Marker trait association for autumn cold acclimation and growth rhythm in pinus sylvestris

The main objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in the genetic control of growth rhythm and autumn cold acclimation in Pinus sylvestris L. Eighteen full‐sib families of P. sylvestris with parental origins between latitudes 62 and 67° N in Sweden were assessed for autumn cold acclimation (frost injury measured from artificial freeze testing) and growth rhythm during the first two growing seasons. One family north × south with 108 individuals was used for the construction of one linkage map for the male and one for the female parent using 286 markers from random amplification of polymorphic DNA. Marker trait associations (QTLs) for shoot elongation, growth cessation and cold acclimation were found on both maps. Some QTLs were verified in two additional north × south families. Proportions of the additive genetic variance explained by the markers (R ²/_G) indicated that genetic factors of large effect were involved in all investigated traits. Single or multiple markers accounted for between 16 and 47% of the additive variance in annual shoot elongation, between 42 and 79% of the additive variance in growth termination, and between 7 and 31% of the additive variation in autumn cold acclimation. The study confirms that there are major QTL regions on different linkage groups controlling a large part of the variation for growth rhythm and autumn cold acclimation in P. sylvestris.     

Genetic control and age‐related changes of juvenile growth characters in Picea abies

In full‐sib families of Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) the dynamics of juvenile growth and the inheritance of the most important growth characters were analysed in six growth periods in climate chambers followed by two additional growing seasons in a nursery. The full‐sib families were of French and North Swedish origin including both within and between provenance crosses. All growth rhythm characters changed over time. For instance, number of days to budbreak increased, whereas days to budset decreased, as growth periods advanced. Concurrent with the changes in growth rhythm, free growth decreased with increasing age. Half of the total variation for different growth rhythm characters within a growth period could in most cases be explained by provenance effects. Early selection is, therefore, meaningful to reduce damage by frost and mortality. Furthermore, the actual distances between family means decreased substantially with increasing age, and the actual length of the shoot elongation period decreased from 31 days during the second growth period to 16 days during the sixth. We suggest therefore that selection together with some treatment in the nursery that alters the growth rhythm of the seedlings are the best ways to increase frost resistance. Tree height was influenced by a set of complex gene actions that changed over time. Provenance effects were important during the first two growth periods. Subsequently, non‐accumulative within provenance family variance took over. If this pattern holds true in general, juvenile selection for height growth in Norway spruce cannot be made as early as that for growth rhythm.     

美国栎属种源引种,变异研究：幼树年高生长节律和物候期的变异

对定植在江苏省林业科学研究院苗圃（南京）内的美国栎属３个树种,１９个种源、家系（包括柳叶栎９个种源、家系,北方红栎６个家系,红栎４个种源）的２年生幼树进行了年高生长节律和物候期（包括展叶期、叶变色期和落叶期）的定期观测（分别每３～１５ｄ观测１次）。结果表明：（１）３个树种在南京年高生长节律差异显著。柳叶栎在生长期内抽梢次数较多,在５次以上,基本呈连续生长趋势。生长节律呈快（５月）－慢（６月）－最快     

Earliness and growth performance in clones of picea abies selected for late frost resistance

Four late frost reistant trees in a young plantation of Picea abies were selected and compared with 15 non‐resistant ones after they had been propagated as cuttings. Two cutting trials were established, one in a nursery and one at the original selection site. Flushing, growth rate and total growth were assessed during four years. Frost resistant clones were found to be delayed in their flushing and growth development in early summer as compared to non‐resistant clones but the differences were not statistically significant. Large block variance and errors reduced the power of the statistical tests. Clone, site and year were found to be significant sources of variation in ANOVA, but neither interaction between clone and site nor clone and year were statistically significant. It is concluded that differences in growth rhythm parameters cannot be established between resistant and non‐resistant clones in this experiment, but the results are encouraging for the deployment of clones in forest plantations, provided the clones are tested and their performance remain stable over several propagation cycles.     

铃铛枣嫁接苗年高生长节律分析

利用枣树嫁接技术进行铃铛枣坐地砧嫁接建园,并应用logistic模型定量分析嫁接苗年高生长节律。分析表明铃铛枣嫁接苗的年高生长进程呈现慢一快一慢的“S”形节律,存在着明显的速生期,速生期长达45d,速生期内的苗高生长量约占总生长量的78％。辽西枣区枣农可依此规律抓准生长点,适时安排有效的管理措施,最大限度地提高嫁接苗的生长量。     

杨树能源林各杨树品种生长节律研究

该文对杨树生物能源林参试品种不同密度的生长节律进行观测研究,得出杨树各品种树高和地径生长速峰期均处于6~8月份,与华北地区水、热同期,有利于生物量的积累;且地径生长高峰期比树高生长高峰期滞后或基本同步。对各品种不同密度的生长节律进行比较得出：不同密度对各杨树品种树高和地径的生长量有明显的影响,而对整个生长期内的生长节律无太大影响。     

