The effect of crown form and plagiotrophy on the growth of Picea abies f. pendula cuttings

Seven‐year old cuttings of pendula spruce were taller and had larger diameters than seedlings or cuttings of Norway spruce of normal crown type. Pendulous cuttings still had plagiotropic growth at age 7 years and the rate of change to orthotropic growth form was weaker than in cuttings with normal crown type. In pendulous cuttings the effect of the origin of ortet and clone on the crown symmetry was significant at age 5 years but not at age 7 years. The effect of clone on the growth form was evident at ages 5 and 7 years, but the effect of the origin of ortet was significant only in 7‐year‐old cuttings. There were no differences in plagiotrophy between clones from 4‐ and 7‐year‐old ortets. For pendulous cuttings the average height and diameter growth decreased in 5‐ and 6‐ year‐old cuttings with less pendulous crown form and with more plagiotropic growth form but this decrease had almost disappeared in 7‐year‐old cuttings.     

Genetic variation and ortet/ramet relationships in a clonal test with Picea abies

Eight trees were selected at age eight years from seed in each of 52 full‐sib families of Picea abies and were propagated by rooted cuttings. The parents were both of Norwegian and German origin. Results are presented for the variation in height growth in the progeny test and in the clonal test, for rooting percentages, and for plagiotropic growth. More than 40% of the total variance of rooting percentages is of genetic origin. In the set of crosses between Norwegian and German parents 18% of the clones were classified as plagiotropic, while the same number was 27% in the crosses between Norwegian parents. The plagiotropic growth reduces the correlations between ortets and ramets both at the individual and at the family level. Family information is important in the selection of ortets, and a culling of plagiotropic clones seems necessary to obtain a substantial gain from selection.     

Genetic control and age‐related changes of juvenile growth characters in Picea abies

In full‐sib families of Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) the dynamics of juvenile growth and the inheritance of the most important growth characters were analysed in six growth periods in climate chambers followed by two additional growing seasons in a nursery. The full‐sib families were of French and North Swedish origin including both within and between provenance crosses. All growth rhythm characters changed over time. For instance, number of days to budbreak increased, whereas days to budset decreased, as growth periods advanced. Concurrent with the changes in growth rhythm, free growth decreased with increasing age. Half of the total variation for different growth rhythm characters within a growth period could in most cases be explained by provenance effects. Early selection is, therefore, meaningful to reduce damage by frost and mortality. Furthermore, the actual distances between family means decreased substantially with increasing age, and the actual length of the shoot elongation period decreased from 31 days during the second growth period to 16 days during the sixth. We suggest therefore that selection together with some treatment in the nursery that alters the growth rhythm of the seedlings are the best ways to increase frost resistance. Tree height was influenced by a set of complex gene actions that changed over time. Provenance effects were important during the first two growth periods. Subsequently, non‐accumulative within provenance family variance took over. If this pattern holds true in general, juvenile selection for height growth in Norway spruce cannot be made as early as that for growth rhythm.     

杂种落叶松连续繁殖与插穗生根关系的生理研究

观察了日×长杂种落叶松连续繁殖插穗不定根发育进程,研究了连续繁殖对插穗生根力衰退的阻滞效应,并分析了一轮采穗圃与原株采穗圃插穗不定根发育期内源激素含量的动态变化。结果表明:扦插后13 31 d是愈伤组织形成和不定根原始体分化发育的关键期,此时一轮分生株愈伤组织形成和不定根发育均优于原株。连续繁殖对插穗生根性状有显著作用,尤其是生根率很低的原株,经过一轮繁殖后,生根性状有极显著提高。连续繁殖影响插穗自身激素含量,尤其是IAA,经过一轮繁殖后,含量明显高于原株。从不定根发育过程中激素的动态变化看,一轮分生株插穗(IAA+GA3+ZR)/ABA比值在不定根发育前期明显高于原株,与生根率的变化一致,可用来衡量不同繁殖次数插穗生根性状的优劣。     

