杨梅授粉与花粉直感研究

选择20年生的荸荠种、东魁杨梅和水晶种3个杨梅品种雌株各3株,21年生实生雄优株、21年生荸荠种雌雄同株杨梅和12年生实生东魁雄杨梅进行3a授粉试验,研究杨梅授粉坐果的特性及若干果实性状的花粉直感规律.结果表明:杨梅花粉生活力较强,9d后仍达75.8％以上;杨梅坐果率与花粉生活力不成正比.雄株花粉对坐果率的花粉直感效应明显,即雄株花粉以实生东魁杨梅雄株花粉坐果率最高,平均21.47％;品种以水晶种坐果率最高,平均22.47％;年份以2008年坐果率最高,平均16.43％;雄株花粉与杨梅品种之间存在交互作用.人工授粉与自然授粉的坐果率趋势一致,各品种套袋后人工授粉的坐果率略低于自然授粉,套袋不授粉的不结果.不同雄株对不同杨梅品种成熟期和果实品质(如色泽、果实大小、风味等)的花粉直感现象不明显.     

油杉花粉个体发育与传粉过程

应用常规压片法和整体染色透明法对油杉小孢子的发生和雄配子体的发育过程进行观察,研究其传粉生物学特征.结果表明:油杉小孢子母细胞在1月26日-2月5日进行减数分裂,在减数分裂过程中胞质分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式多为左右对称型;小孢子经过连续4次有丝分裂后,于2月底形成5-细胞型的成熟花粉粒,成熟花粉由两个原叶细胞、一个不育细胞、一个精原细胞和一个管细胞组成,其中两个原叶细胞在花粉成熟时已退化;经TCC法检验,花粉生活力为92.6%;3月1日-8日为油杉传粉期,3日-5日为传粉高峰;在传粉期间,胚珠珠孔端无传粉滴产生,珠孔端耳状结构边缘粘附有花粉.虽然花粉母细胞发育表现出不同步现象,产生少数具3个或4个气囊的异形花粉,但从小孢子的发生及雄配子体发育的整个过程看,未见败育或其他异常现象,能形成大量正常的成熟花粉,因此,花粉个体发育不是影响油杉结籽率低的主要因素,而造成油杉球果结籽率低的主要原因可能在于其传粉过程.     

落叶松种间交配结实力变异和自交衰退的研究

落叶松种间杂交的结实率普遍较高，但不同种之间有一定差异，其中日本落叶松与兴安落叶松交配结实率最低。种内自由授粉和自交的对比试验显示，示粒种子产生的主要原因是自交。本文讨论了自交不孕无性系的可能利用途径。在不同交配组合下研究了华北落叶松捕捉花粉的过程，确定在传粉期花粉和雌性生殖器官存在一定的相互作用，但无特异性。传粉后约4周，珠心顶端破裂，分泌物进入珠孔道，并与珠被分泌物共同作用于花粉，使花粉向珠心移动。组织化学分析表明，从传粉到受精期间，蛋白质的分布发生区域性变化，传粉期蛋白质几乎分布于整个胚珠，而在受精期则主要集中在颈卵器之上的珠心组织中。初步确定在花粉萌发和受精期，华北落叶松中存在花粉识别与选择系统。     

马尾松胚胎发育的观察研究

在自然条件下，马尾松成熟花粉粒发育需6个月，授粉有效期在珠鳞展开的头5天，授粉后雌配子体游离核时期持续12个月，从游离核到细胞约需7天，颈卵器2－3个，受精作用发生在授粉后第13个月，原胚期约30天，幼胚期约40，成熟胚期约60天；从球花芽分化到种子成熟约需24个月，在形态发育的观察中，发现低温冻害会引起花粉在发育各阶段的形态异常及大量败育。     

槭属植物远缘杂交初探

以美国红枫为母本,我国原产的元宝枫为父本,采用直接授粉法、切除柱头法、切除柱头加化学试剂法3种方法在温室条件下,用超低温保存的元宝枫花粉对带有花芽的离体美国红枫枝条进行授粉实验;子房发育约20~25d之后,分别采集经不同处理的子房对其进行表面灭菌处理后,接种于1/2MS+6-BA(0.01mg/L)+NAA(0.1mg/L)的培养基上进行胚抢救培养。结果表明:含水量为12.2%的花粉经超低温保存一年之后,保持着与新鲜花粉相当的活力。3种不同的授粉方法中,生长情况最好的为直接授粉法,切除柱头加化学试剂法次之,而切除柱头发效果最差。通过胚抢救技术获得了一定量的杂种后代株系。     

