麻竹无性系选育的研究

本文报道了对麻竹实生苗生长状况和实生苗无性系选育方法。通过人工授粉获得麻竹种子，用圃地培植及无菌播种组培两种方法培育麻竹实生苗无性系，结果表明：（1）收集优良开花母株，利用人工授粉方法取得麻竹种子，可为优良无性系的选育培育较为优良的实生苗群体，有利于提高选育的有效性；（2）圃地培植的实生苗无性系在16个月龄和28个月龄时的生长显著相关，16个月龄时进行较大强度的无性系筛选，可靠性较大；（3）提早分株种植能加快实生苗无性系的总体生长与繁殖，利于加快无性系选育的进程；（4）无菌播种组培条件下，组培中无性系的生长特性与其移栽圃地后的生长特性十分相关，各无性系固有的生长特性在培养3-6个月期间逐渐表现，可在此时进行离体早期选择。     

Earliness and growth performance in clones of picea abies selected for late frost resistance

Four late frost reistant trees in a young plantation of Picea abies were selected and compared with 15 non‐resistant ones after they had been propagated as cuttings. Two cutting trials were established, one in a nursery and one at the original selection site. Flushing, growth rate and total growth were assessed during four years. Frost resistant clones were found to be delayed in their flushing and growth development in early summer as compared to non‐resistant clones but the differences were not statistically significant. Large block variance and errors reduced the power of the statistical tests. Clone, site and year were found to be significant sources of variation in ANOVA, but neither interaction between clone and site nor clone and year were statistically significant. It is concluded that differences in growth rhythm parameters cannot be established between resistant and non‐resistant clones in this experiment, but the results are encouraging for the deployment of clones in forest plantations, provided the clones are tested and their performance remain stable over several propagation cycles.     

Genetic variation in growth,stem straightness and branch thickness in clonal trials of Acacia auriculiformis at three contrasting sites in Vietnam

Acacia auriculiformis has become an important species in Vietnam because it displays adaptability to a wide range of site conditions and produces pulp wood and sawlogs on short rotations. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and consider implications for development of clonal forestry. Clonal repeatabilities, genotypic correlations, genotype by environment interactions (G × E), genetic selection gains and correlated responses were estimated for total height (HT), diameter at breast height (DBH), stem volume (VOL), straightness (STR), and branch thickness (BRA) measured in three clonal trials of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. in northern, central and southern Vietnam. Assessments were made at age 1, 2 and 3 years on all three trials and also at age 4 years in one of the trials. The estimates of the genetic parameters were based on a total of 130 clones, of which 115 were selected from a progeny test, and 15 were selected from plantations of the Coen River (Queensland, Australia) provenance in Vietnam. Seventy of these clones were planted in all three trials. The clonal repeatabilities for all studied traits increased with age. The repeatabilities at the latest assessment (3 and 4 years old) of the trials ranged from 0.28 to 0.47 for HT, 0.21–0.56 for DBH, 0.21–0.54 for VOL, 0.21–0.32 for STR, and 0.21–0.28 for BRA. Genotypic coefficients of variation ranged from 8.3 to 13.1% for HT and DBH and from 24.6 to 32.6% for VOL. Age–age genotypic correlations were strong for growth traits but ranged more widely from 0.22 to 0.98 for STR and BRA. Straightness and BRA correlated positively with growth traits, with these correlations ranging from 0.13 to 0.76. Low genotypic correlations between the same traits measured in the different trials at age 3 years indicated that G × E was important for this species in Vietnam. Selection of 10% of the clones resulted in gain varying from 14.3 to 23.0% for HT and DBH. Our results indicate that using HT and DBH as selection traits together with STR and BRA would be beneficial in clonal selection of A. auriculiformis for deployment in Vietnam.     

