Effect of edge stands on the development of young Pinus sylvestris stands in southern Finland

Abstract

The quantitative effect of pine-dominated edge stands in southern Finland on the density and growth of pine saplings was addressed in the study. The cumulative effect of a mature edge stand on the development of a pine sapling stand with variable cutblock sizes was also estimated. The data were acquired from 10 study sites with a Scots pine sapling stand with a current dominant height of 1–6 m and an adjoining middle-aged to mature edge stand dominated by Scots pine. Tree level models were constructed to describe and simulate the structure and development of the sapling stands. The results indicated that dividing an average regeneration area (2 ha) into smaller cutblock units (1.0–0.5 ha) appreciably increased the edge stand effect. Total stand volume growth was 6% lower on 1 ha cutblocks, and 31% lower on 0.5 ha blocks, than on 2 ha blocks.     

Morphological and Ecological Variation of Gremmeniella abietina var. abietina in Pinus sylvestris,Pinus contorta and Picea abies Sapling Stands in Northern Finland and the Kola Peninsula

The morphological and ecological variation of two types of Gremmeniella abietina var. abietina causing scleroderris canker on conifers was investigated in Pinus spp. and Picea sp. sapling stands in northern Finland and the Kola Peninsula. Small - tree type (STT or B type) of G. abietina was detected alone in 13 Scots pine, three lodgepole pine and two Norway spruce sapling stands out of 26 stands investigated, both STT and large - tree type (LTT or A type) were observed in six Scots pine stands, and LTT was detected alone in two Scots pine stands. For the first time, G. abietina was found to injure Norway spruce saplings in a respective plantation in northern Fennoscandia. STT isolates produced statistically significantly more conidia in vitro than LTT isolates. Morphological variation in conidia septation revealed that STT produced conidia with more than five septa more frequently than did LTT. There was a greater range in variation in septation in STT than in LTT, with overlapping between the types. Isolates of both types were equally associated with cankers, coloured wood, pycnidia or apothecia in the infected saplings.     

湿地松和火炬松纯林和混交林生长比较

以湖北省荆门市彭山林场不同林龄的湿地松纯林、火炬松纯林和湿地松+火炬松混交林为研究对象,采用木材解析法,比较研究了湿地松、火炬松两个树种在纯林和混交林的生长特性,以了解两树种混交效果是否具有明显的增产效果。结果表明:与纯林相比,在15年时,湿地松和火炬松在混交林中直径分别增加了12.05%和10.60%,材积分别增加38.91%和24.25%。在所有5个混交林中,湿地松和火炬松的相对产量均大于1。湿地松和火炬松混交在生长量和材积上表现出正效应。在混交林中,湿地松获得更多的效应,但无论在纯林还是在混交林中,火炬松均比湿地松生长得好。     

Growth,stem quality and nutritional status of Betula pendula and Betula pubescens in pure stands and mixtures

The growth, technical quality and nutritional status of pure and mixed silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) plantations were studied 21 and 22 years after planting on afforested organic soil arable land and on upland forest soil. In mixtures, 50% of both birch species was planted. Silver birch trees grew better, but had higher mortality than downy birch trees on both sites. Mortality of both species was highest, and the difference in their growth smallest, on organic soil. In pure stands on organic soil, downy birch dominant height, diameter and mean volume were 96%, 92% and 82% of those of silver birch and on mineral soil 87%, 84% and 60%, correspondingly. On mineral soil, silver birch had a higher mean annual increment (MAI) (5.8 m³ ha^?1a^?1) than downy birch (3.9 m³ ha^?1a^?1), but on organic soil the MAI of both species was similar (3.3–3.4 m³ ha^?1 a^?1). Planting birches in mixture did not affect the growth of the trees on organic soil. On mineral soil, the mean diameter and mean volume of silver birch trees were higher in mixed than in pure plantations. The technical stem quality of both tree species was low. On mineral soils, pure silver birch is more productive than mixture, but on peat soil the higher growth of silver birch could contribute to increased productivity and downy birch would ensure sufficient survival for future timber production.     

