Depth of water table prior to ditch network maintenance is a key factor for tree growth response

Abstract

In boreal-drained peatland forests, tree growth is retarded by the gradual deterioration of drainage ditch networks. In order to avoid the development of suboptimal growth conditions, ditch network maintenance (DNM) operations (ditch cleaning and/or complementary ditching) are annually conducted on an area of about 70,000 ha in Finland. The previous studies indicate that the depth of the water table prior to DNM may influence the magnitude of the growth response to DNM. Tree growth does not necessarily increase after DNM at sites with large stand volume and subsequent low water levels due to tree stand evapotranspiration. We investigated how the pre-treatment water table depth (pre-WTD) in late summer relates to the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands after the DNM operation in 12 field experiments. The increase in mean annual volume growth caused by DNM was negatively related to the pre-WTD, with the highest growth response in stands where the pre-WTD was less than 25–30 cm. DNM did not clearly increase stand growth in sites where the pre-WTD was more than 35–40 cm below the soil surface. There was a high variation in growth response to DNM between the water levels from 20 to 35 cm below the soil surface, indicating that factors other than water table depth are also needed as decision criteria for assessing the appropriate timing of ditch network maintenance.     

Water table levels at different drainage intensities on deep peat in Northern Norway

This report comprises a 10-year study on the effects of ditching-systems on water table levels in deep peat. The following factors have been tested: ditch depth, ditch distance, vegetation type, surface fall, permeability of peat, air temperature, evaporation and rainfall.Correlation and multiple regression analyses showed that mean water table level midway between ditches for the growing season (June—September) could be predicted with good precision (R = 0.74 – 0.87) by: ditch depth, logarithm (e = 2.7183) of ditch distance, rainfall, permeability and initial water table level on 1 June (autocorrelation factor).Multiple regression tests on orthogonalized variables showed that ditch depth is very important. On unfurrowed peatland this factor reduced total variation in the annual mean water table levels from 1 June to 30 September by 26.2%. On furrowed peatland, logarithm of ditch distance, ditch depth and rainfall each accounted for between 15.1 and 17.2% of the variance.Proper drainage for afforestation in Northern Norway could be attained by an effective ditch depth of 0.8 m and ditch distances from 9 to 25 m. This rather broad range depends on regional variation in mire types, permeability of surface peat layers and rainfall.     

滴灌栽培杨树人工林细根空间分布特征

[目的]为探究滴灌条件下杨树人工林细根的空间分布特征,对大兴区林场滴灌栽培的5年生欧美107杨的细根分布进行研究。[方法]采用根钻法分别在株间、对角和行间方向距树干0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5 m处取样,取样深度为60 cm,每10 cm为1个土层。[结果]滴灌条件下,在不同方向的不同树干距离和土层深度,杨树人工林的细根生物量和根长表现出相似的分布特征,其分布受树干距离、土层及其交互作用的影响显著(P0.05)。滴灌条件下,株间方向的细根总长为12.7 cm,分别是对角和行间方向细根长的1.82倍和2.32倍,上述3个方向取样位点细根总长为25.2 cm,其中的86.4%在滴灌形成的湿润带范围内;0 40 cm土层的细根长占0 60 cm土层细根总长的84.5%。各方向的细根水平分布特征不同,株间方向细根长在距树干0.5 m处最大,为4.2 cm,占该方向细根总长的33.1%,且与其他树干距离处差异显著(P0.05);对角和行间方向细根长在距树干0.2 m处最大,分别为2.7、2.3 cm,占各自方向细根总长的38.1%和41.8%。各方向的细根垂直分布特征不同,株间方向细根长在0 10 cm土层最大,为3.7 cm,占该方向细根总长的29.1%,且与其他土层差异显著(P0.05);对角和行间方向细根长均在10 20 cm土层最大,分别为2.0、1.7 cm,占各自方向细根总长的27.9%和31.0%,与其他土层细根长差异显著(P0.05)。[结论]滴灌条件下,杨树人工林细根的空间分布特征可以采用细根生物量或细根长任一指标来表述。滴灌后形成的连续湿润带导致土壤水分条件的差异使细根在不同方向的水平分布和垂直分布特征不同,细根分布表现为株间对角行间,细根主要分布在湿润带范围内且在0 40 cm土层相对集中分布。依据滴灌栽培杨树人工林细根的水平和垂直分布规律,每次滴灌后应保证水分侧渗到距离树干至少50 cm的范围,下渗的深度至少达到40 cm深,以满足杨树人工林正常生长对水分的需求。本研究结果和结论为确定精准的单次有效灌溉量提供理论依据,从而实现既节水又确保林木正常生长的双重目标。     