Factors influencing male mating success in bur oak,Quercus macrocarpa

Pollen donors of acorns and saplings in a stand of bur oak were identified by paternity exclusion using microsatellite genotype analysis. Here we examine the influence of several factors likely to affect reproductive success of males with wind-dispersed pollen, including distance of pollen donor from maternal tree, genetic relatedness of pollen donor to maternal tree, direction of pollen donor relative to maternal tree, and size of pollen donor (crown volume and trunk diameter). Surprisingly, none of these factors were strongly correlated with fertilization success, although weak but significant correlations with crown volume and distance were found. The slight influence of distance is actually overestimated here, because our analysis necessarily excluded a large proportion of pollinations that were effected by trees outside the stand. The pollen donors outside the stand were not identified, but were more than 150 meters away. Pollination patterns in this stand of bur oak are quite complicated. Seed parents were fertilized by multiple pollen donors within the stand from all directions and as far as 200 m away. These results caution against the use of models of pollination that are based on simple distance or directional parameters because they will not adequately predict gene flow or male reproductive success. Our results further emphasize the importance of genetically identifying successful pollen donors rather than relying on patterns of physical movement of pollen.     

余甘子开花物候特性研究

余甘子所有的品种都是先开雄花后开雌花；一般雌花可授期比雄花散粉期来得晚，且持续时间短．可授期含在散粉期内。余甘子不同品种雄花开花物候期有很大差别，品种间相差最长28d。雌花开花持续时间比雄花要短得多，不同品种在16～21d之间变动；雌花盛花期更短，不同品种在8～12d间。余甘子多个品种存在多次开花结实现象；雄花的第一次持续时间和盛花持续时间都长，在第二、三次则大大缩短。第一次的果实产量是全年产量的主要保证。兰丰和粉甘品种开花同步指数最高．能相互较好地授粉．适合在建园中进行品种配置。     

花楸树体细胞胚与合子胚的发生发育

利用花楸树人工控制授粉后的未成熟合子胚进行体细胞胚的诱导培养,通过石蜡切片、扫描电镜和透射电镜对合子胚和体细胞胚的发生发育过程进行组织、细胞观察。结果表明:1)体细胞胚发生进程与合子胚相似,均经历了球形期、心形期、鱼雷形期,最终发育成成熟胚;2)直接发生和间接发生在愈伤组织表面的体细胞胚均为单细胞起源,间接发生在愈伤组织内部的体细胞胚存在单细胞起源,同时还存在可能的多细胞起源;3)子叶和愈伤组织表面发生的体细胞胚在发育早期均具明显的胚柄,鱼雷形胚期胚柄退化;4)愈伤组织内部发生的体细胞胚没有胚柄;5)与合子不同,胚性细胞的第1次分裂为均等分裂;6)多细胞原胚周围降解的细胞具有细胞程序性死亡的形态特征。     

授粉方式对黄连木座果率及果实性状的影响

研究抖授黄连木花粉、自然授粉、套袋不授粉3种授粉方式对黄连木座果率和果实性状的影响,结果表明,不同授粉方式之间座果率有显著差异:抖授黄连木花粉平均座果率最高,达到61.75%;套袋不授粉座果率最低;自然授粉介于二者之间。不同授粉方式对果实性状有显著差异,其中抖授黄连木花粉千粒重、空壳率及含油率最高,套袋不授粉最低,自然授粉介于二者之间。从研究数据可以得出结论,抖授黄连木花粉能显著提高座果率和果实性状,可以在生产上应用。       

In vivo interspecific pollination success between Pinus radiata,P. maximinoi,P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii

The objective of the study was to investigate in vivo interspecific pollination success between Pinus radiata, P. maximinoi, P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii. Pinus radiata was control pollinated with pollen lots of P. maximinoi, P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii in a P. radiata seed orchard at Karatara (Southern Cape, South Africa). Pollination success was determined by counting the number of visible ovules, pollen grains inside and outside P. radiata ovules, as well as pollen tubes visible inside P. radiata ovules. Conelets were harvested and studied at eight time intervals, including 24 h after pollination, and weekly for 7 weeks after pollination. Histology studies with a standard fixation-dehydration-embedding sequence and paraffin wax method were used to determine the number of visible pollen grains inside versus outside the ovules and number of pollen tubes. Results indicated that pollen grains did sift through the cone scales within 24 h after pollination. However, P. radiata differed significantly (time by type of cross interaction) from the other three hybrid combinations in terms of number of visible ovules, visible pollen grains inside and outside of the ovules as well as pollen tubes, confirming limited interspecific hybridisation success. Future studies need to determine the percentage of fertile ovules in cross combination as a tool in predicting pollination success.     

