

The soil water retention model proposed by Kosugi was modified to have a relatively simple functional form. The resulting water retention model (the lognormal distribution model) contains two parameters which have physical significance on the water retention curve and are related directly to the statistics of the soil pore radius distribution functiong(r). The observed retention data sets of 282 undisturbed forest soils taken from Mashimo were analyzed using the lognormal distribution model, and it was shown that the model performs fairly well for every data set. The estimated parameters of the model indicated that the water retention characteristics of the undisturbed forest soils are related to the soil structure more closely than to the soil texture. Many crumb-structure forest soils have greater median ofg(r) than the crumb and granular-structure soils. Disturbed loamy soils have smaller median ofg(r) than many of the undisturbed forest soils and disturbed sandy soils have smallerg(r) width than the forest soils. The brown forest soils taken from A-horizon generally have the greater median ofg(r) than the brown forest soils taken from B-horizon. Some of the brown forest soils have the greater width ofg(r) than the black soils. The median ofg(r) of brown forest soil taken from A-horizon generally becomes greater as the soil moisture condition becomes wet.     

STUDIES ON FOREST WATER CYCLING

RESEARCHAPPRoACHESAccordingtoresearchscales,weadapttwokindsofresearchmethods.Onthelargcrscale,wedefmethcboundariesofresearchsystCmsaccordingtothewatCrshedsorbasins,andthenresearchontherelationshipbctWeentheinputs(PreCipitation)andoutPuts(streaInflow)andonthermuencesofallkindsofnatUralmpPhiFalfactorsandartfficialdisturban9esreqardingtheintemalsystemsasblackboxes.'onthesmallerscale,accordingtovegetationtyPes,weestablishrunoffplotSandcorrespondinginstallationsinthemainforesttyPeQfvirg…     

Characteristics of runoff and sediment generation of forest vegetation on a hill slope by use of artificial rainfall apparatus

We studied the impact of forest vegetation on soil erosion,surface runoff, and sediment generation by using field simulated rainfall apparatus. We measured runoff and sediment generation of five 4.5 × 2.1m runoff plots (a bare soil as a control; two Pinus tabulaeformis forestplots and two Platycladus orientalis forest with row spacing of 1 m × 1m and 1.5 m × 1.5 m, respectively) in Beijing Jiu Feng National ForestPark under three rainfall intensities (0.42, 0.83, 1.26 mm per minute).Forest vegetation significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield.Mean total runoff volume in the four tree stand plots was 93% of that inthe control plot, demonstrating the limited effectiveness of forest vegetation in runoff control. With increasing rainfall intensity, runoff reductionin forest plots declined from 28.32% to 2.1%. Similar trends in runoff coefficient and the relationship between runoff volume and rainfall duration was observed. Mean total sediment yield and mean sediment yield reduction rate under different treatments was 55.05% and 43.17% of those in the bare soil control plot, respectively. Rainfall intensity playedan important role in runoff and sediment generation processes, and had agreater impact on runoff than on soil erosion and sediment generation.When considering several factors in runoff and sediment transport processes, the P. tabulae form plot with row spacing at 1 × 1 m had a greater effect on soil and water conservation than did other forested plots.     

Frost heaving of forest tree seedlings: a review

Soil frost heaving is the result of the formation of ice lenses in the soil caused by a segregation of the soil water. Ice lenses are growing from below and pushed upward. Seedlings heave when they are pushed out of the ground by the ice sheet formed at the surface of the soil. Frost heaving may greatly reduce growth and survival of forest tree seedlings particularly in regions where freezing and thawing are accompanied by high soil moisture. Resistance to frost heaving increases with size of seedling as the ability of a seedling to anchor itself increases. A few methods, such as fertilizing, choice of planting spots, sowing or planting at the proper time, shading, and use of mulches, appear to be effective in controlling frost heaving. Shade from natural plant cover can greatly reduce frost heaving.     

Effects on site water balance of conversion from native mixed forest to Douglas-fir plantation in N.W. Patagonia

One of the main concerns of afforestation with exotic fast-growing species is their higher soil water consumption compared with the native vegetation they replace. In this regard, sites downstream of the plantations may suffer temporal or permanent droughts. Under this hypotheses, soil water use of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations and natural woodlands or shrublands (“ñirantales”) was evaluated in two sites during two growing seasons in El Foyel Valley (Río Negro province), Patagonia Argentina. Two methodological approaches were applied: water balances and sapflow measurements. Douglas-fir forests doubled the leaf area index (LAI) of the native forests (12.6 and 5.1 m² m^?2, respectively). Methodological problems were found while constructing water balances because a non-quantified influx of water to the soil was detected in all systems at the beginning and end of the growing season. This flux was not in correlation with precipitation input demonstrating the geological complexity of the valley. For this reason, caution has to be paid to water balance results. However, we have confidence on sapflow measurements, which indicated, as suggested by the water balances, that there are no differences in transpiration between systems (average of 4.8–3.6 mm day^?1 for the exotic and native forests, respectively) in spite of Douglas-fir plantations having twofold LAI than native ñirantales. However, a different response of transpiration to atmospheric demand was found between the exotic and native species, suggesting differences in their ecophysiological characteristics.     

The impact of beaver dam removal on the chemical properties of water in drainage ditches in peatland forests

ABSTRACT

Despite near-extinction in the nineteenth century, after efficient restoration measures the population of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber L.) in Latvia currently is viable and growing. While the ecological effect of the species on water quality and biodiversity is generally positive, the high number of animals in production forests often creates challenges for management. Drainage ditches are among the most favoured habitats of beavers resulting in flooded stands, reduced tree growth and economical losses. The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical properties of water in forest drainage ditches, affected by beaver activity, and their changes after the dam removal. Chemical composition of surface water in ditches was analysed in sampling points above dam, below dam and in the ditch itself after removal of the dam; results compared to pristine beaver site nearby on a small stream. Results did not show significant differences between concentrations above and below dams. After removal of the dams, significant increase in DOC, N-NO₃ ^-, N-NH₄ ⁺ and TSS concentrations and significant decrease in TP concentrations were observed in some of the sites. Observed concentrations of all measured parameters were significantly lower in pristine beaver site than in beaver sites on drainage ditches.     

Components of the water balance for tree species under evaluation for agroforestry to control salinity in the wheatbelt of Western Australia

The soil water balance technique was used to study evaporation from two fodder tree species, tenEucalyptus species and annual pasture over a three year period after planting in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Evaporation is the total water loss by the processes of transpiration, evaporation from the soil surface and evaporation of water intercepted by plant canopies.Evaporation from both fodder trees and from seven of theEucalyptus species was greater than from pasture for one or more of the study years. The maximum difference in evaporation between trees and pasture was 82, 84 and 70 mm in the first, second and third study years, respectively. Higher evaporation from trees was associated with greater depletions in soil water than occurred beneath pasture. Upward movement of water from wet soil beneath the root zone was found under trees, with a maximum flux of 30 mm observed over a one year period beneathE. camaldulensis.The water use efficiency of fodder trees was significantly higher than for mostEucalyptus species, due to greater yields from fodder trees. Biomass production was found to be a good indicator of the water use of eucalypts over the first two years of growth, but the relationship between productivity and water use was found to differ for species with tree and mallee forms. In the third year of study, obvious differences in the relation between water use and yield were observed for some species of eucalypts with high evaporation.