林分密度对马尾松飞播林生物产量及生产力的影响

对湘东丘陵地区16年生密度为2250、2860和3225株     

落桦混交林空间结构对林木直径生长的影响

为探究白桦林不同空间结构对林木直径生长的影响,选择塞罕坝机械林场的白桦林作为研究对象,采用实地测量与解析木的方法对林木的生长变化进行记录,结果表明:处于随机分布状态下林分中林木生长量要普遍高于处于聚集状态下的林木生长量,角尺度处于0.5左右时生长量是最大的,说明林分处于随机分布有利于林木的生长;处于优势状态的林分直径生长量要普遍高于亚优势状态的林分,并且大小比数处于0左右时林木的生长量是最大的;强度混交的林分直径生长量明显高于中度混交的林分,并且同一林分中随着混交度的增加直径生长量也随之增大,说明混交有利于林分的生长。     

Dependence of dormancy release on temperature in different origins of Pinus sylvestris and Betula pendula seedlings

The chilling requirement of rest completion and the high temperature requirement of growth initiation were determined in three origins of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) seedlings and five origins of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. In both the pine and birch the chilling requirement was highest in maritime Scottish origins and lowest in the most continental Finnish and Russian origins. The requirement for southern mountainous Spanish and Bulgarian pine origins was in between. In terms of the high temperature requirement, there were no clear differences between origins. These results suggest that owing to their high chilling requirement, which prevents the beginning of growth and the loss of frost hardiness during the frost‐exposed season, origins from a maritime climate could be the most tolerant under climatic warming.     

种子处理方式对欧洲垂枝桦发芽率及苗木生长的影响

以引进的俄罗斯欧洲垂枝桦种子为材料,研究了冷藏、沙藏和雪藏3种种子处理对欧洲垂枝桦场圃发芽率及苗木生长的影响。结果表明:不同种子处理的场圃发芽率、苗高、地径、地上生物量、地下生物量和全株生物量存在显著差异,种子雪藏处理的场圃发芽率、苗高、地径、地上生物量、地下生物量和全株生物量等指标均优于其他处理,其场圃发芽率、生长量和生物量最高。     

毛竹纸浆林丰产结构的研究

自１９９１ 年开始分别对浙江安吉和福建建阳的两种类型的毛竹纸浆林的丰产结构进行了４ 年的定位观察研究。研究结果表明：对于毛竹纸浆纯林的丰产结构,以竹林密度为３０００ 株／ｈｍ ２、林分年龄结构组成为１ 度竹∶２ 度竹＝ ７∶３ 等林分结构因子组合的竹林的生产力最高,其新竹度产量高达３１．１ｔ／ｈｍ ２;并根据新竹产量与竹林密度和林分年龄组成的非线性相关关系,建立了新竹产量的预测模型。对于毛竹—阔叶树纸浆混交林,影响其生产力最重要的林分结构因子是树种组成,即毛竹与阔叶树的混交比,其次是混交林中的立竹量,其中以混交比∑Ｄ竹２∶∑Ｄ树２＝ ８∶２、林分立竹量为２１００ 株／ｈｍ ２ 等林分结构因子组合的毛竹—阔叶树纸浆混交林的生产力最高,其新竹度产量达２２．８ｔ／ｈｍ ２。     

毛竹竹阔混交林群落地力保持研究

通过不同经营措施对竹阔混交林地力维持的研究 ,指出毛竹纯林的竹材产量要显著地高于毛竹混交林的竹材产量 ,但竹林地力衰退较快 ;毛竹竹阔混交林的自肥能力要比毛竹纯林高 ,在维持土壤肥力方面竹阔混交林具有不可比拟的优越性。研究指出 ,以竹阔混交比例为 8∶ 2 ,竹林密度为 2 1 0 0株· hm-2 的竹阔混交林最具有维持土壤肥力的能力。     

庞泉沟保护区天然华北落叶松林单木生长过程研究

以关帝山林区的天然华北落叶松为研究对象,在不同立地条件下设置了3块标准样地,选取25株平均标准木进行树干解析,采用Log istic方程和R ichards方程拟合树高和胸径、材积生长过程。结果表明：1）胸径、树高前5 a生长缓慢,5 a后加速生长,而材积在前10 a生长缓慢,10 a后加速生长。2）不同立地条件下华北落叶松胸径、树高、材积总生长量前30 a差别不明显,30 a后立地条件越好,三者的总生长量越大且长势较好,表现出速生丰产的优势。     

