5年生南方红豆杉生长和分枝性状家系变异与选择

[目的]对5年生南方红豆杉优树家系进行全林测定,以揭示其生长和分枝性状家系遗传变异规律,为不同区域和立地筛选出速生优质和遗传稳定的家系。[方法]利用2014年设置在浙江淳安、江西分宜和福建明溪3个地点的5年生南方红豆杉优树家系测定林,分析其家系遗传变异规律及家系与地点的互作,初选出一批速生优质家系。浙江淳安、江西分宜和福建明溪3个地点参试的家系数分别为55、39和32个,浙江淳安和江西分宜、浙江淳安和福建明溪及江西分宜和福建明溪的共有家系数分别为38、14和12个,3个试验点的共有家系为11个。[结果]5年生南方红豆杉生长和分枝性状在家系间的差异均达到极显著水平,树高和一级分枝数这2个性状的家系X地点互作效应明显,其它性状的家系与立地互作效应则较小。南方红豆杉家系各生长性状间,以及生长性状与一级分枝数和最大分枝粗等均呈极显著的正相关。5年生南方红豆杉家系遗传力估算值总体较高,与家系遗传力比较,其单株遗传力估算值稍低。以树高为选择标准并兼顾分枝性状,在3个试验点共初选出10个优良家系。[结论]5年生南方红豆杉家系间,各生长与分枝性状具有丰富的遗传差异,南方红豆杉家系遗传力普遍较高,受较强遗传控制。树高和地径生长突出的家系,分枝多且粗、枝叶茂密、冠幅宽。树高和一级分枝数是两个对立地条件较敏感的性状,其家系X地点互作效应极显著,立地对其影响较大,其中,SY10家系在多个地点皆表现较好且稳定。     

Within‐population variation in autumn frost hardiness and its relationship to bud‐set and height growth in Picea abies

Artificial freezing tests were performed with two sets of 12 full‐sib families of Picea abies. Each set was selected from a complete diallel cross performed within a natural population. Significant differences in autumn frost hardiness were observed between the two populations, which originate from the same altitude and longitude approximately 60 km apart. Substantial variation in frost hardiness was observed within both populations. Significant pheno‐typic correlations at the individual level were found between freezing injury and the two traits terminal bud‐set and height growth year one. However, no significant relationships were present between freezing injury and bud‐set at the family level, indicating that bud‐set cannot be used to predict autumn frost hardiness for families.     

Genetic variation and inheritance in a 9 × 9 diallel in silver birch (Betula pendula)

A complete diallel cross was made among nine Betula pendula trees growing in a natural population and a trial was planted on agricultural soil at one site. This exceptional trial has provided estimates of genetic parameters that can only be estimated in complete diallels. Traits measured were height and diameter during a period of 37 years, and assessments were made of bud burst, leaf abscission and rust infection at the early ages. All traits showed genetic variation and the variance components of general combining ability (GCA) effects were dominating, with heritability estimates of 0.16 and 0.23 for height and diameter at age six years. The best-growing families could be identified at that age. At age 37 years, when the trial had been thinned twice, the offspring from the highest and lowest ranked parent for growth contributed with 19% and 6% of the total volume of the stand, respectively. The GCA effects were also highly significant for the assessment traits, but with an interaction with year for bud burst. High values of estimates of genetic correlations proved that bud burst, leaf abscission and rust infection are interrelated, and also to some extent with growth traits. Families with an early bud burst were tallest, were less affected by the rust fungus and kept their leaves later in the autumn.     

