欧洲云杉苗期生长指标研究

以引进的欧洲云杉和乡土种青海云杉、粗枝云杉种子5年生苗的苗高、地径、当年新梢生长量、分枝数、总芽数及二次抽梢等6个生长指标,进行了差异显著性分析,结果表明,欧洲云杉较乡土种在苗期即具有显著的生长优势,在适生区选择欧洲云杉育苗,即可解决云杉育苗周期长的问题。     

欧洲云杉引种试验研究

为确定鄂西地区欧洲云杉的适生区域,进行欧洲云杉德国种源引种栽培试验,试验结果表现良好,25 a生林分树高13.2 m,平均胸径19.8 cm,材积0.206 2 m3,材积比人工林杉木、巴山松、油松提高38.7%~46.9%。海拔区域试验表明6 a生欧洲云杉林分树高生长量在海拔1 060~1 916 m差异不显著,适宜鄂西山区海拔1 500~1 900 m,年降水量1 000mm以上的区域营造工业原料林或种子园。     

横断山区云杉林与冷杉林的对比研究

通过对横断山区的自然地理状况,我国云杉属和冷杉属植物的分布状况调查,分析了两属植物的分化、生境和种间差异。结果如下,横断山区具有极高的生物多样性,是世界上云杉属和冷杉属种数最多的地区;但该两属存在较大的差异,云杉属的分布范围比冷杉属植物宽,分布的海拔高度低于冷杉属植物,从而为确定横断山区是云杉属和冷杉属的地理分布和分化中心提供理论依据。     

补充光照对欧洲云杉苗木生长的影响

光周期具有抑制苗木早期休眠,延长其生长期的作用,具有促进欧洲云杉苗木生长的作用,其在形态指标和生物量上表现得极显著.欧洲云杉大棚育苗补充光照的完整技术可采用整夜补光,随着光强度的增加,苗木生长形状各指标呈渐增的趋势.光质以白光较好.     

Growth and stem form changes in Picea abies as affected by stand nutrition

The changes in basal area, volume and tree shape in an ‘optimum fertility trial’ in Norway Spruce were studied after the treatments had been applied for 15 years. There was a marked response to N and a lesser response to P. Increased average tree taper was associated with the N application. Form factors tended to show less change, but, even allowing for tree height responses, there was up to a 10% reduction. Phosphate fertilizer in the presence of N increased form factor slightly; applying a ‘complete’ fertilizer reduced form factor and increased taper while the trees were under about 6 m tall. The use of individual treatment regressions of volume on basal area resulted in increased precision in estimating the volume of individual treatment means.     

挪威云杉和柔毛桦引进技术的探讨

该文从引种地区自然条件、引种实施方法两方面对芬兰树种挪威云杉和柔毛桦在鹤北林业局引进技术进行了全面论述。     

根癌农杆菌介导Caz基因转化烟草条件研究

利用根癌农杆菌介导Caz基因转化烟草,将外源基因导入烟草愈伤组织,建成可诱导表达细胞质和细胞核CaM/CaM结合多肽的转基因烟草．研究结果表明:植物材料的选择和培养、农杆菌的培养和稀释、植物材料与农杆菌共培养的程度及转基因植株的筛选条件是影响农杆菌转化效率的重要因素．     

Relation between crown parameters and volume increment of Picea abies stands damaged by environmental pollution

Although a good correlation has been found between the mean degree of damage and the increment trend of larger Norway spruce collectives, individual spruce trees often betray no relationship between crown damage and the development of the volume increment. Detailed investigations show that stem and crown dimensions, growing space as well as the competition of neighboring stems can substantially outweigh the influence of crown damage on the volume increment. Furthermore, current methods to determine crown parameters and needle loss are in many cases quite error‐prone. Use of more accurate techniques for measuring spruce trees produced a stronger relation between the volume increment per square meter crown surface area and the degree of crown damage (needle loss).     

Application of growth regulators in aqueous media and organic solvents to seeds of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris

Incubation with acetone and dichloromethane had little effect on the germination of different lots of Norway spruce seeds. This was not the case with Scots pine where almost half the seed lots tested were adversely affected by acetone and dichloromethane. The auxins indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and indole‐3‐butyric acid (IBA) were applied to Scots pine seeds in acetone, dichloromethane and phosphate‐citrate buffer. The uptake of the two compounds was most rapid from acetone. Although the uptake from dichloromethane was slower than from acetone it reached the same level after 6 h. Uptake of the growth regulators from buffer was significantly lower than from the organic solvents. The accumulation of IAA and IBA into the seeds from both acetone and dichloromethane was linear between 0.5 and 10 mM, and between 0.5 and 15 mM from buffer. IAA and IBA levels in infused seeds declined over a 5‐day germination period, the former more rapidly than the latter. The metabolic activity of the IAA degradation system was as effective in seeds after immersion in the organic solvents as seeds immersed in buffer.     