6种生长方程在杉木人工林林分直径结构上的应用

对Richards等6种生长方程的数学解析性及其应用于杉木人工林林分直径结构模拟的理论依据进行了分析和探索,并应用此6种生长方程模拟了林分直径累积分布。发现在描述林分直径累积分布时,Richards方程绝大多数表现为Logistic型,Weibull方程的参数c均大于1,曲线存在拐点;除Mitscherlich式外,各生长方程的模拟精度均相当高,Richards、Weibull、Logistic、Gompertz、Mitscherlich、Kod等6种生长方程样本选优率依次降低;Richards、Logistic、Weibull、Gopertz、Korf及Mitscherlich等6种生长方程总体模拟精度依次降低;相对生长率表现为变量指数函数方程的精度较相对生长率表现为变量幂函数方程的精度高,且3参数方程的精度较2参数的高。     

西双版纳普文实验林场西南桦人工林的生长研究

对11~13年生西南桦纯林(初植密度包括2 m×2 m,2 m×3 m,2 m×4 m,2 m×5 m,2 m×6 m,3 m×3 m和2 m×3 m×7 m)、12年生西南桦与高阿丁枫(初植密度2 m×3m)和11年生西南桦(初植密度3 m×3 m)与山桂花(初植密度3 m×1.5 m)混交林的生长分析显示,西南桦造林后迅速进入速生期。7年生前尤为速生,速生期可延续至10年生林分,在速生期内,平均木的胸径、树高和木材年平均生长量分别为1.17~2.50 cm.yr-1、1.20~3.60 m.yr-1和0.000 11~0.018 04 m3.yr-1,其连年生长量分别为0.50~2.65 cm.yr-1、0.5~4.0 m.yr-1和0.000 11~0.018 68 m3.yr-1。西南桦纯林中,2 m×5 m和2 m×4 m的初植密度较为有利于林木生长和木材生产,其13年生林分生长量分别达:(1)年平均胸径1.42 cm.yr-1和1.72 cm.yr-1,年平均树高1.77 m.yr-1和1.72 m.yr-1;(2)单位面积材积为209.807 1 m3.hm-2和208.933 8 m3.hm-2,并且胸径>16 cm的林木分别占80.00%和60.00%。混交林的木材产量:(1)12年生西南桦与高阿丁枫混交林单位面积木材产量是同林龄西南桦纯林(初植密度2 m×3 m×7 m)的1.845倍(172.363 7 m3.hm-2比94.978 9 m3.hm-2);(2)11年生西南桦与山桂花混交林单位面积木材产量是同林龄西南桦纯林的2.774倍(158.742 0m3.hm-2比57.219 0 m3.hm-2)。在西南桦与高阿丁枫混交林中,1行西南桦与2行高阿丁枫混交模式能提高西南桦高生长和木材产量。高阿丁枫和山桂花是可以同西南桦相匹配营造混交林的两个云南热带乡土树种。     

竹子混交林对林木生长及林分土壤的影响研究

研究了多竹种混交、竹桉混交和竹橡胶混交对林木生长及林分土壤条件的影响。结果显示:不同竹种混交以及竹树混交其林木生长状况及土壤条件均优于纯林;竹子纯林、多竹种混交林、竹树混交林3种不同类型的林分其土壤含水量和有机质含量排序为:多竹种混交林 > 竹子纯林 > 竹树混交林 > 乔木纯林。研究结果表明,在桉树林和橡胶林中适当套种竹子可以改善桉树林和橡胶林的生长环境,增强生态系统的稳定性,对于维护生态平衡、提高林地生产力、维持土壤肥力具有显著作用。研究结果可为桉树和橡胶树纯林的改造提供理论支持。     