南方红豆杉2年生容器苗多点试验的生长节律家系变异

[目的]对南方红豆杉家系进行了生长节律变异研究,以选育优良速生的南方红豆杉家系.[方法]在江西分宜、湖北京山、浙江淳安和浙江龙泉4个地点对2年生南方红豆杉家系容器苗进行了苗期遗传测定和苗高生长节律观测,分析了其性状变异的家系效应、地点效应及家系×地点的互作效应.[结果]表明参试的南方红豆杉苗高、地径和苗高生长节律参数在家系间、地点间和家系×地点间均表现出极显著差异.南方红豆杉家系间苗高最大值分别高出最小值76.20%(江西分宜)、52.98%(湖北京山)、55.42%(浙江淳安)和78.10%(浙江龙泉);地径最大值分别高出最小值126.67%、23.68%、37.02%和26.48%.南方红豆杉家系间苗高和地径变异系数在11.81%~26.50%之间.对南方红豆杉2年生容器苗各性状进行遗传力估算,遗传力在0.80~0.97之间.相关性分析认为不同测试点间苗高与苗高生长节律参数具有不同相互关系,江西分宜点苗高与线性生长速率呈负相关,而浙江龙泉点苗高与线性生长速率则呈显著正相关.以苗高作为主要性状指标,从4个测试点中筛选出7个南方红豆杉优良家系.[结论]南方红豆杉家系间,苗高、地径与苗高生长节律具有较丰富的遗传差异,遗传改良潜力较大,家系各性状遗传力较大,受较强的遗传控制,早期选择有一定的可靠性.家系与地点的互作效应显著说明部分家系生长受环境因素影响较强,遗传稳定性较弱;其中闽11和三元06两个优良家系在4个测试点中均被选中,遗传稳定性较强,可在多点进行推广.     

Divergence among Masson pine parents revealed by geographical origins and SSR markers and their relationships with progeny performance

Predicting progeny performance from parental divergence would potentially enhance the efficiency of breeding. Thirteen clones of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) were crossed in a 4 × 9 tester mating design and 36 full-sib families were generated. There were significant variations in major growth traits and heterosis of growth traits among the 36 full-sib families. A total of 115 alleles were detected with 30 sets of SSR primers. Genetic distances (GDs) among the crossed clonal pairs were calculated based on SSR data. Parental GDs was significantly correlated with all traits evaluated in the full-sib progeny test (P < 0.05), and the correlation coefficient was 0.398, 0.463 and 0.473 for tree height, DBH and wood volume. Parental geographical divergence was also significantly correlated with growth traits of progeny, while the correlation coefficient was lower than that of GDs. These results demonstrated the potential and feasibility of SSR markers for predicting progeny performance of Masson pine. Considering the influence of genotype × environment interaction effect on the stability of full-sib family performance, our results regarding the moderate contribution of parent GDs in predicting the performance of their full-sib progenies is of importance mainly for the specific region where the progeny test was carried out.     

枫香优树14年生子代遗传变异及选择

在福建省洋口国有林场,对来自安徽省南部黄山地区的53个枫香家系进行子代测定,研究家系的遗传变异规律,开展优良家系及单株选择.结果表明:子代试验林14年生时,树高、胸径和单株材积平均值分别为8.05m、6.30cm和0.014 93 m3,生长性状的家系遗传力为0.437～0.576,受中强度的遗传控制,单株遗传力为D.113～0.195,受较弱的遗传控制;木材材性的家系遗传力为0.507～ 0.591,单株遗传力为0.360～0.500,均受中强度的遗传控制.以生长量为主要指标,选出速生优良家系9个,其树高、胸径和单株材积平均值分别为8.85 m、7.22 cm和0.021 49 m3,遗传增益分别为2.86％、5.47％和13.4％;从木材基本密度大于0.500 g·m-3的家系中选出7个生长材性兼优家系,树高、胸径、单株材积和木材基本密度的平均值分别为8.34m、6.79 cm、0.018 58 m3和0.518 g·m-3.所选出的速生优良家系和生长材性兼优家系可作为枫香育种材料在生产上推广应用.     