Drainage,Liming and Fertilization of Organic Soils. I. Long-term Effects on Acid/Base Relations

Abstract

Long-term changes of the acid/base relations of organic soils after drainage, fertilization and/or liming at three experimental sites—two ombrogenous and one soligenous—in south central Norway are discussed. These sites were drained, fertilized and/or limed in 1953–1956 and sampled in 1991–1992. Drainage at the ombrogelious sites caused: insignificant shifts of pH, higher bulk densities to 40 cm depth, higher ash percentage, higher contents of N and P to 20 cm depth and reduced concentrations of total Ca, K, Mg, Na, A1 and Fe in soil layers deeper than 20 cm. The soligenous site was not effectively drained; despite this, pH dropped about 0.5 unit in the surface and subsurface soil layers of the control plots, while small changes were measured for most other soil variables. The suggested reason for the pH drop is limited sulphide oxidation in the upper 20 cm drained layer. Base saturation at actual soil pH, when all treatments were included, was estimated with good precision by four regressors: pH, extractable Al, extractable Fe and extractable Ca (R²=0.90–0.95). Similar models explained 97–99”” of the variation in base saturation at soil pH=7.0. The lime effects at the properly drained oligotrophic sites were proportional to applied doses; for pH to 40 cm, base saturation to 60 cm, and Ca concentration to 60 cm depth. At the less well-drained soligenous site, effects were limited to the upper 30 cm layer. Both drainage and liming caused higher cation exchange capacities and proper drainage seems to be a prerequisite for the liming effect. Estimated recovery of calcium to 60 cm depth was 64–79% at the ombrogenous sites and 42–46% at the soligenous site.     

Soil water regime under rotational fallow and alternating hedgerows on an Ultisol in southern Cameroon

Soil moisture depletion during dry seasons by planted hedgerows to lower levels than under natural fallow, would reduce drainage and nutrient losses in the following rainy season when food crops are grown. The volumetric water content of the 0–150 cm soil profile was measured under planted hedgerows (alternating Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium) and natural fallow, both either annually cropped to sole maize or in a two-year crop/two-year fallow rotation, in the humid forest zone (annual rainfall 1700 mm) of southern Cameroon during the 1995–1996 and 1996–1997 dry seasons. Hedgerows were cut to 0.05 m height, largely eliminating trees’ water consumption during cropping phases. Differences in total soil water content at 0–150 cm depth, between systems, occurred only in the early phases of the 1996–1997 dry season. In both dry seasons, differences between systems in water content were found in some soil layers, all within 0–60 cm depth, yet, without consistent advantage of any system in exploiting the topsoil water resources. Soil water content was lower under L. leucocephala than G. sepium at 20–40 cm depth only. Below 60 cm depth, no differences in water regimes between systems were found. Under southern Cameroonian conditions it is unlikely that any of the systems has an advantage in accessing or recovering water and thus, if available, nutrients from the sub-soil. None of the systems examined was capable of delaying drainage and thus it appears unlikely that downward displacement of nutrients is delayed after the start of the rains.     

