Fruiting pattern of Tricholoma matsutake in Southern Finland

Commercial harvesting of matsutake in Finland has driven the need to understand how fruiting is affected by climate and habitat. A productive site in Finland was studied in this respect. Productivity, duration, and early onset of fruiting were examined in relation to mean air temperature, soil temperature, accumulated degree-days, and precipitation. We monitored the fruiting of matsutake and other macrofungi during 2008–2013. As a pilot study, our results showed the timing and yield of the annual fruiting of Tricholoma matsutake varies in Southern Finland and can occur from the middle of July to middle of September; although we did not find a clear and simple correlation between fruiting and rainfall, an average amount of precipitation (i.e. 90–110% of the long-term average precipitation) prior to the first fruiting was associated with high yield; we did not identify any threshold soil temperature associated with the onset of fruiting, however, we found that soil temperature might provide a means to monitor the end of the matsutake fruiting period, and late onset or higher soil temperatures prior to the first fruiting were associated with shorter fruiting periods. These results can be further utilized for developing a model to predict the yield of T. matsutake in Nordic regions.     

松茸SCAR标记的建立

松茸群全球共报道15个种1变种,我国记载5个种1变种(臧穆,1990).长白山区有2种,即松茸(Tricholoma matsutake)和假松茸(T.bakamatsutake),同属于口蘑属.松茸是与松属(Pinus)树木共生的一种外生菌根菌,不仅菌肉肥厚、营养丰富、风味绝佳,而且具有抗癌作用(傅伟杰等,2005).     

Effects of mushroom harvest technique on subsequent American matsutake production

The commercial harvest of American matsutake (Tricholoma magnivelare) is a multi-million dollar industry in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. How to best manage for sustainable mushroom production is uncertain and concerns remain about the cumulative effects of picking in the same areas year-after-year and whether raking of surface litter and mineral soil layers to find mushrooms will reduce subsequent fruiting. Here, we evaluate the effects of several mushroom harvest techniques on American matsutake production.This study was established in the Oregon Cascades in 1994 with the selection of 18 shiros of similar mushroom production. Six mushroom harvest treatments were implemented in 1995: (1) control, (2) best management practice (BMP), (3) shallow rake, litter replaced, (4) shallow rake, no replacement, (5) deep rake, litter replaced, (6) deep rake, no replacement. These treatments were pooled into three litter disturbance groups for analysis: (a) no raking of the litter, (b) litter raked with replacement, and (c) litter raked without replacement.Matsutake production on additional shiros was monitored to further compare the control and BMP treatments. Our results demonstrate that careful picking (BMP) was not detrimental to mushroom production during the initial 10 years of mushroom harvest activity. One-time treatments in which the forest floor litter layers were removed and not replaced were strongly detrimental to matsutake production and the effects have persisted for 9 years. Matsutake production was reduced to an intermediate degree by the raking with litter replacement treatments. Damage to shiros caused by repeated raking was not tested, however we expect that the effects of repeated raking would be more severe than those reported here. Negative treatment effects were particularly noticeable in years with abundant fruiting. When environmental conditions are poor for fruiting all shiros experience low production, thereby obscuring treatment effects.Within-year and year-to-year variation in fruiting is a major challenge to studies of matsutake ecology, particularly with regard to documenting treatment effects. Further studies spanning years or even decades will likely be needed to quantify production, effects of management activities, and investigate the biology of Tricholoma magnivelare.Because this study was limited to one habitat type, extension of the results to substantially different habitats types must be made with caution. However, we speculate that since the underlying biology of matsutake fruiting is similar across a wide range of habitats, careful picking should generally not hinder subsequent fruiting when other substantial disturbance to the shiro is absent.     

