Accumulation of heavy metal in Platanus orientalis, Robinia pseudoacacia and Fraxinus rotundifolia

Plants are capable of reducing environmental pollutions through uptaking contaminants in their tissues. In the study site, twenty one-year-old leaves and shoots as well as twenty soil samples were sampled and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). We investigated the uptaking ability of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) by the leaves and shoots of Platanus orientalis, Robinia pseudoacacia and Fraxinus rotundifolia in Karaj city, the western Tehran, Iran. We also evaluated the total metal accumulation capacity by using metal accumulation index (MAI). Results indicated that there was no significant difference in uptaking contents of Cd and Pb in the leaves among the trees. However accumulation of Cd in shoots of F. rotundifolia and R. pseudoacacia was significantly higher than that of P. orientalis. The accumulation of Pb in shoots of R. pseudoacacia was significantly higher than the other species. The amount of Pb in the soil of the study area was significantly higher than Cd. Concentrations of Cd and Pb in leaves of the three species are in the ranges of 2.4 2.7 mg Kg-1 and 7.1 14.4 mg Kg-1 , respectively. R. pseudoacacia had the highest MAI value for leaves (2.21) and F. rotundifolia had the highest MAI value for shoots (2.4).     

鄱阳湖与长江交汇区陆域重金属含量研究

通过测定鄱阳湖与长江交汇区陆域(包括九江-新港和湖口2个采样地)土壤及植物体内的重金属As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Pb含量,统计分析了植物体内重金属含量与土壤中重金属含量的相关性及拟合曲线,同时提出相应的生态修复措施.结果表明:九江-新港土壤含Pb量高于湖口,而这两个地点的As、Hg、Cr、Cd含量差异不显著.九江-新港和湖口的植物根部重金属Cr、Pb、Cd含量高于茎部和叶部,而As和Hg含量恰好相反,茎部重金属含量处于中间水平.对所有采样点植物体内的重金属含量与土壤中重金属含量进行相关性分析,得出植物体内与土壤中的Hg、Pb含量相关性显著,而植物体内与土壤中的As、Cd、Cr含量没有显著的相关性.     

行道树国槐不同形态重金属富集效能研究

[目的]揭示不同形态重金属在行道树国槐各器官的富集特征。[方法]采用改进BCR连续提取法对北京市蓝靛厂北路旁的土壤和国槐的叶片、树枝、树皮、树干与树根中Cr、Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb等7种重金属元素进行提取,并用ICP-MS测定各形态重金属浓度。[结果]结果表明:树皮中7种重金属元素浓度最高,重金属元素在树根向树干、树干向树枝和树枝向树叶的迁移均以酸溶态为主。树皮和树干为重金属元素的主要贮存器官;重金属元素在叶片中以相对活跃的酸溶态存在。国槐对不同形态重金属的富集效能大小依次为:可氧化态可还原态酸溶态残渣态;国槐对7种重金属的平面富集效能和空间富集效能分别达到372.90 mg·m~(-2)和45.48 mg·m~(-3)。[结论]国槐各器官的重金属浓度存在显著差异;重金属元素在国槐体内的运输以酸溶态为主;重金属元素以相对稳定形态贮存在树皮和树干;国槐对可氧化态重金属的有效净化效率高于其他形态。     

外源钙对香菇富集重金属的抑制作用1）

为了探明钙离子（Ca2＋）对香菇富集重金属的影响，在污染4种重金属铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、砷（As）、汞（Hg）的香菇液体培养基和栽培基质中分别添加外源Ca2＋和含Ca2＋矿质添加剂，以研究Ca2＋对培养基和培养料污染Pb、Cd、As、Hg的香菇生长的影响和对香菇富集重金属Pb、Cd、As、H g的影响。结果表明：外源添加的C a2＋可以显著减轻4种重金属对香菇生长的毒害作用，增加在重金属胁迫下香菇菌丝体的生物量。栽培基质中添加含C a2＋矿质添加剂显著降低了香菇子实体对4种重金属离子的大量富集。研究结果提示，C a2＋可能通过离子间的相互拮抗作用抑制了香菇对4种重金属的富集，在香菇栽培生产中，可以通过在栽培基质配方中添加含C a2＋矿质添加剂对Pb、Hg、Cd、As4种重金属的富集进行阻断。     

Absorption and Accumulation of Heavy Metal from Soil by Leaves of Populus x euramericana cv.‘Neva’Plantation