林地土壤及其真菌对毛红椿种子发芽及幼苗保存的影响

[目的]通过不同群落毛红椿天然林林地土壤及其真菌对种子萌发和幼苗存活影响的研究,探讨影响毛红椿天然更新的障碍因素。[方法]在江西九连山国家级自然保护区内的3个毛红椿天然优势群落中,分别取距离毛红椿母树3个不同距离(2.5、5.0、7.5 m)处的根区土壤和远离毛红椿母树(25 m以外)的非根区土壤,以非林地土为对照开展室内模拟播种和以根区土壤真菌的水或根系分泌物悬液对毛红椿幼苗进行灌根接种,观察种子萌发、幼苗存活和幼苗感病情况。[结果]各群落土壤中种子发芽均呈先上升后下降规律,且基本在第8 10天达到高峰;林地土与非林地土种子发芽率差异不显著,但林地根区土幼苗的存活率极显著低于非林地土和林地非根区土;距母树3个不同距离根区土的幼苗存活率差异不显著。灌根接种不同处理间幼苗存活率差异极显著,具体表现为接种RS2、RS5根区真菌的幼苗感病率显著高于根系分泌物及无菌水空白对照,且RS2真菌的根系分泌物悬浮液幼苗感病率显著高于其无菌水悬浮液。[结论]毛红椿种子萌发不受土壤环境的影响,但幼苗建成受根区范围内土壤的影响,根系分泌物和致病菌的互作显著降低幼苗保存率。由此推断,毛红椿根区土壤内存在幼苗的潜在致病菌及根系分泌物可增强其致病性。     

毛白杨农田防护林带细根分布特征

研究了无断根沟的17 a生一路双行毛白杨农田防护林的细根特征。结果表明,在距林带5.0m范围和100 cm深农田内的单位土体细根特征值为:根重92.20g/m3,根长641.01m/m3,根表面积1.058 8m2/m3,根体积103.7 cm3/m3,根尖数301 481个/m3。农田内的各细根特征值都随距林带的距离的增加而降低,基本上随着土壤深度先增加后降低,较高值出现在距林带1.5m范围内的20~40 cm或40~60 cm土层,在1.5m到3.0m的区间迅速或明显降低,在3.0m或5.0m以外则缓慢降低并且细根特征的最大值上升到10~20 cm土层。由此可见,根系胁地最强的范围应在距林带3m以内。     

Effects of soil moisture and soil depth on nitrogen mineralization process under Mongolian pine plantations in Zhanggutai sandy land, P. R. China

选择章古台地区三块典型樟子松(Pinussylvestrisvar.mongolica)人工固沙林为研究对象,采用实验室好氧培养法测定了不同土壤层次和在不同水分条件下的N矿化过程。结果表明:土壤0-60cm层N净矿化速率垂直变化范围为1.06–7.52mg·kg-1·month-1;土壤层次和含水量及其交互作用对土壤N净矿化速率的影响均达到差异显著(P<0.05);净矿化速率随着土壤层次的加深而明显下降,0-15cm层占总净矿化量的60.52%;半饱和与饱和含水量处理差异不显著,但均高于不加水处理。为此,在半干旱地区必须进一步加强开展调控生态系统N矿化、循环及其收支平衡影响因素的研究。图1表4参20。     

武夷山甜槠天然林生态系统不同深度土壤CO_2浓度

选择福建武夷山天然甜槠林作为研究对象,对不同深度土壤CO2浓度、土壤温度、土壤含水量同步进行日动态观测。结果表明：0～60cm深度土壤CO2浓度随深度的增加而升高,60cm深度以下土壤CO2浓度有所降低;不同深度土壤CO2浓度的日变化均呈现单峰型;不同深度土壤温度变化幅度较小,各层日变化模式相似;不同深度土壤含水量变化很小,且日变化模式无明显规律性;指数拟合分析显示,10、20、60、80cm土壤CO2浓度与温度具有极显著相关性,5、10、40cm土壤CO2浓度与含水量的相关性显著。     

Effect of Water-table Level on Nitrogen Mineralization in Peat

The effect of drainage on the mineralization of nitrogen inpeat has been investigated using samples from a field experimentin which the water table has been artificially maintained atdifferent levels in five plots for a period of 7 years. Samplescut from the o–10 cm horizon were incubated in the laboratoryat 30 °C for 120 days in a moist condition (aerobic) andalso in a completely waterlogged state (anaerobic). The resultsof anaerobic incubation indicate that lowering the water-tablelevel to 18 cm significantly decreases the amount of nitrogenmineralized but that further lowering of the water level reversesthe position, mineral nitrogen increasing significantly at leastto a water-table depth of 34 cm; the position regarding samplesincubated under aerobic conditions is more complex but can beexplained on the basis of samples containing a mixture of aeratedand non-aerated material.     