桂西南地区擎天树人工林生长规律

采用树干解析的方法对桂西南地区擎天树人工林的生长规律进行研究,结果表明:32年生擎天树人工林的树高、胸径、单株材积分别为23.1 m、23.4 cm0、.516 53 m3。树高、胸径连年生长曲线和平均生长曲线均出现多次相交,且变动幅度剧烈,连年生长量在24年前后均出现明显的下降过程。而材积的变动幅度相对要小,在数量上还未达到成熟。胸径的高生长期、低生长期与树高的年份基本一致,反映了从西双版纳地区引种的擎天树在桂西南地区生长对当地气候变化十分敏感。所拟合的生长预测模型具有很高的精确度,其中,树高、胸径的最优生长模型是理查德模型,材积最优生长模型为考尔夫模型。     

红锥种源苗期生长节律研究

对红锥博白、浦北、东兰3个种源苗高和地径生长率2年生苗木生长节律进行了研究。结果表明:3个种源Logistic方程拟合效果都显著,均呈"S"型生长模式。采用有序样本聚类分析方法将苗木的生长过程划分为4个时期:生长初期、速生前期、速生期、生长后期。方差分析及多重比较结果表明,3个种源苗木生长量存在显著差异,博白种源和浦北种源较好,东兰种源次之。     

江南油杉人工林生长规律研究

【目的】研究了江南油杉人工林生长规律,以期为江南油杉人工林合理经营提供科学依据。【方法】在全面调查广西林科院老虎岭实验林场27年生江南油杉人工林基础上,在不同的3个标准样地内选择了12株平均木进行树干解析,深入分析其树高、胸径、单株材积生长规律及形数变化规律。并采用6种林木生长经验模型进行回归分析和比较,选出合适的生长模型。【结果】27年生江南油杉树高、胸径、材积的总生长量随着年龄的增加而增加,其中,树高生长总量为16.9 m,胸径生长总量为20.3 cm,材积生长总量为0.283 685 m^3。江南油杉胸高形数是随着年龄的增加先急剧增加,然后再缓慢下降,形数曲线呈反"J"型变化,胸高形数在第7年后小于1,第24年后曲线变化趋于平稳状态,保持在0.52左右。【结论】1)树高在6~14 a和18~24 a处于较高的增长水平,是江南油杉树高生长的速生期。胸径生长的速生期在6~16 a和18~27 a出现。树高和胸径的连年生长量随年龄的增加而增高增粗,树高的高生长期比胸径高生长期早2 a,树高与胸径的低生长期出现在同年。材积的第1个生长高峰期在1~14 a,在第26年后是材积的第2个生长高峰期。各龄阶胸高形数表明江南油杉的胸高形数大,树高尖削度小。2)通过比较分析6种生长模型对江南油杉胸径、树高和材积的实测值的拟合情况,苏玛克(Schumacher)模型可作为江南油杉树高和胸径生长模型,韦布尔(Weibull)模型可作为材积生长模型。经检验,预测值和实测值的残差及相对总误差均较小,模型精度较高,证明所选择的数学模型预测值与实际生长规律基本吻合。3)27年生江南油杉材积的连年生长量和平均生长量曲线经27 a生长仍未相交,说明江南油杉在27 a内尚未达到数量成熟。通过材积生长模型的推算结果,江南油杉材积年平均生长量与连年生长量相交于48~49 a间,即江南油杉数量成熟年龄为49 a,此时的江南油杉材积生长量为0.942 460 m^3。     

不同基质对短序润楠种子发芽及生长节律的影响

比较分析了河沙、草炭土、园土及三者的混合土对短序润楠种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:不同基质处理下短序润楠种子发芽及生长具有显著差异,混合土和黄心土的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数等均明显高于河沙和草炭土,但草炭土的叶片展开时的苗高最大。不同基质处理下的短序润楠幼苗的生长特性表明,幼苗早期生长规律符合Logistic曲线特征,其方程拟合模型的决定系数(R~2)均大于0.998,达到显著相关水平。根据Logistic曲线方程上两个生长拐点可以将短序润楠的生长过程划分为渐增期、速生期、缓增期,其中处于速生期幼苗的苗高生长量均超过总量的50%。     