采穗园母株生根性状遗传变异和选择效应*

对３．５年生日本落叶松采穗园４个家系４０株母株生根率、生根量和偏根率遗传变异，不同生根性状间表型相关研究表明，家系间生根率、生根量和偏根率差异尚达不到０．０５的显著水平。但不同母株间上述差异均极显著。单株生根率、生根量等的遗传力大于家系，方差分量分别比家系大４～３６倍。部分家系生根率与生根量、偏根率之间相关关系紧密程度不同，但生根量与偏根率之间各家系均呈极显著负相关。根据生根率、生根量综合评价结果，按５０％入选率对采穗园进行淘汰，或用生根性状优异的母株扦插苗建第二轮采穗园，插穗生根率、生根量比总体利用水平可分别提高２０．３％和２９．８％，而又不致严重减少采穗园母株的遗传多样性。     

Rooting Success of Cuttings from Young Picea abies in Transition to Flowering Competent Phase

Abstract

Abundant flowering occurred in a central Swedish trial with 10-yr-old Picea abies L. (Karst.) cuttings, taken on 4-yr-old seedlings. Large deviations in cone-set between clones were assumed to reflect different stages in transition from juvenile to flowering competent phase. Rooting success and first-yr growth performance (leader length, leader origin and plagiotropic growth) were studied on cuttings originating from the upper and lower parts of the crown in 15 clones with heavy cone-set and 15 clones without cones. Twigs from the lower part of the crown had a significantly higher rooting percentage. Cone-set did not have an effect on any of the variables analysed. The results suggest that flowering ability and rooting capacity are independent age-related processes, implying that selection for high rooting capacity in clonal forestry does not reduce flowering competence. The results will have a great impact on breeding of P. abies, since both early flowering and high rooting ability are important traits for reducing the turnover time of the breeding cycle.     

Relationship between rooting ability and endogenous phytohormone changes in successive continuous generation cuttings of Buxus sinica var. parvifolia, an endangered woody species in China

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of successive continuous generation (SCG) cuttings of Buxus sinica var. parvifolia on the rejuvenation of ortets at the hormone level, detect levels of indoleacetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), isopentenyladenosine (iPA), zeatin riboside (ZR) and gibberellin4 (GA4) during the rooting process of different generations by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology and statistically analyze the rooting characteristics of cuttings. The results show that, the root systems of subsequent generations (generation 1998, 2000) developed satisfactorily, only a few initial gen-eration (generation 1990, 1994) cuttings rooted and the root growth was inhibited. Around the period of callus formation and root projection through the epidermis, there was a marked, regular variation in the levels of IAA, ABA and GA4 between the initial gen-erations and subsequent generations.     

不同生长素处理条件下杂种落叶松生根力的变异

目前广泛应用于促进插穗生根的外源生长素有吲哚丁酸(IBA)、萘乙酸(NAA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA),以及商业化的植物生根促进剂,其中IBA效果最为突出(王建华等,2006;祁德富等,2007;张卫国等,2007).     

Maturation, topophysis and other factors in relation to rooting in Larix

We examined effects of mist quantity, topophysis (origin of cutting in the crown of 6-year-old trees), maturation state of the donor stock, and time of sticking on rooting and root system quality of cuttings representing five full-sib hybrid larch families obtained with Larix decidua Mill., L. laricina (du Roi) K. Koch, and L. kaempferi (Lamb.) Sarg. (Sieb. and Zucc.) Gord., as parents. Mist frequency, supplemental watering and family all had highly significant effects on percentage of cuttings rooting and root system quality. The high-frequency misting regime yielded both higher rooting percentages and higher quality root systems than the low-frequency regime without supplemental watering. Supplemental watering of the rooting medium in the low-frequency misting regime increased both percent rooting and root system quality to values comparable with those obtained by cuttings in the high-frequency misting regime. Rooting of cuttings from the top, middle and bottom whorls of 5-year-old plantation grown trees tended to decline with increasing height for three of the five families. Overall, height of cutting origin did not significantly affect rooting, but when analyzed separately, two families exhibited a significant decline in rooting toward the top of the trees. Age of donor ortet (ranging from 1 to 7 years) significantly affected both percent rooting and root system quality. Rooting percentages declined linearly with age, and root system quality declined more sharply than percent rooting. The relatively poor root system quality of cuttings from ortets older than 1 year was closely associated with plagiotropic growth. Softwood cuttings (stuck in mid-July) rooted better than hardwood cuttings (stuck in early September) across all families.     