木麻黄优良无性系选育及在二代更新造林中的应用

通过采用木麻黄优树选择与子代测定的方法,从63个木麻黄家系中筛选出10个优良家系,再经苗期测定选出4个无性系在木麻黄更新造林中应用表明,其造林成活率、保存率和生长量以及抗病性均明显优于对照的木麻黄实生苗;综合抗风力、水培生根率和干形等评价指标表明,选育的粤501、平18、惠1和莆20等4个木麻黄无性系较为优良,可以在全省沿海防护林建设中推广应用。     

黑木相思无性系生长表现及早期选择

利用嘉汉林业有限公司黑木相思项目组选育出的黑木相思无性系,测试这些无性系在3个不同地点(广东河源、高要和广西百色)的早期生长表现,并据此进行早期选择。结果表明:在不同地点各无性系的生长表现各不相同;按照30%的淘汰率,每个地点选出13～14个表现比较好的无性系,树高和胸径生长量比对照高出10%～48%,其中无性系SR24、SR3、SR6、SR22同时在参试的三个地点表现都较好,而SR13、SR24、SR3、SR8、SR6、SR10、SR22这七个无系性则在广东的两个地点表现较好。     

基于早期产量的马尾松第1代种子园高产无性系选择

通过对福建省尤溪国有林场马尾松第1代种子园早期产量的研究,进行高产无性系选择。结果表明:即使在种子园初产期,大小年现象明显。以各年度无性系种子均重、出籽率大于建园无性系平均值为标准选择各年度高产无性系,无性系种子均重平均可提高59.94%,出籽率平均可提高41.53%,增产效果选择明显;但各年度入选无性系差别较大,存在产量不稳定型无性系。选择3 a均入选的9个无性系为高产稳产建园无性系,入选率为18.00%,其无性系种子均重可提高75.92%,出籽率可提高54.39%。     

尾叶桉种源/家系遗传变异与早期选择研究

尾叶桉(EucalyptusurophyllaS.T.Blake)是桉树中最速生的树种之一,分布在印度尼西亚,8～15°S,海拔300～3000m。本世纪20年代已引入巴西。80年代世界上一些国家开展了种源试验,证明尾叶桉存在种源间、种源内变异[1～3]。1965年我国华南植物园引种4个种源,80年代中期在广西东门林场也开展了试验[4]。为了把尾叶桉的选育种和遗传改良建立在科学的基础上,加快改良进度,本研究采用种源/家系两水平的试验方法,一次性达到优良种源与家系的选择,以指导今后尾叶桉的正确引种,并将试验林改造成实生种子园,同时为建立无性系种子园,培养育下一代育种…     

Genetic variation and ortet/ramet relationships in a clonal test with Picea abies

Eight trees were selected at age eight years from seed in each of 52 full‐sib families of Picea abies and were propagated by rooted cuttings. The parents were both of Norwegian and German origin. Results are presented for the variation in height growth in the progeny test and in the clonal test, for rooting percentages, and for plagiotropic growth. More than 40% of the total variance of rooting percentages is of genetic origin. In the set of crosses between Norwegian and German parents 18% of the clones were classified as plagiotropic, while the same number was 27% in the crosses between Norwegian parents. The plagiotropic growth reduces the correlations between ortets and ramets both at the individual and at the family level. Family information is important in the selection of ortets, and a culling of plagiotropic clones seems necessary to obtain a substantial gain from selection.     

桉树胶合板材林栽培与无性系早期选择

对GR518等10个桉树无性系胶合板材测定林1.5年生生长及栽培模式进行选择和评估研究,结果表明：早期生长中修枝对生长影响较小,各修枝水平间生长差异不显著,而随着林分密度的增加,无性系生长性状有增加的趋势;不同无性系树高、胸径、单株材积及单位面积蓄积生长水平均存在极显著差异,而生长性状除树高外,另外3个指标在无性系与区组的交互效应上也存在显著差异;经单位面积蓄积的多重比较,KC29、GR518和DH32-28在10个无性系中生长最优、保存率高,是今后胶合板材优化培育模式研究中值得重视的无性系;不同性状无性系重复力较高,说明选择在该地进行示范的所有参试无性系能较好地保持亲本优势且稳定遗传,符合进行示范的选择要求,在30%入选率下,性状遗传增益在11.29%~51.80%之间。     