Regeneration and gene transformation systems of Robinia pseudoacacia ''Idaho'' mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Robinia pseudoacacia 'Idaho' is one of several multi-purpose trees used in ornamental, soil and water conservation, fodder and nectar sources. Plant abiotic stress tolerance transformed by genes could meet the requirements for reclamation of arid or alkalid lands and vegetation restoration. For this paper, we studied the effects of auxin and cytokine on Idaho locust in vitro regeneration and the establishment of gene transformation systems for plants mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Results showed that the ratios of cytokinin and auxin were the major factors affecting adventitious bud differentiation on a MS medium; the concentration of 0.5inhibit rooting. The most effective antitoxin for screening transgenic Idaho locust shoots was G418 and the most sensitive concentration of it was 8 mg·L-1.     

挪威云杉种源及家系苗期生长适应性的聚类分析

通过对引进的挪威云杉种源和窄冠垂枝型挪威云杉家系进行不同地点苗期试验,选取生长期、当年高和存活率等3个指标进行苗期生长适应性评价,研究结果表明,部分窄冠垂枝型挪威云杉家系具有良好的生长适应性,大部分存活率相对比较低,挪威云杉种源苗期生长普遍不能适应。     

抗生素对农杆菌的抑制和杨树叶片分化的影响

中嘉8号杨为湖北省林业厅和中国林科院从美洲黑杨的实生后代中选育的杨树新品系。以中嘉8号杨为材料,探讨了几种抗生素对农杆菌的抑制和对杨树离体叶片分化的影响。结果表明,噻孢霉素的抑菌效果最好,选用100~200 mg/L的噻孢霉素来抑菌是比较合适的,羧苄青霉素和链霉素对杨树叶片离体培养的毒性比噻孢霉素大,卡那霉素完全抑制芽的分化。     

Yield capacity of planted Picea abies in northern Sweden

Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is the dominant species in the older forests of central northern Sweden. However, spruce has seldom been planted in the area, partly because existing tools for site classification have indicated a low yield capacity for the species. The aim of this study was to examine the yield capacity of spruce on the basis of existing plantations. In total, 91 operational and experimental plantations in the age interval 27–46 yrs were sampled. Stands were located between 62° and 65° N at altitudes 130–620 m a.s.l. Site index was estimated by height growth and site‐factor equations previously developed from old‐growth stand data. Height developments in the plantations indicate that site index for these stands is on average 4.6 m higher than predicted by site‐factor equations. The differences between the two methods are larger on poor sites than on rich sites. No systematic deviations of top height development from the site index curves could be detected on remeasured sample plots. Existing growth models were applied on measured stand data to predict future growth. Calculated mean annual increments were on average 20% lower when site index was predicted by site factors instead of height and age. The bias means that the yield capacity of planted spruce in northern Sweden has been underestimated by about 35%.     

Regeneration and gene transformation systems of Robima pseudoacacia ''''Idaho'''' mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Robinia pseudoacacia 'Idaho' is one of several multi-purpose trees used in ornamental, soil and water conservation, fodder and nectar sources. Plant abiotic stress tolerance transformed by genes could meet the requirements for reclamation of arid or alkalid lands and vegetation restoration. For this paper, we studied the effects of auxin and cytokine on Idaho locust in vitro regeneration and the establishment of gene transformation systems for plants mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Results showed that the ratios of cytokinin and auxin were the major factors affecting adventitious bud differentiation on a MS medium; the concentration of 0.5 mg·L-1 6-BA benefitted callus proliferation and 0.25 mg·L-1 IBA promoted shoot rooting; however, a higher IBA concentration will inhibit rooting. The most effective antitoxin for screening transgenic Idaho locust shoots was G418 and the most sensitive concentration of it was 8 mg·L-1.     

A selection experiment for height growth with cuttings of Picea abies (L.) Karst

Twenty sets, each consisting of a tall, a medium, and a small plant, were selected from a 2 by 2‐year‐old nursery crop. Selection differential was measured. Cutting propagation was undertaken and the subsequent clones were tested in a field experiment. Differences between groups at age 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, and 10 were calculated, and ortet/ramet regressions and age‐to‐age correlations were conducted. Selection of the tall plants gave a response of approximately 17% at age 10. Accumulated genetic gain at this age by a specified stepwise selection procedure is estimated to 36%. Step one is the early selection in the nursery, step two is a later selection amongst the early selected clones and performed after 7 years’ field testing. Ageing of clones, selection for other traits and application of the clones over a variety of sites will reduce these gains.     