马尾松插穗内源抑制物质的研究

用浸渍法、萃取法和高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ）对来源于不同年龄、不同繁殖方式和不同种源马尾松插条母株的插穗内源抑制物质（ＭＩｎ）进行分离提纯。对ＭＩｎ作了初步定性和生物鉴定。用ＨＰＬＣ自动积分仪法比较了各组分含量。研究结果发现ＭＩｎ都含七种组分，它们均属黄酮类和苯酚类物质。随母株年龄递增，ＭＩｎ含量均升高。扦插起源母株ＭＩｎ含量比实生的低。南亚热带种源ＭＩｎ含量比北亚热带的低。ＭＩｎ各组分抑制小麦胚芽鞘伸长程度与其含量高低一致。插穗生根成活率与ＭＩｎ含量呈负相关倾向。ＭＩｎ含量随母株年龄递增是马尾松扦插繁殖年龄效应原因之一。反复扦插可延缓马尾松母株老化。不同种源ＭＩｎ差异意味着开展马尾松无性系选育的可靠性和有效性。阻遏控制ＭＩｎ的基因表达，将是提高马尾松扦插成活率的一个关键措施     

连香树嫩枝扦插繁殖技术研究

以连香树(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)当年生枝条为材料,研究了不同植物生长调节剂、不同IBA浓度及其处理时间对插穗生根的影响。结果表明:连香树属于皮部生根型,只有极少数为愈伤组织生根。植物生长调节剂处理是提高嫩枝插穗生根能力的一个必要措施,其中IBA对连香树插条生根效果最好,NAA次之,IAA最差。采用IBA 100 mg.L-1+NAA 100mg.L-1混合处理嫩枝插条效果最好,生根率达到81.67%,且幼苗长势良好。IBA 500 mg.L-1快蘸处理8 s,生根率达到71.67%;IBA 200 mg.L-1浸泡6 h,生根率为77.78%。综合各项生根指标,采用IBA 100 mg.L-1+NAA 100 mg.L-1浸泡嫩枝插条4 h,最适宜连香树插条生根。     

针叶树种扦插繁殖的研究进展及其对策

对针叶树种无性繁殖的技术,插条生根机理和母株复壮作了评述.重点讨论了:(1)扦插繁殖的环境因子控制,促根防腐剂筛选和使用,插条制备等技术性问题.(2)与插条生根机理有关的形态解剖和生理生化因子(包括内源激素及其抑制剂、氧化酶类、生长素增效剂、插条养分代谢的动态).(3)母株复壮技术带来的遗传变异和复壮可靠性.并就其中存在的问题提出了对策.     

稀有植物云南金钱槭的扦插繁殖技术研究

对稀有植物云南金钱槭进行了扦插繁殖技术的研究。结果表明:云南金钱槭具有易生根的特点;未经处理的幼龄(3年生)云南金钱槭植株的嫩枝具备一定的生根能力。扦插繁殖技术处理的最佳组合为:以嫩枝作插穗,用浓度为100 mg/L的ABT1作浸穗处理,采用海煤土作扦插基质;其次是嫩枝200 mg/L的ABT1海煤土处理。以云南金钱槭1年生扦插苗与种子实生苗进行生长量和生物量比较,扦插苗优于种子实生苗。扦插苗的冠幅是种子苗的1.63倍,根重是2.27倍,进一步证实嫩枝扦插繁殖是云南金钱槭的一种有效可行的繁殖方法。     

不同俄罗斯杨树新品种扦插苗的生长比较

以引进的俄罗斯杨树新品种高加索白杨、N12、N2、N21和SL -1为参试品种,对其硬枝扦插苗生根、生长量和生物量进行了系统比较研究。结果表明：参试品种在硬枝扦插生根率、苗高、地径、地上生物量、地下生物量和全株生物量等方面存在显著差异,SL -1品种的硬枝扦插苗生根率、苗高、地径、地上生物量、地下生物量和全株生物量指标均优,其中苗高、地径、地上生物量、地下生物量和全株生物量等5项指标优于对照小黑杨品种,其硬枝扦插生根率、生长量和生物量最高。     

Growth and branching habit of rooted cuttings collected from epicormic shoots of Betula pendula Roth