Conservation and Development of Forest Mushrooms: A Case Study on Song Rong (Tricholoma matsutake) from China

Song Rong (i.e. Matsutake, Tricholoma matsutake) is the most favorite edible mushroom in Japan and restrictedly distributes in forests in East Asia. The yield of Song Rong, however, has been extremely dropping since 1940 's in the region due to changes of environmental ecology of nature forests. As a compensation for consumption, Japan imported products of T. matsutake from Korea and China, and T. magnivelare from North America since mid-1970s, but T. matsutake stili accounts for a large portion of the import components. About 6,000 to 7,000 ton of fresh Matsutake mushrooms were transported to Japanese markets, one fourth of these were harvested from uplandforests in Yunnan Province, southwest China. On the basis ofa case study of Song Rong in the Zixi Mountain Area of Chuxiong, Yunnan Province, this paper pays great attention to the sodai, economical and ecological aspects and issues relative to the production and sustainable management are addressed.     

Effect of spacing on 23-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia) in southern Sweden

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare volume growth and external timber quality properties of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia) stands planted in different spacings (1.41×1.41, 2.00×2.00, 2.83×2.83, 4.00×4.00) in southern Sweden. In northern Sweden lodgepole pine has been grown for a long time and shows superior volume production compared to Scots pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.). The Swedish Forestry Act restricts establishment of lodgepole pine plantations in southern Sweden. However, it is important to increase the knowledge about lodgepole pine and its potential use also in this part of the country. Two experiments in southern Sweden were studied. Each trial was designed as a random block experiment with two blocks. Both investigated stands had an age of 23 years at the time of assessment. The mean diameter and the volume production differed significantly between the spacings. The highest volume production was found in the narrowest spacing, 313% compared to the widest spacing. Significant differences between spacings were also found concerning external quality traits. The frequency of dominant and co-dominant trees without defects was 24% in the most open spacing compared to 46% in the narrowest one. Under current circumstances approximately 2500 seedlings/ha in the initial stand seems to be a reasonable compromise between growth, diameter development and timber quality.     

Biomass carbon pools of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. forests in subtropical China: Characteristics and potential

Abstract

Swedish forestry has successfully developed systems for sustained yield production of wood. Silvicultural techniques are today completely dominated (96%) by clear-felling methods. By contrast, Swedish natural forests and preindustrial cultural woodlands were ecologically and culturally diverse, with a substantial proportion having a continuous tree cover as a response to natural disturbance dynamics and preindustrial agricultural land management. If forest management systems do not mimic this diversity of disturbance regimes sufficiently well, the scope of sustainable forest management to include biodiversity and sociocultural values will not be met. This study estimated the past and present amount of one cultural and two natural disturbance regimes known to deliver continuous tree cover in two study areas located around two important biophysical and sociocultural transition zones in northern and southern Sweden, respectively. Several approaches were used to estimate the amount of remaining continuous tree cover forests. The results indicate that 9–10% of the study areas is made up by site types that historically would have held a large proportion of continuous tree cover forests. Estimates for productive site types show that only 1–2% of these sites remain in southern Sweden and 10–20% in northern Sweden. The data indicate that present management in both study areas is similar. Thus, these differences between the regions will disappear in a few decades. To achieve the aim of Swedish forest and environmental policies there is a clear need to develop and use alternative forest management methods on appropriate sites.     

Detectionin situ of endophyte withinTricholoma matsutake/Pinus densiflora mycorrhizal roots

Tricholoma matsutake/Pinus densiflora mycorrhizas andP. densiflora roots were collected from beneath matureT. matsutake fruit-bodies in a Shiro in central Japan and investigated for evidence of endophytic infection.Tricholoma matsutake infection was determined microscopically on cleared, bleached and stained mycorrhizas by the presence of both a thin, discontinuous mantle and highly branched, sparingly septate Hartig net mycelium within the root cortex. Endophytic infection of Matsutake mycorrhizas was characterized by intracortical sclerotia, simple septate mycelium within the cortex and vascular cylinder and intracellular spore masses within the root cortex. This research was supported by a grant from the Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN).     