混交林分中乳源木莲冠层特性与生长的通径分析

对17年生混交试验林(杉木×乳源木莲)中的乳源木莲冠层特性与单株材积生长进行相关分析,结果表明乳源木莲单株材积指数D2H与各冠层因子间的相关系数不同,除单株叶面积指数LAI、冠层密度CLD外,单株总叶面积TLA、树冠表面积TCA及冠形率CSR与单株材积指数均达极显著正相关.通径分析表明TCA对单株材积生长的直接作用最大(Pyxi=1.201 3),是乳源木莲单株材积生长的主导因子,TLA、CLD、CSR是通过TCA起作用的,以上5个主要冠层参数对乳源木莲单株材积生长相对重要性的大小为TCA>LAI>TLA>CSR>CLD.在分析冠层空间结构对单株材积生长的影响中发现垂直方向,冠层中、下层的叶面积对单株材积生长有决定性作用,而上层作用较小;水平方向,以叶面积多集中于内部、外部的有利于乳源木莲单株材积生长,而中部叶面积作用较小.     

尾叶桉与马占相思不同混交处理对林分生长的影响

对尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophulla)与马占相思(Acacia mangium)不同混交处理3a生林分生长调查结果表明:在相同密度1727株/hm2时,尾叶桉纯林的平均胸径、树高、单株材积分别为9.27cm,14.50m,0.0514m3,尾叶桉与马占相思以1∶1.6比例混交,尾叶桉的胸径、树高、单株材积分别为13.50cm,15.97m,0.1098m3,比纯林高45.6%,10.1%,113.6%;纯林和混交林林分每公顷蓄积分别为88.83m3和98.00m3,混交林比纯林高10.3%。尾叶桉与马占相思不同混交处理林木胸径、树高、材积生长及径高比均有显著差异。     

不同繁殖方式下芳樟幼林生长性状分析

对芳樟组培、扦插和嫁接苗的幼林生长节律和生物量的积累及分配格局进行了分析,结果表明:芳樟无性系6-11月生长较快,12月到翌年1月生长缓慢,2-3月又恢复高生长量.生长性状大小排序:组培苗＞扦插苗＞嫁接苗.生物量的分配各不一致,组培苗:枝＞茎＞叶＞根;嫁接苗:枝＞茎＞根＞叶;扦插苗:枝＞茎＞根＞叶.不同类型幼树主要器官生物量的分布,根部:嫁接苗＞扦插苗＞组培苗;枝:组培苗＞扦插苗＞嫁接苗;叶:嫁接苗＞扦插苗＞组培苗.     

不同阔叶树种和马尾松混交造林的生长效应

采用5个处理3次重复的完全随机区组设计对闽楠、裂斗锥与马尾松混交林生长效应进行研究。结果表明：混交对林木生长有促进作用,混交林中闽楠的胸径、树高、林分生物量明显高于闽楠纯林,混交林中裂斗锥的胸径和林分生物量也显著高于裂斗锥纯林,两种混交林林分生物量均高于各自纯林;不同林分林下植被生物量大小排序为混交林大于纯林,混交林均不同程度的提高了林下植被生物量和凋落物量。     

Current growth differences of Norway spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and birch (Betula pendula and Betula pubescens) in different regions in Sweden

Abstract

The choice of species in forestry is important, and a real issue as large areas of wind-damaged forest land in southern Sweden need to be regenerated. To compare the growth potential between the most common tree species in Sweden, ratios between site quality derived from site index values determined with site properties were used. A regression function to determine site index for birch from site properties was used to complement the known relationships between site properties and site index for spruce and pine. In large regions of Sweden the distribution of site quality classes was calculated to compare the special characteristics and demands of the three species. On average, the growth difference for pine compared to spruce was about 60% in southern Sweden and 95% in northern Sweden. Corresponding figures between birch and spruce were 40% and 60%. Birch was expected to produce around 60% of pine in northern Sweden and about 70% in southern Sweden. However, it must be stressed that the comparison is based on survey data encompassing mainly naturally regenerated birch, whereas spruce and pine are mainly planted.     

不同密度30年生马尾松林生长特征与林分结构的研究

对比分析了不同密度３０年生马尾松人工林的林分结构和生长效果的差异。用β分布模型研究林分直径分布规律，并以此为基础，通过分析林分生长过程，以探讨马尾松人工林不同材种的最佳栽培密度和合理的林分结构。