Genetic Correlations Among Wood,Growth Capacity and Stem Traits in Pinus sylvestris

Wood density and tracheid length are two traits that significantly affect wood products. Genetic correlations were estimated to evaluate the effect on these traits from a selection for traits included in the Swedish Pinus sylvestris L. breeding programme. Measurements from a non-contiguous single-tree plot progeny trial with controlled matings between 30 parent trees was used. Heritabilities were high for the wood traits, intermediate for the growth capacity traits and low for the stem traits, with the exception of branch angle. Wood density showed no or non-significant negative genetic correlations with the growth capacity traits and a positive correlation with relative branch diameter. Tracheid length showed positive genetic correlations with height and a positive correlation with relative branch diameter. A selection that increased height growth at the age of 13 yrs by 10% was expected to decrease mean wood density at 33 yrs by 1%. The expected correlated response to tracheid length from the same selection was a 3% increase in the juvenile and mature wood.     

Inheritance of growth and survival in two 9-year-old,open-pollinated progenies of an advanced breeding population of Chinese firs in southeastern China

Tree growth traits (tree height, DBH and stem volume) and survival from two 9-year-old, open-pollinated progeny tests of Chinese fir were investigated for heritability, genotype × environment interaction, age-age genetic correlation and selection efficiency. The 97 and 79 families planted at two sites were collected from the third-cycle seed orchard. Individual heritability was estimated between 0.05 and 0.21 for tree height, DBH, and volume and between 0.45 and 1.0 for survival. Family heritability was between 0.20 and 1.14. Significant genotype × environment interaction was observed for the three growth traits. Type B genetic correlation was between 0.41 and 0.67 with an increasing trend as tree grows. High age-age genetic correlation was observed with correlation reaching 0.9 after age 4 for height, DBH, and volume. The genetic gains were estimated at 3.26, 3.39 and 5.98 % for tree height, DBH, and volume with 10 % selection intensity. The implication for advanced tree breeding in Chinese fir is discussed.     

Genetic parameters of greenhouse growth and performance of 2‐year pinus contorts subsp. latifolia

Stand differentiation, heritabilities and genetic correlations in 16 growth, bud and branch traits in Pinus contorta subsp. latifolia were studied for two growth periods in the greenhouse. Data for analyses were based on 116. open‐pollinated families from 33 stands in one breeding region in central Alberta, Canada. Family effect was significant at the 1% level of probability for all traits. The narrow‐sense heritabilities (h²) from 0.43 + 0.09 to 0.71 + 0.12 for traits of absolute height and diameter were the highest reported for growth traits in this conifer. In contrast, h² varied between 0.15±0.06 and 0.33 ± 0.08 for bud, branch and growth increment traits. Except for relative branch length, all traits showed convariation with the other traits. Levels of heritability and genetic correlation suggest that selection procedures that exploit additive genetic variance and covariance might be practised, provided there would be high juvenile‐mature correlation for this sample of P. contorta subsp. latifolia.     

山苍子家系幼林生长性状遗传变异及稳定性分析

[目的]对山苍子不同家系幼林生长性状进行遗传变异及稳定性分析,为山苍子优良家系选择及推广提供参考。[方法]以13个半同胞山苍子家系为材料,采用随机区组设计,分别在重庆万州、湖北京山和福建清流3个试验点营建家系试验林。对23年生山苍子幼林的树高和地径性状进行测定和多点联合分析,并采用AMMI模型对山苍子各家系的生长稳定性进行评价。[结果](1)山苍子家系的树高和地径在家系和地点效应上均达到显著(0. 01 P0. 05)或极显著(P 0. 01)水平,地径的家系和地点交互作用达到显著水平(0. 01 P 0. 05); 3个试验点树高和地径的表型变异系数为20. 98%～29. 27%,遗传变异系数为0. 62%～20. 35%,其中,地径的表型和遗传变异系数普遍大于树高;树高的家系遗传力为0. 003～0. 578,地径的家系遗传力为0. 455～ 0. 806。(2)综合双标图和稳定性参数得出:家系JY2和GX4地径表现较好且稳定性较高。[结论]山苍子家系的树高和地径在家系和地点间的差异均达到极显著水平(P 0. 01),存在丰富的遗传变异。在家系水平上,树高受低等到中等强度的遗传控制,地径受中等到高等强度的遗传控制。各家系在福建清流试点生长表现最好,湖北京山试点居次,重庆万州试点最差,其中家系JY2和GX4在3个试验点地径均表现较好且稳定性较高。     