Patterns of shoot growth and branching were studied over two growing seasons in rooted cuttings collected from both epicormic shoots and seedlings of Betula pendula Roth. Epicormic shoots were induced to sprout on stumps and small logs of 5-, 10- and 30-year-old trees. The use of epicormic shoots enhanced the rooting capacity of stem cuttings collected from these shoots but did not appear to reverse the process of maturation. In this study, maturation was based on characteristics typical of mature trees but not necessarily those of the mother plant, because it was not possible to root cuttings, for comparison, from 5-, 10- and 30-year-old ortets, other than from epicormic shoots. There was evidence of the persistence of mature characteristics through an increase in shoot plagiotropism with increasing ortet age. Rooted cuttings from both seedlings and epicormic shoots, however, assumed an increasingly orthotropic habit with a smaller shoot angle at the end of the first growing season than at the beginning and this continued into the second growing season. Other indications of maturation, such as delayed bud flushing and the incidence of flowering with increasing ortet age, were also evident in rooted cuttings from epicormic shoots. There was a clear difference in branching habit depending on cutting source. Rooted cuttings derived from epicormic shoots produced nearly twice as many lateral branches compared with rooted cuttings collected from seedlings, but this was not an effect of maturation. There was some evidence that rooted cuttings derived from seedlings grew taller than rooted cuttings from epicormic shoots.     

青钱柳嫩枝扦插育苗技术研究

对青钱柳枝条采用ABT 1号生根粉和吲哚丁酸不同植物激素溶液处理。经过4年的扦插试验,枝条扦插之后,对苗木进行观察,采用不同的溶液对苗木进行浸种处理,其苗木生长状况不同。结果显示:用ABT1号生根粉处理的穗条比用植物激素吲哚丁酸处理的穗条,插穗成活率高11.2%,且根系生长伸展,侧根生长快、细根条数多、萌芽高又粗。研究表明,青钱柳嫩枝扦插,插穗宜采用ABT1号生根粉处理,效果较好。     

灰楸育苗技术及苗期生长观测

通过对灰楸播种、扦插、嫁接育苗技术及生长性状规律研究,结果表明,播种出苗率为21.82%,扦插成活率42.3%,嫁接成活率74.0%;并分析了苗木的各项生长质量指标,不同长度插穗扦插苗质量评价值为:12 cm插穗(21.6)>8 cm插穗(20.6)>16 cm插穗(19.8);直播苗和嫁接苗苗期生长和形态特性表现良好...     

Distinct effects of auxin and light on adventitious root development in Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus globulus

Adventitious rooting is essential for vegetative propagation of woody species. We studied the effects of auxin and light on the development of adventitious roots in cuttings obtained from seedlings of Eucalyptus saligna Smith and E. globulus Labill in an attempt to characterize the adventitious rooting process and identify factors controlling rhizogenesis. Root development was scored as rooting percentage, root density (roots per rooted cutting), mean rooting time and root length. In both species, rooting time was reduced in the presence of auxin. Cuttings from 2-month-old E. saligna seedlings were responsive to lower auxin concentrations than comparable cuttings from E. globulus seedlings. Cuttings from 3-month-old E. saligna seedlings rooted promptly and rooting was not significantly affected by light conditions. In contrast, rooting of cuttings from 3-month-old E. globulus seedlings exhibited recalcitrant behavior and no roots were formed if illuminated during the root formation phase. Effective root regeneration of E. globulus cuttings was obtained by a 4-day exposure to 10 mg l(-1) IBA and culture in darkness during the root formation step. Loss of rooting capacity with seedling age was more pronounced in E. globulus than in E. saligna. The possibility of switching adventitious rooting off and on by manipulating light regime and exogenous auxin supply in E. globulus, and the constitutive nature of rooting in E. saligna may provide useful models for examining the rooting process at the biochemical and molecular levels in Eucalyptus.     

影响林木插条生根的内部及环境因子研究综述

简述了近年来影响林木插条生根内外因子的最新研究进展, 重点对插条特征(主要包括母树年龄、插条成熟度和插条叶面积)、营养物质含量、内源激素和内源抑制物质水平等内部因子, 以及光照、温度和湿度等主要环境因子对插条生根的作用进行评述。同时提出了目前研究中存在的几个问题及今后的发展方向。     

闽楠嫩枝扦插繁殖技术研究

为解决多用途树种闽楠苗木快繁的问题,开展了闽楠嫩枝扦插繁殖技术研究.结果表明:闽楠3年生苗木嫩枝扦插单株间生根率有显著差异,半木质化穗条带2片叶进行扦插可显著提高穗条生根率,GGR生根剂不同浓度处理闽楠穗条对其生根率有极显著影响,不同扦插基质对闽楠插穗生根率有显著影响.