桉树9个无性系在黔西南的早期生长表现

对9个按树无性系在黔西南州巧马林场的早期生长研究表明：无性系间在7月生树高以及20月和34月生树高、胸径和材积性状上的差异均达0．01显著水平,表明优良无性系选择的潜力较大;各性状广义遗传力介于0．01（D34）～0．22（H20）之间,表明早期生长性状受较低程度的遗传控制;相同林龄的生长性状间表型相关系数和遗传相关系数均较大,而7月生树高与后期生长的相关性随林龄增加而减小。初步选出DH32．29、GL-9和1-082为速生的优良无性系。     

Evaluation of Populus deltoides clones under nursery,field and agrisilviculture system in subhumid tropics of Central India

Populus deltoides Bartr., a native of North America, is generally grown in India above latitude 28 °N. One hundred and six clones were evaluated for four years at Raipur situated at 21°12N latitude and 81°36E longitude. These were grown on vertisol soil. Based on growth and survival performance in the nursery for two successive years, nineteen clones were selected for field evaluation. The best five clones (G3, G48, 65/27, D121 and S7C1) were planted in an agrisilviculture system at a spacing of 4 × 4 m with soybean grown as an intercrop. After 4 years these clones had an increment of DBH by 66.5 to 77.5% and of height by 42.2 to 78.6% within one year when compared to that observed at 3 years of age. In rank order of growth the best five clones were 65/27 > G3 > D121 > G48 > S7C1. Total biomass varied between 20.9 to 35.8 Mg ha^–1 in different clones. Among the tree components, stemwood accounted for 52–61% of the total biomass, followed by branches (20–25%), bark (9–13%) and leaves (7–10%). No significant variation between net primary productivity and photosynthetic efficiency was found in different clones. Soybean productivity decreased as the trees aged, reaching 40.5 to 58.1% in 4-year-old trees.     

Efficiency of early selection for rotation-aged wood quality traits in radiata pine

A total of 360 bark-to-bark-through-pith wood strips were sampled at breast height from 180 trees in 30 open-pollinated families from two rotation-aged genetic trials to study inheritance, age-age genetic correlation, and early selection efficiency for wood quality traits in radiata pine. Wood strips were evaluated by SilviScan® and annual pattern and genetic parameters for growth, wood density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness (modulus of elasticity: MOE) for early to rotation ages were estimated. Annual ring growth was the largest between ages 2–5 years from pith, and decreased linearly to ages 9–10. Annual growth was similar and consistent at later ages. Wood density was the lowest near the pith, increased steadily to age 11–15 years, then was relatively stable after these ages. MFA was highest (35°) near the pith and reduced to about 10° at age 10–15 years. MFA was almost unchanged at later ages. MOE increased from about 2.5 GPa near the pith to about 20 GPa at ages 11–15 years. MOE was relatively unchanged at later ages. Wood density and MOE were inversely related to MFA. Heritability increased from zero near the pith and stabilised at ages 4 or 5 for all four growth and wood quality traits (DBH, density, MFA and MOE). Across age classes, heritability was the highest for area-weighted density and MFA, lowest for DBH, and intermediate for MOE. Age-age genetic correlations were high for the four traits studied. The genetic correlation reached 0.8 after age 7 for most traits. Early selection for density, MFA and MOE were very effective. Selection at age 7–8 has similar effectiveness as selection conducted at rotation age for MFA and MOE and at least 80% effective for wood density.     