尾叶桉家系遗传力评估和选择研究

运用BLUP模型对不同林龄尾叶桉家系进行家系和个体遗传值评估,同时进行了主成分分析。结果表明：不同林龄尾叶桉自由授粉家系在树高、胸径、单株材积上存在显著的差异。不同林龄家系遗传力存在着差异,其中家系遗传力大于单株遗传力。随着林龄的增大,树高、胸径和材积在家系遗传力和单株遗传力上均呈现先缓慢增大、后逐步变小的趋势。早晚性状之间存在显著相关性。尾叶桉家系选择可从第3年开始。根据主成分分析获得综合性状权重,利用秩次排名得分,选出优良家系。     

思茅松自由授粉家系遗传参数与早期选择分析

[目的]通过对思茅松自由授粉子代测试林的生长与形质性状遗传参数的估计,进行优良家系选择,为建立思茅松高世代种子园及培育优良无性系苗木提供种质资源。[方法]采用随机区组试验设计,在214个思茅松自由授粉家系子代测试林中选择胸径、地径、树高、枝下高、冠幅、通直度、树干圆满度、树冠圆满度、材积及地上生物量等生长与形质性状,利用线性混合模型进行遗传参数的估计,进行优良家系筛选。[结果]思茅松自由授粉子代测试林生长与形质性状的遗传参数在家系间差异极显著。各性状的家系遗传力较高,其中,地径的家系遗传力最大(1.105)。材积的预期遗传增益高于地上生物量,利用家系/家系内选择方法进行优良家系的筛选,材积的预期遗传增益为60.75%,入选家系为60个;地上生物量的预期遗传增益为44.22%,入选家系为66个。轮盘数、通直度和树干圆满度对材积和地上生物量都有显著影响。[结论]在早期选择中,形质性状的遗传变异对思茅松自由授粉优良家系的选择有重要参考作用,4年生思茅松自由授粉家系子代测试林中各性状存在着丰富的遗传变异,在早期选择中可以筛选出适合不同培育目标的优良家系,最大限度挖掘其遗传潜力。     

Growth and phenology variation in progeny of Scots pine seed orchards and commercial seed stands

Tree improvement in Poland has been most advanced for Scots pine, but existing seed orchards have not been progeny-tested yet. We examined variation in growth traits—tree height at ages 4 and 8 years, and diameter at age 13 years—in the common garden experiment testing open-pollinated progenies of 31 seed orchards and 5 commercial seed stands (referred to as populations) at 5 locations. We also examined bud burst phenology at two to five sites at three growing seasons. At one experimental site during the 5th growing season, we measured shoot growth rhythm on all populations. Similar measurements of shoot growth were done on a subset of populations during the 6th growing season together with the analysis of needle growth and foliar chemistry. We found significant variation among populations in growth traits, but also significant population × site (G × E) interactions. We used the regression approach and ecovalence analysis to examine populations’ performance stability. Most populations had average responsiveness to environment, and a set of least-responsive poor-growing populations contributed the most to the G × E interaction. Variation in bud burst phenology was associated with geographical distribution of tested progenies. The early bud-bursting populations originated from the north-eastern to north-central Poland, and a group of late bud-bursting populations originated mainly from the south-eastern region. Correlations between bud burst and growth traits were weak to medium and varied by site, but early bud-bursting populations tended to show stronger growth on height and diameter. We found significant differences among populations in final leader length, shoot elongation time and relative growth rate (RGR). However, RGR and shoot elongation time explained less than 30% of variation in leader length and were weakly correlated with tree height. Populations varied in needle length, specific leaf area and foliar nitrogen concentration, but time trends in these traits did not vary among populations or predefined groups of populations. Therefore, the analysis of growth rhythm or needle traits did not help resolve variation in tree growth to support selection decisions. Contrary to our expectation, progeny of seed orchards did not perform significantly better than that of commercial seed stands. This finding, however, should not be extrapolated beyond our set of populations. Nonetheless, the local seed sources were not always the best. From a selection standpoint, our results help culling the worst populations rather than selecting the best ones. Therefore, testing individual family progeny and genetic roguing of existing seed orchards is highly recommended.     