Yield Potential of Quercus robur Stands in Finland

Yield potential of common oak (Quercus robur L.) stands in Finland was examined by estimating the site index value with a Swedish model of a sample of 23 existing stands in southern Finland, and studying its correlation with site fertility and geographical location. Stand structure and yield parameters were compared with those suggested by the Swedish management regimes to assess their condition and potential for quality oak production. External wood quality and sawlog volume were examined in sample tree data. The study stands scored high site index values on the reference site index curves from southern Sweden. The most fertile sites showed an average site index value of H ₁₀₀=28-30 m, and the common Oxalis-Myrtillus type H ₁₀₀=24-26 m. In the absence of thinning and pruning, the external quality of the trees was poor. Defects had reduced the sawlog proportion on average by 40% from the estimated maximum allowed by tree dimensions.     

Wild Cherry (Prunus avium L.) for Timber Production: Consequences for Early Growth from Selection of Open-pollinated Single-tree Progenies in Sweden

Prunus avium L. is a fast-growing hardwood tree species that has demonstrated good production on both well-drained forest soils and farm land in southern Sweden. Growth rate and breeding value were tested in 101 open-pollinated single-tree progenies of Swedish origin and five German seed sources. After eight growing seasons and two selective thinnings the mean tree height reached 4.7 m. The mean tree height of the progenies varied between 3.3 and 6.1 m. A total rotation period of 50-60 yrs and a dominant height of 20-22 m can be expected. The results indicated great phenotypic variation within progenies and good possibilities for improving production and stem quality by early selective thinning. In terms of height growth and stem straightness the best Swedish progenies were as good as the tested German seed sources.     

Improvement of Betula pendula by clonal and progeny testing of phenotypically selected trees

Abstract

Field tests, each including 39–83 Swedish plus-tree clones of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) planted on 10 different sites in the southern part of Sweden, were evaluated at up to 10 years of age. The main conclusions can be summarized as follows. Growth traits were mostly under strong genetic influence, and showed substantial genetic variation and high potential genetic gain. Survival did not seem to be a trait of genetic importance. The genetic correlation between growth and growth cessation was weak, suggesting that it should be possible to find clones combining high growth and early autumn growth. Non-significant transfer effects for clones of different origin and weak G×E interaction were found, indicating that southern Sweden can be treated as a single utilization zone and that few sites are needed for genetic tests. Strong genetic age×age correlations were detected, suggesting that short test periods could be used.     

松茸速溶茶配方设计研究

松茸在防癌、抗肿瘤、降低血糖、提高机体免疫力、防治心血管疾病等方面效果显著;绿茶中营养成分众多,也具有很好的保健功能。以绿茶和松茸为原料研究的松茸速溶茶,既具有松茸的营养功效,又保留了绿茶的清香高爽,饮用方便。结果表明：确定绿茶浸提的最佳参数为：料液比1∶13,温度为65℃,浸提时间为40min;松茸速溶茶的最佳配方为：松茸多糖浸提液与绿茶浸提液比例为1∶5,柠檬酸为0．04％,甜味剂为10％（白砂糖∶蜂蜜＝3∶2）,产品为浅棕色、颜色发亮,具有松茸和绿茶特有的香味,酸甜可口,感官评定得分为92．1。     

Improved varieties perform well in realized genetic gain trials with Norway spruce seed sources in southern Sweden

ABSTRACT

Genetically improved Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) has been extensively used in operational plantations in Sweden. However, there have been few studies that aimed at verifying the realized genetic gain over a longer time span in plots established with one genetical entry. Two experimental series at six sites in southern Sweden, established purely for this purpose, were assessed. Early height growth of 10 Norway spruce seedlots of different genetic levels was compared. There were significant differences in height at the age of 5 and 8 years between improved and unimproved seed sources and the differences between most advanced material from the breeding front, represented by full-sib crossings of selected plus-trees, and unimproved Swedish spruce were 36% and 30% at the age of 5 and 8 years, respectively. At the same ages, the trees originating from the second round of seed-orchards were 25% and 21% higher than unimproved material. There were also about 20% differences between the best and worst tested full-sib families, indicating large possible gain in the new generation. The study confirmed earlier estimates of genetic gain levels of different seed sources in the breeding program for Norway spruce.     