莱芜红香椿栽培技术与栽培模式研究

通过试验观测,莱芜红香椿在秋末冬初,挖１ｍ ×０．８ｍ 宽深的栽植沟栽植,密度１ｍ ×１．５ｍ 或１ｍ ×（１＋ ２）ｍ 的株行距,栽时每株树施ＴＣ０．１ｋｇ,栽后埋土防寒,Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ 和有机肥配合使用,并适当进行叶面追肥,各侧枝３０ｃｍ 摘心,并应用抽技宝点取芽体,在嫩芽长到１０ｃｍ ～２０ｃｍ 左右采收,可显著提高其产量和质量。在山区与黄花菜或金银花等矮杆作物进行立体种植,其经济效益显著。     

不同林龄马尾松人工林土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

[目的]研究了马尾松从幼龄林至成熟林生长序列中的土壤有机C、全N、全P含量及其生态化学计量特征,以丰富该区域马尾松生态系统生态化学计量学领域的基础研究。[方法]以广西凭祥4个林龄(6、16、23、35 a)马尾松人工林为研究对象,每个林龄选取3块林分,每个林分内设置一个400 m2的调查样地,按照0 20、20 40、4060 cm三层土层取样,采用不同林分土壤化学计量的对比实验测定土壤CNP,采用单因素方差分析的LSD法进行显著性检验。[结果]表明:4个林龄马尾松人工林0 20 cm土壤有机C、全N、全P含量分别为5.73 15.56、0.691.23、0.17 0.23 g·kg-1,是20 40 cm土层的1.51、1.31、1.06倍,40 60 cm土层的1.97、1.58、1.06倍。土壤有机C含量、全N含量均随林龄的递增先降低后增加,随土层加深持续降低;土壤全P含量在林龄和土层间均无显著性变化;林龄对土壤C∶N、N∶P有极显著的影响(P=0.001,P=0.000),土层对土壤C∶P、N∶P有显著性影响(P=0.000,P=0.014)。[结论]土壤有机C、全N含量从成熟林阶段开始回升;N在不同林龄间和不同土层间的变化是土壤N∶P变化的主要原因;土壤C∶N、C∶P主要受有机C的影响。     

半干旱区柠条植物篱水分再分配格局研究

通过对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区26年生柠条植物篱不同部位(带间、带前、带内、带后)土壤水分的2年监测,对比分析了柠条植物篱不同部位土壤水分的分布特征及其动态,探讨了柠条植物篱对降水的再分配效应。结果表明:带状柠条植物篱内不同部位间土壤水分物理性质有明显的不同,其中,带内部位土壤密度(0.99 g·cm-3)、非毛管孔隙度(8.77%)、毛管持水量(58.89%)等均优于带间、带前、带后,土壤更为疏松,透水保水性能更良,而带前更加黏性化;随着土壤深度的增加,各部位土壤含水量均表现出逐层降低的趋势,依次为0~20 cm(25.51%±2.28%)40~60 cm(12.96%±1.34%)60~80 cm(10.03%±0.59%)80~100 cm(9.16%±0.81%)100~120 cm(8.76%±1.00%),但越接近表层,带前、带内部位土壤水分含量的优势更明显。根据对土壤水分的有序聚类分析,将柠条植物篱土壤层次划分为弱利用层、利用层和调节层3层,其中,带内的土壤水分利用层(20~120 cm)大于带前、带后(20~60 cm)和带间(40~60 cm),与柠条对土壤水分的主要利用层次相一致,带内的土壤水分调节层在120 cm以下,较带间(80 cm以下)和带前、带后(60 cm以下)均深,反映了带状植物篱带前、带内土壤含水率提高而带后表层土壤含水率降低的分异特征。     