黄皮树种源苗木性状遗传参数及其相关选择效率研究

对湖南省黄皮树１１个种源１年生苗木４个性状组２０个性状的遗传参数及其相关选择效率作了测定和分析。其结果表明：（１）４个性状组中,１７个性状在种源间存在显著差异,其中,生产力性状组的性状表型及遗传变异系数较大,而幼苗、复叶和地上生长性状组的表型及遗传变异较小;（２）地上生长性状间、生产力性状间及其相互间具有显著的表型相关和遗传相关,这为黄皮树地上与地下、生长与生产力性状间的相关选择提供了理论依据;（     

Within‐ and Between‐population Variation of Growth and Stem Quality in a 30‐year‐old Pinus sylvestris Trial

In a combined population‐progeny experimental plantation of Pinus sylvestris at Nordanås, lat. 64°19’ long. 18°12’ alt. 400 m, a few growth characters and around 25 quality characters were meaured or assessed at age 34 from seed. The populations under study originated from latitudes 63–67. The experimental design is a split‐plot with three replications. Each population is represented by 10–20 open pollinated progenies planted in 15‐tree row plots at a spacing of 2.5x2.5 m. All growth and most quality characters showed significant population differences. Family differences were noted for approximately half of the quality characters. The family repeatability for growth and quality characters varied much between the populations in a non‐consistent way. Thanks to the strong genetic correlations between breast height diameter and stem volume, as well as between tree height and stem volume those two characters could be used to estimate stem volume.     

Rejuvenation of juvenile growth characters in picea abies

Cuttings were made from six‐year‐old seedlings of Picea abies L. (Karst.) that had been studied in the Stockholm phytotron. The seedlings belonged to four full‐sib families, one being of French origin, one of North‐Swedish origin and two being hybrids between parents of North‐Swedish and French origin. Nine clones from each family were included. After the rooting phase, the cuttings were exposed to the same cultivation regimes as the seedling ortets. Characteristics of growth rhythm, percentage free growth and leader length were recorded during the 2nd to the 5th growth period (GP). Plagiotropic growth habit was recorded in the 3rd to the 5th growth period, and, characteristics of the rooting phase were studied. A juvenile behaviour very similar to that characterizing growth periods 2–3 of the seedlings was observed for growth rhythm characteristics and for free growth capacity during GP2 of the cuttings. The absolute value of the differences between each observation of the seedling ortets in GP6 and the means of the cuttings in GP2 produced a new variable that quantified the degree of rejuvenation. This new variable was meaningfully calculated only for growth rhythm and growth pattern variables. A gradual reversion of the growth rhythm occurred for the cuttings, which corresponded to the change with increasing age for the seedlings. The capacity for free growth, on the contrary, disappeared already in GP3 for the cuttings, except for the French family. A large variation in the rejuvenation ability between families was observed. Furthermore, the rejuvenation ability was negatively correlated with the ability to grow plagiotropically.     

Seasonal rhythm of aboveground biomass—the Calamagrostis angustifoliagrassland in Sanjiang plain

In this paper, the seasonal rhythms of the above grassland biomass of the two main types of theCalamagrostis angustifolia grasslands, theCalamagrostis angustifolia meadow and theCalamagrostis angustifolia +Carex schmiditii swamp meadow, were reported. The simulation technique was employed to described the dynamic process. In the end, the absolute growth rate and the relative growth rate of aboveground biomass of the two communities were approached in the light of the growth analysis method.     

Causal relationship between juvenile shoot growth characters in picea abies

The causal relationships between shoot growth variables were analysed on the basis of a study in the Phytotron where six full‐sib families of Picea abies L. (Karst.) were grown for six growth periods. Phenotypic correlations and path analysis were used for the analysis of causes. The phenotypic correlations were estimated in three different ways: 1) separate analyses within each growth period based on individual tree data, 2) based on family means at different growth periods (0, and 3) using differences in family means between two consecutive growth periods (dt). The two methods based on t or dt‐values gave different results in a number of cases. We argue that, because of the rapid concurrent changes that occurred between growth periods, we could not conclude that the correlations based on family means (t) reflected causal relations and, also, that the method based on dt‐values gives a better indication of causal relationships between different variables. Using dt‐values, the variation in shoot elongation period was mainly explained by the variation in free growth (82%) while the variation in shoot growth initiation only explained a minor fraction. Variation in leader length was mainly explained by growth rate and only to a minor extent by shoot elongation period, meaning that the observed decrease in shoot elongation period did not cause a corresponding changé in leader length. One conclusion from this finding is that we do not necessarily lose growth capacity if we breed for a better adapted growth rhythm (i.e. shorter shoot elongation period) of the seedlings.     