Analyses of the genetic diversity of matsutake isolates collected from different ecological environments in Asia

Matsutake mushrooms are able to grow in two kinds of ecological environments: coniferous forests and broadleaf forests. Japanese matsutake is a form of the matsutake mushroom that mainly appears in coniferous forests in the mid-latitude regions of Asia. In contrast, matsutake from Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces of China grows in broadleaf forests in low-latitude regions. The taxonomic relationship and the genetic distance between these two types of matsutake remain unclear. Here, we compared the random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data and the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and of variable domains V4, V6, and V9 of mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA (mt SSU rDNA) to determine the genetic differences of Tricholoma matsutake strains collected from different ecological and geographic environments in Asia. We found few differences in the sequences of the variable domains, implying that all matsutake strains are the same biological species regardless of their host specificity and geographical differences. This conclusion is also supported by the sequences of the ITS region. On the other hand, RAPD analysis revealed that the matsutake mushrooms collected from different ecological environments have genetic differences and represent distinct varieties.     

微波、超声波萃取技术提取松茸多糖的研究

松茸多糖因具有抗肿瘤、增强免疫力、降血脂、抗病毒等生物活性作用,而越来越受到人们的重视,黑龙江林副特产研究所对松茸多糖的提取进行了研究。1）采用微波萃取技术,对微波萃取功率、微波萃取时间、料液比3个因素进行正交试验和分析,确定微波萃取的最佳工艺参数为微波功率660W,萃取时间45min,料液比1：25;2）采用超声波技术对松茸中水溶性粗多糖提取工艺进行了优化,并用硫酸-蒽酮法测定了松茸多糖的含量,结果表明,在超声功率180W、超声时间13min,提取温度100℃的条件下进行提取,料液比1：20,多糖提取率最高;3）比较超声和微波萃取松茸多糖的提取率,可知微波萃取方法更加优于超声方法,有更加广阔的应用前景。     

The hunting value of game in Sweden: Have changes occurred over recent decades?

Abstract

This short communication deals with the hunting value of all game in Sweden, specifically changes over time in value and value components, and differences between the northern and southern parts of the country. The investigation was based on two mail surveys, one conducted in 1987 and the other in 2006. The results suggested that the gross hunting value and the hunting cost share of this value increased over the two decades. The consumer surplus (net value) share decreased correspondingly, while the recreation share and the meat share of the hunting value were more stable over time. It appeared that in 1987 as well as in 2006 the southern Swedish hunters tended to value their hunting higher than the hunters in northern Sweden, especially when it came to the recreation. The results should be relevant in the context of game management, adaptive game management in particular.     

Costs for thinning and final felling operations in Sweden, 2000–2017

ABSTRACT

Wood supply is one of the most significant cost items for most forest industries, and costs of forest operations and sale prices of wood is vital information for forest owners. Cost trends between 2000 and 2017 in Swedish forestry is analysed, separately for final felling and thinning, and subdivided into ordinary and salvage operations. Data on costs for operations totalling 821 million m³ harvested roundwood were analysed, both as actual costs and after adjustment for the consumer price index. Adjusted costs for ordinary harvesting operations declined between 2000 and 2007, increased during 2008 and 2009 and have since been relatively constant. Costs of salvage logging operations performed as thinning were 21% higher than ordinary thinning, and when performed as final felling costs were 64% higher than in ordinary final felling. The relative logging cost trends in Sweden and Finland were similar during the period, and there are similarities with the US. However, while logging costs in Sweden and Finland increased in 2008 and 2009, they declined in the US and did not reach the same relative level as in Sweden until 2013. Results can be used for benchmarking logging costs between regions or larger buyers of logging services.     

松口蘑种质资源的RAPD分析

利用RAPD标记技术分析中国主产区和日本松口蘑的亲缘关系.结果表明:供试样品聚为3类,且供试松口蘑之间遗传距离较近,表明它们是一个物种下的不同居群.     