间伐对祁连山青海云杉人工林土壤水分的影响

利用EM50土壤水分监测仪,在样地尺度上,测定了祁连山青海云杉天然林、无间伐和间伐强度为20%的人工林地生长季节的土壤水分,对比分析间伐对人工林土壤水分的影响。结果表明:未间伐人工林林地表层(10 cm)土壤含水量显著高于间伐强度为20%的人工林和天然林,间伐导致了人工林林地表层土壤水分下降;而对于深层土壤含水量而言,间伐措施又显著提高了深层60 cm处的土壤含水量。与天然林地土壤含水量相比,无间伐人工林深层60 cm和80 cm处的土壤体积含水量仅为天然林的49.7%和52.1%,深层土壤已经出现旱化现象,间伐措施能够减缓这种旱化现象。     

Loblolly and slash pine height and diameter are related to soil drainage in winter on poorly drained silt loams

Soil drainage characteristics in winter and the heights and diameters of 10-year-old loblolly and slash pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) were measured on three poorly-drained silt loam sites that had been bedded, furrowed, or disked before planting. Quadratic response functions were used to determine the relationship between depth to water table or volume of drained soil in winter and mean tree height or diameter. These quadratic response functions (species × height or diameter: drainage characteristics) showed that diameter and height were significantly related to soil drainage in winter on these silt loams soils. Slash pines grew better than loblolly pines under more poorly drained conditions while loblolly pines grew better under the better drained conditions. On unbedded silt loams, the soil drainage in winter needed to maximize tree height was 42 cm for loblolly and 49 cm for slash pine. Pines planted on beds did not generally grow better than those on flat-disked plots because where bedding would be most benefical the practice did not form enough additional drainage to significantly influence pine development.     

杉木林采伐迹地再造林后土壤调蓄水分功能恢复研究

[目的]探讨杉木人工林采伐前、后及其采伐迹地造林后林地土壤调蓄水分功能的变化,揭示采伐地造林后,幼林对土壤蓄水功能的调节恢复作用.[方法]采用定位连续观测方法,在24年生杉木人工林伐前、伐后以及造林后1年、3年、5年、8年的样地内采集土壤样品,进行室內测试分析.[结果]表明:与伐前相比,杉木人工林采伐后1 m深土壤层毛管孔隙度提高了1.70%,非毛管孔隙度下降了4.95%;伐后1 m深土壤层最大持水力、最小持水力和毛管持水力比伐前分别提高了4.02%、2.67%和5.31%,但土壤贮水力下降14.30%;0~20,20~40 cm土层的初渗速率分别下降19.81%和16.95%,稳渗速率分别下降12.97%和14.49%;造林后林分对土壤调蓄水分功能的调节作用,随着林龄增加而增大,8年生幼林0~20,20~40 cm土层对土壤水分的初渗调控能力恢复到采伐前的62.50%和58.83%,稳渗的调控恢复到采伐前的62.22%和48.79%;若以伐后与伐前土壤的最大持水力、最小持水力和毛管持水力的差值为100%,8年生幼林其与伐前的差异只有16.90%,17.84%和23.20%.土壤贮水力恢复到采伐前33.34%的水平.[结论]杉木人工林的采伐导致土壤调蓄水分功能减弱,采伐迹地再造林能逐步改善林地土壤调蓄水分功能,而且随着幼林林龄增加调节功能逐步增强.     