黄甜竹生长发育规律初步研究

对黄甜竹生长发育规律进行了初步研究,结果表明:黄甜竹发笋期从4月中旬开始至5月上旬止,持续时间约25 d,出笋规律呈偏右正态分布。黄甜竹平均成竹率为61.36%,发笋前期和盛期成竹率相当。幼竹高生长历时45 d,高生长总量可达7～8 m。     

Intraspecific geographic variation and primary selection on the best provenance ofPinus sylvestris var.mongolica

This paper summarizes the result from the provenance test of eight years oldPinus sylvestris var.mongolica in Liangshui Natural Reserve comprehensively. The main contents include:(l) the geographic variation of the growth characters ofPinus sylvestris var. mongolica, tends to negative change gradually at latitude and has obvious climatic nature, (2) no significant difference exists in the morphological adaptability and resistant characteristics and so on; (3)on the basis of the geographic variation study on the growth characteristics, the provenances ofPinus sylvestris var.mongolica were classified into two geographic populations and two subpopulations as follows: the northern population of the Daxing’an Mountain (I) and the southern population of the Daxing’an Mountain as well as the Xiaoxing’an Mountain (II), which includes Honghuarji subpopulation (II -1) and Kalunshan subpopulation (II-2). (4) the height growth rhythm was analyzed according to the divided population and subpopulation; (5) the best provenance was selected for the Liangshui Natural Reserve and its neighborhood according to the results from SSR test of the growth characteristics (the breast height diameter and height of eight year old trees), the possibility of the early provenance selection was also verified by the method of order correlation analysis on the height growth of three, five, seven and eight years old provenances.     

Sulfometuron methyl influences seedling growth and leaf function of three conifer species

Seedling growth and gas exchange responses were measured for two potted seedling trials testing herbicide phytotoxicity to three important tree species of the Inland Northwest, USA. Media-filled pots were treated with sulfometuron methyl (Oust^?) in varying concentrations and planted with seedlings of Larix occidentalis Nutt., Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco, and Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don. Seedlings were grown in two trials to determine the effects of two important residue breakdown factors, substrate moisture and pH, relative to that of herbicide application rate on seedling health. Changes in seedling height, root-collar diameter, and root volume were morphologic variables of interest, and physiological variables measured were net photosynthetic assimilation, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. While three levels of media moisture and four levels of media pH had no effect on seedling performance, most growth and leaf function variables were hindered across application rate treatments of all three species. Label-recommended dosages resulted in growth suppression levels potentially detrimental to seedling establishment for all three species. This was most pronounced for Pinus monticola, in particular for root growth, where untreated control seedlings showed 109% more root volume growth than treated seedlings. We conclude that when possible, a species-specific application rate might be found that balances the benefits of vegetation control with the phytotoxicity to promote optimal growth gains.     

8203号杨生长规律的初步研究

８２０３号杨系雌株，树冠较一般杨树窄。在东部山区能够完成正常的生育周期，物候期与大青杨相近。苗期生长高峰期主要为６月中旬到７月下旬。胸径生长３￣７ａ为加速阶段，８－１４ａ为稳定生长阶段；树高生长最快时期为４－９ａ；现阶段材积生长始终处于加速期。８２０３号适宜营造短周期工业用材林，也是培育大经有材种的优良树种。     

南方红豆杉2年生容器苗多点试验的生长节律家系变异

[目的]对南方红豆杉家系进行了生长节律变异研究,以选育优良速生的南方红豆杉家系.[方法]在江西分宜、湖北京山、浙江淳安和浙江龙泉4个地点对2年生南方红豆杉家系容器苗进行了苗期遗传测定和苗高生长节律观测,分析了其性状变异的家系效应、地点效应及家系×地点的互作效应.[结果]表明参试的南方红豆杉苗高、地径和苗高生长节律参数在家系间、地点间和家系×地点间均表现出极显著差异.南方红豆杉家系间苗高最大值分别高出最小值76.20%(江西分宜)、52.98%(湖北京山)、55.42%(浙江淳安)和78.10%(浙江龙泉);地径最大值分别高出最小值126.67%、23.68%、37.02%和26.48%.南方红豆杉家系间苗高和地径变异系数在11.81%~26.50%之间.对南方红豆杉2年生容器苗各性状进行遗传力估算,遗传力在0.80~0.97之间.相关性分析认为不同测试点间苗高与苗高生长节律参数具有不同相互关系,江西分宜点苗高与线性生长速率呈负相关,而浙江龙泉点苗高与线性生长速率则呈显著正相关.以苗高作为主要性状指标,从4个测试点中筛选出7个南方红豆杉优良家系.[结论]南方红豆杉家系间,苗高、地径与苗高生长节律具有较丰富的遗传差异,遗传改良潜力较大,家系各性状遗传力较大,受较强的遗传控制,早期选择有一定的可靠性.家系与地点的互作效应显著说明部分家系生长受环境因素影响较强,遗传稳定性较弱;其中闽11和三元06两个优良家系在4个测试点中均被选中,遗传稳定性较强,可在多点进行推广.