Genetic stability analysis of introduced Betula pendula,Betula kirghisorum,and Betula pubescens families in saline-alkali soil of northeastern China

Approximately, 20% of arable land worldwide, as well as nearly half of irrigated land, is subjected to salt stress. Osmotic stress and ion toxicity due to saline soils cause low crop yields. In this study, we introduced 18 families of salt-tolerant birch (Betula pendula Roth., Betula kirghisorum Sav.-Ryczg., and Betula pubescens Ehrh) into five high-salinity locations in northeastern China and evaluated their survival abilities. We also analyzed variation and stability of genotype–environment interactions of the different families under an additive main effect and multiplicative interaction model. Survival rate analysis indicated that the introduced families were well adapted to the high-salinity environments, whereas native families died. Variation analysis revealed significant differences between location × family interaction mean values for height and basic stem diameter (BSD), suggesting that most genotypes responded differently to different sites. The heritability of tree height and BSD at different sites varied from 0.416 to 0.940, with the coefficient of phenotypic variation ranging from 9.88% to 35.53%. Stability analysis indicated that some families had high tree heights but were sensitive to environmental conditions, whereas others were resistant but had average tree heights. These results suggest that families should be bred in various habitats to assess growth under favorable and unfavorable environments.     

5年生木荷生长和形质性状的家系变异和选择

利用2008年营建于福建建瓯和江西永丰两地点近140个木荷优树家系的遗传测定林,研究5年生木荷生长和形质性状的家系遗传变异规律及家系与地点的互作,并初选出一批速生优质家系。方差分析结果显示,5年生木荷生长和形质性状在家系间的遗传差异均达到极显著水平;除第3组的最大分枝角性状外,木荷生长和形质性状也存在显著的家系×地点互作效应。性状遗传力估算值显示,树高、胸径和冠幅在两地点的家系遗传力估算值均较高,其变化在0.36 0.87间,受中等偏强的遗传控制,而树干通直度和分枝性状的家系遗传力估算值相对略低,受中等偏弱的遗传控制。性状相关分析显示,木荷家系树高、胸径和冠幅间呈极显著的遗传正相关,遗传相关系数在0.572 0.928间。最大分枝粗与树高和胸径也呈极显著遗传正相关,说明对速生的木荷家系须加强早期修枝,以培育优质的干材。以树高为选择标准,在福建建瓯和江西永丰两地点分别初选出24个和17个早期速生优良家系。     

11年生湿加松子代测定林分析及选择

对11年生湿加松子代测定林4个年份的家系生长数据进行分析,结果表明:不同家系间存在较大的遗传差异。树高、胸径和材积性状的家系遗传力分别为0.15～0.29、0.29～0.53和0.18～0.33;单株遗传力分别为0.03～0.06、0.06～0.19和0.03～0.08。11年生通直度的家系及单株遗传力分别为0.33和0.07。pearson相关分析表明,同一性状年度间极显著相关,说明早期选择有一定效果。根据年度间生长趋势及11年生材积,初选出12个优良家系及40个单株,与对照相比,家系预测增益为6.66%～8.97%、单株预测增益为14.20%～15.49%。     