杉木无性系选择与木材生产相结合的研究

自 1 964年以来 ,我国建立了大面积的杉木种子园 ,选出了许多优良家系和优良种源。但是 ,种子产量不稳定 ,控制授粉成本高 ,育苗技术复杂 ,是实生苗造林中存在的问题。无性系林业可以获得更高的增产效果 ,凡可以低成本大规模无性繁殖的树种 ,均应采用无性系林业 (朱之悌 ,1 986)。 1 0余年来 ,扦插育苗和成年树复壮技术有了重大进步 (李明鹤等 ,1 990ａ;1 990ｂ ;1 990ｃ) ,这为实现完整的无性系林业 (ｆｕｌｌｃｌｏｎａｌｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙ )铺平了道路。但是 ,传统的无性系育种法所需时间长 ,遗传基础窄 ,不适合于杉木。 1 986年 ,李明鹤…     

Early evaluation of growth traits of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix kaempferi</Emphasis> clones

Early selection is an important method to shorten the breeding cycle for tree species, which may differ in the time for early selection. To evaluate the early selected time for Larix kaempferi, tree height and diameter at breast height of 57 L. kaempferi clones were measured over many different growth years. The results indicated that, except for age × clone interaction for diameter at breast height (P = 0.741), there were significant differences among all variation sources (P < 0.01). The coefficient of phenotypic variation ranged from 14.89 to 35.65% for height and from 19.17 to 23.86% for diameter at breast height in different growth years. The repeatability of height and of diameter at breast height among clones was high, ranging from 0.6181 to 0.8531 (height) and from 0.8443 to 0.8497 (diameter at breast height), in different growth years. There were significant positive correlations between all pairs of growth traits except between height in the 2nd growth year and height in the 30th growth year; and between height in the 2nd growth year × diameter at breast height in the 30th growth year. With a comprehensive evaluation method and a selection ratio of 10%, L65, L1, L62, L9, L15, and L78 were selected as excellent clones in the 30th growth year. Their average values of height and diameter at breast height were 9.81 and 16.57% higher than the overall average, representing genetic gains of 6.46 and 13.99%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of L. kaempferi.     

杉木无性系幼树高生长的遗传变异

杉木８２个无性系间１－４年生树高差异极显著，生长量最大相差达１．６－２．７倍。遗传变异系１２．５－２２．８％，广义遗传力估值０．６３３－０．９４１，遗传变异幅度和遗传控制程度都有随树龄增大而变小的趋向。按１０％的入选率，中选无性系的树高平衡遗传增益可达２５％左右，但无性系相对于种子园子代的树高生长优势可能因树龄小而尚水表达出来，２年生与３进行了分析和讨论，认为以提高木材产量为目标选择优良无性系的工     

Changes through time in traits of poplar clones in selection trials

Growth, survival, stem characteristics, resistance to wind, and canker disease of 51 poplar clones were evaluated at age 9 and 10 years, and compared to measurements at age 3 in two trials on the Lower Valley of the Colorado River, Argentina. About 30% of the clones in both trials had large changes in growth rankings at age 9 and 10 compared to rankings at age 3. Canker incidence increased about 4-fold between age 3, and measurements at age 9 and 10. Stem form was in general satisfactory, and wind incidence was almost nil. In trial 1, clones 588–1, Conti 12, 582–41, and 582–5 occupied the upper positions in the growth rankings at age 3 and 10, and the clone 588–1 ranked first both in growth and canker incidence in 1998. Stem growth trajectories of clones with similar growth rates did not differ among clones with, and without canker disease. In trial 2, the range in growth among clones was narrower than in trial 1, and canker disease, although of minor incidence, was present in most clones at age 9. Some of the P. deltoides clones in the trials had similar growth, and less canker disease than the Euroamerican clones commonly grown in the region, but progressive canker incidence should be addressed with additional selection trials.     

红皮云杉生长变异与早期选择的研究

应用树干解析和选择超级苗营造对比试验林的方法,对红皮云杉的生长变异及早期选择技术进行研究。结果表明,红皮云杉个体各生长性状的变异规律是幼龄阶段变异较大,随年龄的增长,变异逐渐减小;树高、胸径、材积变异趋于平缓的年龄分别为9 a生1、5 a生和9 a生。用9 a生的胸径生长预测33a生的材积生长是适宜的。对红皮云杉出圃苗采取平均苗高 2倍标准差的标准进行选择,通过幼林阶段的观察,证实苗期选择是有效的。