Scarification and Seedfall affects Natural Regeneration of Scots Pine Under Two Shelterwood Densities and a Clear-cut in Southern Sweden

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) shelterwood density and timing of removal on the regeneration of forests with improved wood quality. This paper focuses on the effect of scarification and seedfall on the success of natural regeneration of Scots pine under two shelterwood densities and in a clear-cut. Wood quality aspects will be addressed later in the study. After 4 yrs, natural regeneration of Scots pine under a 200 stems ha^-1 shelterwood reached 90000 seedlings ha^-1, 53000 under a 160 stems ha^-1 shelterwood and 3700 in a clear-cut. The high natural regeneration under the densest shelterwood resulted from a high seedfall, slower invasion by competing vegetation, consequent prolonged recruitment and low mortality. Since mortality largely decreased for both shelterwood densities and recruitment seems to continue, the success of regeneration should be maintained in the future if proper release operations are conducted. The latter could begin when seedlings reach a height of about 0.5 m and the cover should be maintained until they reach a height of about 6 m. Therefore, it may be possible to use 200 stems ha-1 Scots pine shelterwoods in southern Sweden to obtain dense stands and thus improve wood quality (stem taper, wood density, etc.).     

Effects of Stump-treatment Substances for Root-rot Control on Ground Vegetation and Soil Properties in a Picea abies forest in Sweden

There is increasing commercial interest in treating stumps to restrict the spread of root rot [Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.] when thinning Swedish coniferous forests during the summer. Both chemical and biological substances are used for this purpose. During the treatment, however, a large proportion of the substance applied is spilled beside the stumps. A field study was conducted on the effects of stump-treatment substances on various ground-vegetation species in a Picea abies (L.) Karst. forest in Sweden. Three different substances commonly used in forestry were studied: urea solution (0.23 kg N m^-2), borate solution (10 g B m^-2) and a fungal preparation of Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Jül. spores (1 g spores m^-2). The principal objectives were to assess whether any of the substances were harmful to plants and whether plant species differed in their sensitivity. Both borate and urea solution caused severe damage to most ground-vegetation species tested. Bryophytes were affected more strongly than vascular plants and urea was slightly more toxic than borate. Treatments with P. gigantea caused no obvious damage. The size and persistence of chemical changes in the soil induced by the treatments were also analysed. Transient changes were apparent in topsoil where borate or urea had been added. Very high concentrations of B were initially observed where borate had been applied, and even after 1 yr they were slightly higher than the threshold concentration at which plant injuries are expected. Urea treatment initially resulted in a pH increase of 2 units and a substantial increase in soil ammonium content. After 1 yr these effects had largely disappeared, although some increase in ammonium was still detectable.     

Forest variable estimation using photogrammetric matching of digital aerial images in combination with a high-resolution DEM

Abstract

The rapid development in aerial digital cameras in combination with the increased availability of high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) provides a renaissance for photogrammetry in forest management planning. Tree height, stem volume, and basal area were estimated for forest stands using canopy height, density, and texture metrics derived from photogrammetric matching of digital aerial images and a high-resolution DEM. The study was conducted at a coniferous hemi-boreal site in southern Sweden. Three different data-sets of digital aerial images were used to test the effects of flight altitude and stereo overlap on an area-based estimation of forest variables. Metrics were calculated for 344 field plots (10 m radius) from point cloud data and used in regression analysis. Stand level accuracy was evaluated using leave-one-out cross validation of 24 stands. For these stands the tree height ranged from 4.8 to 26.9 m (17.8 m mean), stem volume 13.3 to 455 m³ ha^?1 (250 m³ ha^?1 mean), and basal area from 4.1 to 42.9 m² ha^?1 (27.1 m² ha^?1 mean) with mean stand size of 2.8 ha. The results showed small differences in estimation accuracy of forest variables between the data-sets. The data-set of digital aerial images corresponding to the standard acquisition of the Swedish National Land Survey (Lantmäteriet), showed Root Mean Square Errors (in percent of the surveyed stand mean) of 8.8% for tree height, 13.1% for stem volume and 14.9% for basal area. The results imply that photogrammetric matching of digital aerial images has significant potential for operational use in forestry.