三峡库区消落带土壤化学性质年际变化特征

【目的】分析三峡库区消落带经历长期水库水位变化后的土壤化学性质,为揭示消落带水文环境变化提供科学依据。【方法】在秭归段消落带回水区选择典型次生灌丛固定监测样地,根据库区水位运行计划,于2008、2009、2012、2014和2015年(分别经历0、1、4、6和7次水位涨落)对不同海拔(145～155、155～165、165～175、175～185 m)样地的不同土层(0～10和10～20 cm)土壤的pH值和有机质及碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量进行测定。【结果】经历7次水位涨落后,所有海拔的pH值均明显增加,其中海拔145～155 m土壤由酸性(pH6. 1)变为碱性(pH8. 2),而其他海拔土壤逐渐由酸性趋于中性;水淹海拔区土壤有机质含量高于非水淹对照海拔(175～185 m),且随水淹时间增加,0～10 cm土层有机质含量较2008年呈逐年下降趋势,而10～20 cm土层则先增加后降低;随水位涨落周期的增加,土壤碱解氮含量呈波动性下降趋势,且0～10 cm土层土壤对水淹影响更为敏感,0～10 cm土层碱解氮以2009年和2015年下降最为显著(P<0. 05),和2008年相比各海拔降幅分别达37. 2%～54. 7%和50. 6%～65. 7%; 0～10 cm土层速效钾含量在2009年降幅最大,达17. 1%～50. 8%;速效磷含量则呈逐年下降趋势,且在速效养分中的流失量最大,在经历4、6和7次水位涨落后,速效磷含量较2008年分别下降78. 0%、94. 8%、91. 6%(0～10 cm)和89. 5%、93. 6、92. 5%(10～20 cm)。【结论】随三峡水库运行周期的不断延长,消落带土壤pH值升高、有机质含量下降,消落带土壤养分匮乏现象将突显,对于消落带经历长期水位涨落后的土壤化学性质变化仍需长期监督。     

Effects of clump spacing on nutrient distribution and root activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendrocalamus strictus</Emphasis> in the humid region of Kerala,peninsular India

The humid agroclimatic conditions of Kerala, India permit the cultivation of an array of bamboo species of which Dendrocalamus strictus Roxb. (Nees.) is an important one on account of its high growth rate and multiple uses. Stand density, a potential tool in controlling the productivity of woody ecosystems, its effect on growth and root distribution patterns may provide a better understanding of productivity optimization especially when bamboo-based intercropping options are considered. Growth attributes of 7-year-old bamboo (D. strictus) stands managed at variable spacing (4 × 4 m, 6 × 6 m, 8 × 8 m, 10 × 10 m, 12 × 12 m) were studied. Functional root activity among bamboo clumps were also studied using a radio tracer soil injection method in which the radio isotope ³²P was applied to soil at varying depths and lateral distances from the clump. Results indicate that spacing exerts a profound influence on growth of bamboo. Widely spaced bamboo exhibited higher clump diameters and crown widths while clump heights were better under closer spacing. Clump height was 30% lower and DBH 52% higher at the widest spacing (12 × 12 m) compared to the closest spacing (4 × 4 m). With increasing soil depth and lateral distance, root activity decreased significantly. Root activity near the clump base was highest (809 counts per minute, cpm; 50 cm depth and 50 cm lateral distance) at 4 × 4 m. Tracer study further showed wider distribution of root activity with increase in clump spacing. It may be concluded that the intensive foraging zone of bamboo is within a 50-cm radius around the clump irrespective of spacing. N, P and K content in the upper 20 cm was 2197, 21, and 203 kg/ha respectively for the closely spaced bamboo (4 × 4 m) which were significantly higher than corresponding nutrient content at wider spacings. About 50% of N, P and K were present within the 0–20 cm soil layer, which decreased drastically beyond the 20 cm depth. The results suggest that stand management practices through planting density regulation can modify the resource acquisition patterns of D. strictus which in turn can change growth and productivity considerably. Such information on root activities, spatial and temporal strategies of resource sharing will be helpful in deciding the effective nutrition zone for D. strictus. Further, the study throws light on the spatial distribution of non-competitive zones for productivity optimization yields, especially when intercropping practices are considered.     

文冠果根系分布特征及生长适应性

通过对文冠果根系分布及生长调查分析表明:文冠果根深、根系发达、根幅大,5个月的幼苗主根深度可达50 cm,根幅可达28 cm,主根明显垂直向下深入土壤下层,能够吸收土壤深层水分,在极端干旱条件下能够生长.文冠果根系保水力强,抗干旱贫瘠,但不耐水涝,低温土壤中生长缓慢.在积水土壤中栽植时,应创造良好的排水条件.     

仁用杏园坡地径流利用技术研究

提出了适宜仁用杏生长、结实的整地规格,并对其蓄水效果进行了分析。研究认为沟间距5m-6m,其蓄水效果最佳,对提高仁用杏产量及促进根系生长最有效。