马尾松高产脂种子园家系选择

以马尾松（Pinus rnassoniana）高产脂种子园自由授粉家系子代测定林为对象,分析了4年生家系生长性状（树高、胸径、材积和活轮枝数）及抗虫性的遗传变异规律,估算了各性状的遗传力,并进行了相关性分析。结果表明,除抗虫性存在显著差异外,材积、胸径、树高、活轮枝数生长性状在家系问均存在极显著的遗传差异;生长性状受较强遗传力控制,而抗虫性受中强度遗传力控制;家系各生长性状问具有高度相关性,而产脂力、抗虫性和各生长性状间没有相关性。利用最佳线性预测的单性状（材积）及多性状联合（抗虫性和家系产脂力）估算家系育种值,选出了2个马尾松优良家系作为桂东南育种和推广材料。     

Genetic variation in growth and wood-quality traits of Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata across three sites in south-east Queensland,Australia

Ten growth or wood-quality traits were assessed in three nearby Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata (CCV) open-pollinated family-within-provenance trials (18 provenances represented by a total of 374 families) to provide information for the development of a breeding program targeting both pulp and solid-wood products. Growth traits (diameter at breast high over bark [DBH], height and conical volume) were assessed at 3 and 7 years of age. Wood-quality traits (density [DEN], Kraft pulp yield [KPY], modulus of elasticity [MoE] and microfibril angle [MfA]) were predicted using near-infrared spectroscopy on wood samples collected from these trials when aged between 10 and 12 years. The high average KPY, DEN and MoE, and low average MfA observed indicates CCV is very suitable for both pulp and timber products. All traits were under moderate to strong genetic control. In across- trials analyses, high (>0.4) heritability estimates were observed for height, DEN, MoE and MfA, while moderate heritability estimates (0.24 to 0.34) were observed for DBH, volume and KPY. Most traits showed very low levels of genotype × site interaction. Estimated age–age genetic correlations for growth traits were strong at both the family (0.97) and provenance (0.99) levels. Relationships among traits (additive genetic correlation estimates) were favourable, with strong and positive estimates between growth traits (0.84 to 0.98), moderate and positive values between growth and wood-quality traits (0.32 to 0.68), moderate and positive between KPY and MoE (0.64), and high and positive between DEN and MoE (0.82). However, negative (but favourable) correlations were detected between MfA and all other evaluated traits (?0.31 to ?0.96). The genetic correlation between the same trait expressed on two different sites, at family level, ranged from 0.24 to 0.42 for growth traits, and from 0.29 to 0.53 for wood traits. Therefore simultaneous genetic improvement of growth and wood property traits in CCV for the target environment in south-east Queensland should be possible, given the moderate to high estimates of heritability and favourable correlations amongst all traits studied, unless genotype × site interactions are greater than was evident.     

Genetic variation in seasonal growth patterns in radiata pine in Galicia (northern Spain)

Shoot elongation patterns in 2 and 3-year-old Pinus radiata seedlings were monitored twice a month during 2003 and once a month during 2004 in three progeny tests in northern Spain. Fifty-eight half-sib families were studied. Several annual growth parameters were measured in each seedling: initiation, termination and duration of height growth and number of new buds formed each year. Total height, internode length and frost resistance were also measured in each seedling. The variation in these traits among families and sites was studied, as well as the effects of environmental parameters (temperature and rainfall) on growth phenology patterns. The extent to which bud phenology is genetically controlled and related to growth traits was examined. Families differed significantly in total summer shoot growth and number of summer flushes (lammas growth). The number of cycles produced per year ranged from one to four. Monocyclic families grew throughout the year, whereas polycyclic families grew episodically, depending on rainfall.     

马尾松实生种子园的遗传分析和育种值预测

利用５年生１３９个马尾松天然林优树自由授粉家系的测定材料,研究生长性状和雌、雄球花量的遗传变异,估算家系和家系内个体的育种值。该子代测定林是实生种子园的一部分。研究结果高、径生长和雌、雄球花量在家系间存在着极显著的差异,多数家系的生长最都大于当地的试验对照。性状的家系遗传力较高,而单株遗传力较低、雌、雄球花量所受的遗传控制与生长性状相近,遗传相关分析表明,开花性状似独立于生长性状。利用最佳线性预测