Effects of accelerated pollen-cone development on pollen cytology and fertilizing potential in western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)

Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf). Sarg.) pollen cones on cut branches were collected at different stages of development and maintained at room temperature in flasks of water to accelerate pollen-cone development and produce forced pollen. Accelerating pollen-cone development at early developmental stages reduced the number of cones that matured, decreased the quantity of pollen produced, increased the proportion of abnormally developed pollen and reduced the fertilizing potential of the pollen, as determined by seed efficiency. If the branches were collected after the pollen cones were at least 50% emerged beyond the bud scales, pollen-cone development could be successfully accelerated without decreasing pollen yield or fertilizing potential. Pollen collected from cones which were accelerated at early stages and stored for two years had a lower fertilizing potential and produced fewer seeds per cone than either unstored pollen or stored pollen collected from cones accelerated at later stages of development. The feasibility of accelerating pollen-cone development to ensure adequate supplies of pollen for controlled crosses or supplemental mass pollination is discussed.     

小桐子繁育系统与传粉生态学研究

在野外定位观测小桐子花朵的功能形态特征、开花动态、传粉方式,用杂交指数(OCI)、花粉/胚珠比(P/O)、去雄、套袋、人工授粉等方法分别测定小桐子的繁育系统.结果显示:(1)小桐子是单性花,雌雄同株同序.雄花单花期2 d,雌花单花期5～8 d,雌花直径略大于雄花.(2)雄花开花后9 h内花粉活力较高,24 h后花粉活力明显降低,48 h后花粉基本散失活力;雌花柱头可授性在开花后4 d内最强,5～8 d可授性开始降低,第9天基本失去可授性.(3)传粉方式以虫媒传粉为主,为虫媒植物.(4)繁育系统检测结果为部分自交亲和异交,需要传粉者活动才能完成授粉过程.     

中国鹅掌楸与北美鹅掌楸种间杂交的胚胎学研究*

应用控制授粉、常规石蜡切片技术研究了中国鹅掌楸与北美鹅掌楸种间杂交后的胚胎发育过程。结果表明：（１）控制授粉后花粉正常萌发，并有较多的花粉管进入柱头，但花粉管在花柱内生长缓慢甚至解体；（２）花粉萌发６ｄ后花粉管经花柱沟、珠孔塞和珠心冠原组织进入胚囊进行珠孔受精，２０ｄ时游离核胚乳细胞化，发育形成２～４个细胞厚的狭长组织，３５ｄ后可观察到球形胚；（３）随着胚和胚乳的发育，珠被发育形成种皮。授粉时，胚珠具２层珠被，外、内珠被均由外表皮、中层和内表皮组成；胚与胚乳发育期间，珠被各层发生了一系列的变化，最终种皮由外珠被的外表皮细胞形成的膜层和中层细胞形成的气室以及内、外珠被内表皮细胞形成的硬化层组成；（４）受精时成熟胚囊及到达珠孔的花粉管的数目较少，受精频率较低；（５）受精过程基本正常，但胚和胚乳发育不协调，导致胚在发育早期败育，很难观察到后期胚的发生。     

川榛柱头可授性及花粉管生长特性的研究

以川榛为实验材料,以平榛和平欧杂种榛为对照,采用荧光显微法观察不同环境条件、不同授粉方式、不同花序形态、不同授粉时间柱头上花粉的附着数量、花粉萌发率和花粉管的生长特性,以期确定川榛最佳可授期和授粉方式,掌握花粉萌发所需的适宜温湿度。结果表明:川榛不同花期柱头可授性大小为:盛花期末花期露红期;川榛疏散状花序的可授性优于直簇状,平刷授粉效率优于点授;在加双层湿滤纸的培养皿高湿度条件下,花粉管萌发和生长速度先于温室和田间条件,说明湿润温和的环境更利于川榛花粉的附着、萌发和花粉管的生长;环境温湿度和种质对花粉管萌发具有重要影响,花粉管的生长速度受环境温湿度的影响较大,与种质无关。     

广西人心果开花习性研究

对广西人心果开花习性、花粉萌发和传粉方式进行研究,结果表明;人心果1年可开多次花,不同的年份开花期有所变动,花期长。由结果母枝的顶芽形成混合花芽抽生结果枝,两性花,腋生,雌雄同熬,雌蕊和雄蕊在花瓣未展开前已成熟。花在白天开放,结果枝下部的花先开放,再由下到上逐渐开放。花粉在人工培养条件下,其萌发率低,柱头未分泌粘液前和花开放后期花粉萌发率为0．0％,成熟期的花粉萌发率可达5．2％,花刚开放时花粉萌发率最高达10．1％。人心果的传粉方式有2种,一是昆虫传粉,发现花蓟马是主要的传粉媒介;二是靠风的机械作用振落花粉而授粉。花量大,每结果枝平均着花为8朵,但平均落花率高达82．7％。     