挪威云杉幼树韧皮部挥发性物质的测定

通过GC-MS测定挪威云杉幼树主干上部与下部韧皮主要挥发性物质的化学成分与含量，结果表明挪威云杉幼树的韧皮部挥发性物质的主要成分为α-蒎烯、茨烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯、3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、β-水芹烯7种单萜化合物。α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯、3-蒈烯、β-水芹烯的含量在上部韧皮与下部韧皮有明显差异，其中上部韧皮部α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯和β-水芹烯的含量明显高于下部主干韧皮部,这为解释松树皮象的取食习性，打下了基础。     

Distribution and yield of biomass from young Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies stands on drained and fertilized peatland

Above‐ground biomass has been measured on fertilized and control plots up to stand age 31 years. Each biomass fraction was estimated by two statistically coupled linear models with squared diameter at breast height as independent variable. All fractions except reproductive structures of pine and dead branches of spruce were estimated at high precision levels, R. between 0.93 and 0.99. The above‐ground biomass fractions per hectare could be precisely described by stem volume with bark. Application of the models for prognostic purposes is discussed. Annual above‐ground net biomass production in pine increased from 2.05 to 4.34 MT d.m./ha‐yr on control plots over 11 years, while plots given complete fertilizer mixture ranged from 6.75 to 9.09. Spruce stands with a nearly optimum water relationship and fertilizer programmes yielded from 9.50 to 11.86 MT d.m./ha‐yr. The combination of energy and timber production in highly productive peatland stands is discussed.     

不同因素对农杆菌介导的杉木转化效率的影响

以杉木试管苗靠近茎尖的茎段为受体材料,研究6个影响杉木遗传转化效果的因素,初步确定杉木茎段较为合适的转化体系为:预培养1～3 d,OD600 nm为0.1～0.4的菌液浸染10～15 min,共培养3～5 d,共培养基附加乙酰丁香酮(AS)80 μmol·L-1,共培养后延迟3 d筛选.在初次筛选培养基上共得到186个卡那霉素(Km)抗性芽,在二次筛选培养基上获得39个Km抗性芽.PCR检测有2个Km抗性芽呈稳定阳性,初步证明外源天麻抗真菌蛋白(GAFP)基因已整合到这2个Km抗性芽的基因组DNA中.     

细胞分裂素和硝酸铵对欧洲云杉不定芽伸长的影响

报道细胞分裂素和硝酸铵对欧洲云杉不定芽伸长过程的影响.采用5年生的欧洲云杉1个无性系不定芽丛来研究玉米素和硝酸铵对不定芽生长的影响.试验3种诱导类型(玉米素浓度分别为6.84、13.68、20.52 μmol·L-1,激动素浓度0.69 μmol·L-1,培养4周),玉米素最高浓度处理诱导的伸长芽数量最多,在4个无生长调节剂继代培养过程中,加入了1个硝酸铵浓度逐渐增加的继代培养过程.经不含生长调节剂的低浓度的硝酸铵(2.5 mmol·L-1)培养基的继代培养后转入含有细胞分裂素的诱导培养基,下一个继代培养基补充的硝酸铵浓度分别为2.5、7.5、12.5、17.5 mmol·L-1,8周(2个继代培养)后转入含有硝酸铵浓度为2.5 mmol·L-1的培养基培养.硝酸铵浓度为7.5 mmol·L-1的处理可形成数量最多的不定芽,这对于采用不同浓度的玉米素进行诱导的处理结果是一致的,但随着硝酸铵的浓度增至12.5 mmol·L-1和17.5 mmol·L-1时则不定芽的数量减少.欧洲云杉的胚轴外植体经1次或多次诱导后,细胞分裂素(BA、激动素、玉米素、2iP)促进了不定芽的分化和发育,其中BA由于可诱导产生大量的不定芽而成为最有效的细胞分裂素.玉米素虽然诱导不定芽相对弱一些,却在BA多次诱导后可促进芽的伸长.这对获得具有形成不定芽能力并可扩繁的芽丛非常重要.     

北亚热带高山区欧洲云杉不同栽植密度比较试验研究

为探讨不同栽植密度对欧洲云杉林生长量的影响,在国有大老岭林场对4～10年（苗龄3年）生欧洲云杉林,在6种密度下的生长状况进行了调查研究,结果表明：虽然不同密度间欧洲云杉林生长优势还未出现显著差异,但从各生长量指标来看,密度1（1 m×1 m）下欧洲云杉生长优势最明显;10年生林木树高、地径、抽梢、冠幅年生长量分别增长了近15.7％,25.1％,35.3％和26.8％。