低温对长白落叶松花粉生命力的影响

长白落叶松花期常常遇低温和霜冻，使雌雄花受冻，从而影响种子结实量。文章研究了不同低温对长白落叶松花粉生命力的影响，得出以下结论：-3～0℃是花粉的最佳保存温度；在相同低温条件下，随着处理时间延长，花粉生命力降低；撒粉前不同时期用低温处理对花粉生命力影响显著，愈靠近撒粉期的低温处理危害愈大；不同无性系在温度及储藏时间相同条件下，花粉的抗性不同。     

不同授粉方法对新中心和普瑞头两种百合杂交结实影响的研究

以新中心（Nove Cento)、普瑞头(Prato)两种亚洲百合为母本，调查了4种授粉方法对克服百合自交不亲和性与种间不亲和性的影响。结果表明，不同授粉方法对百合的杂交结实力影响不一样。在新中国与俄维农的杂交实验中，加热花粉授粉所得种子远远低于未加热的花粉授粉所得种子。在普瑞头与新中心的授粉实验中，以普瑞头作母本采用柱头授粉结种量很大，而在反交实验中却一个也未结果。辐射蒙导授粉和先锋授粉倾向于诱导单性结实。     

影响黄果西番莲授粉受孕率的一些因子

黄果西番莲花形大 ,其结构和显花过程对昆虫 (特别是小型昆虫 )传粉有一定限制 ,自然授粉坐果率不高。人工授粉试验表明授粉受孕率与花粉贮藏时间、花粉潮湿、授粉量和花粉种、株间来源有关 :当天采集的花粉授粉受孕率为 97.5% ;室温下保藏 1d ,受孕率为 12 .8% ,保藏 2d受孕率为 0 ;柱头粘着花粉量大 ,受孕率为 92 .5% ,败育率 13.5% ,花粉量少 ,受孕率为 2 2 .5% ,败育率为 4 0 .7% ;种、株间授粉受孕率 10 0 % ,自花授粉、同株异花授粉、同株繁殖的无性苗 ,株间授粉均不孕     

Floral biology and breeding behavior in the bamboo Dendrocalamus strictus Nees

Floral biology and breeding behavior were studied in the bamboo Dendrocalamus strictus Nees. The inflorescence in this species is a large branching panicle. Fertile florets are intermixed with smaller sterile ones. There are six stamens. The ovary is stipitate and turbinate. The style is long and the stigma is bifid and plumose. Dendrocalamus strictus is typically dichogamous and protogynous. The gynoecium matures 3-4 days before the androecium, effectively preventing self pollination. Flower bloom, which took place over a period of 2 to 3 h, was dependent on air temperature and only occurred between 0600 and 1300 h. Dendrocalamus strictus is anemophilous. Flowers in the male phase were visited by insects. These insects completely neglected the flowers at the female phase. The insects fed on the pollen and were not pollen vectors. When wind was excluded by enclosing the inflorescences in bags there was no seed set, indicating that cross pollination by wind is necessary for fertilization and that parthenocarpy and apomixis are not occurring in this species. Pollen fertility was about 98% as indicated by staining fresh pollen at the time of anther dehiscence and pollen release with Alexander's stain (Alexander 1969). When placed on a modified Brewbaker-Kwak medium containing 1% glucose, the pollen grains germinated well, and the pollen tubes grew to 15-20 times the diameter of mature pollen grains. Although profound protogyny has its disadvantages in times of sporadic flowering, it can be useful in breeding programs because it eliminates the need for emasculation.     

罗平县银杏人工授粉试验初报

以罗平县境内已栽培上百年的古银杏雄树和1999年引种的银杏品种大梅核雌树为试验对象,开展银杏雌雄树花成熟期观察和人工授粉试验。通过2004～2007年连续4年的观察,罗平县银杏雄花成熟时间为3月25日至4月1日,各年略有不同,可将雄花序成熟与雌花成熟视为同步。2007年配制含0.2%花粉和3.3%白糖的花粉液,采用混水喷雾法开展银杏人工授粉试验。试验结果,罗平县银杏人工授粉平均坐果率达94.5%,表明在罗平县开展银杏人工授粉的初步试验是成功的。