The absorption and enrichment of heavy metal elements by leaves of Populus×euramericana cv.’Neva’ were analyzed through content assessing of heavy metal elements in soils of three forest lands at Fangshan District in the southern suburb of Beijing. These forest lands with P.×euramericana cv. ’Neva’plantation were around with the various sources of pollution such as cement mill,stone mill, sewage and garbage.Some of heavy metal elements such as Cd,Pb,Cu,and Zn were found in the soil samples and leaves of P.×euramericana cv.’Neva’ grown on the three forest lands which were investigated.The results of investigation showed that the soils of three forest lands were polluted with Pb, Cd,Cu and Zn in varying degrees.The contents of Pb,Cu and Zn in soils were significantly different among the three forest lands,whereas the average content of Cd(0.077 6 mg·kg^-1) was less but that of Pb,Cu,and Zn(37.61,26.25 and 90.3 mg·kg^-1 ) were more than the average background value of Beijing.The contents of Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn in leaves of P.×euramericana cv.’Neva’ were different among three forestlands.With the changes of heavy metal contents in soil samples,there was no regularity on the changes of different heavy metal contents in leaves of P.×euramericana cv.’Neva’ grown on different forest land.P.×euramericana cv.’Neva’ can absorb and accumulate Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn in soil but showed different capacities of absorption and accumulation with the order of Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb.Especially,its absorption and accumulation capacity for Cd was strong with maximum enrichment factor higher than 16 and showed high accumulation on low background,whereas its enrichment capacities for Pb and Cu were relatively poorer with average enrichment factor of less than 1.At different forest lands,there existed great difference on absorption capacity of P.×euramericana cv.’Neva’ with the same heavy metal.     

盐肤木幼苗对铅胁迫的生理响应

[Objective]A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of Rhus chinensis Mill for phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil.[Method]The response of container seedlings to Pb concentrations (0, 400 and 1 000 mg·kg^-1) in the soil was studied. Seedling growth, chlorophyll, carotenoid, chlorophyll fluorescence, malondialdehyde (MDA), nutrient elements, Pb accumulation and translocation were assessed.[Result]The results showed that R. chinensis did not show visual symptoms of Pb toxicity. Compared to the control, the biomass increased slightly at low concentration (400 mg·kg^-1). Under Pb stress conditions, the root elongation was restrained, while the radial growth of root was promoted and the fine root was developed better. No differences were observed in photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, and MDA. During the experiment, only small quantity of Pb were uptake by R. chinensis, and most of the Pb absorbed by plants was retained in the roots. However, at the high concentration (1 000 mg·kg^-1), R. chinensis transported metal to the shoots better, and the translocation factor (TF) value was 0.66. Under the Pb stress, oxalic acid of root exudates was increased significantly; while the root could be induced malic acid and citric acid, and the concentration increased with Pb concentration in soil. [Conclusion]R. chinensis was found to have Pb tolerance and phytoremediation potential in Pb-contaminated soils.     

广州市城市林地土壤重金属污染研究

为研究广东省广州市土壤重金属污染,以广州市林业重点工程项目为主要调查范围,对土壤中的重金属元素Cd、Cr、Pb、M、Cu、Zn、Hg、As的含量进行测定和分析。结果表明,广州市城市土壤中Hg污染严重,部分地区达到了三级污染,其中临江大道的污染值最高,达到了1．15mg／kg。其次为Ph、Cu、Zn和As,都存在不同范围的二级污染,南沙工业园区的Cu、Zn污染严重,含量分别达到了41．35mg／kg和123．58mg／kg;As污染在城区道路中比较严重,平均含量达到18．64mg／kg,As含量最高的是白云大道（34．0mg／kg）,接近三级污染;Pb在整个广州市土壤中的含量都达到了二级污染程度,范围很广,其中城区道路、南沙工业园区和机场高速污染较为严重,森林公园和新农村建设的公园中污染比较轻微。     

扎龙湿地的水环境特征及其对珍稀水禽的影响

通过野外调查和室内分析,探讨了近年扎龙湿地的水环境系统的特征及对珍稀水禽的影响。结果表明:扎龙湿地是整个嫩江流域生态环境脆弱区,表现出整体退化的趋势。水质富营养化严重:各项指标(除CODMn外)的含量最高的时期都为Ⅴ级,远远大于国家对湿地水质Ⅱ级的规定。扎龙湿地水质特征存在年内变化和空间上的差异性。农业活动较频繁地区扎龙湖的水质污染最重。扎龙湿地水体中重金属各项指标都低于Ⅰ类水质标准,扎龙湿地底泥中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg超过其背景值。常见水禽的食物———鱼体内重金属含量的平均值分别是水体中含量的数百倍。珍稀水禽体内也都不同程度地富集了一定的重金属含量。湿地的退化和重金属的富集应该引起相关部门的重视。     

107 杨对土壤重金属的吸收和富集

对北京市南郊房山区107杨绿化林地进行了土壤重金属吸收富集研究,林地周围有水泥厂、石材厂、污水和垃圾等不同污染源,结果表明:林地土壤受到了Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn不同程度的污染,Pb、Cu、Zn含量差异显著,Cd平均含量(0.077 6 mg·kg^-1)低于北京市背景值,但Pb、Cu、Zn平均含量分别为37.61、26.25和90.3 mg·kg^-1,均超过了背景值,3块林地107杨叶片的Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn含量不同,与土壤重金属含量的变化无明显规律性,107杨叶片对土壤Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn重金属元素均能吸收富集,但对不同重金属的吸收富集能力不同,呈现出Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb的变化趋势,尤其对Cd具有很强的富集能力,富集系数最高值大于16,表现出了低背景高富集,而对Pb、Cu的富集能力相对较小,富集系数均小于1;不同林地107杨叶片对同种重金属元素的吸收存在较大的差异。     

10个常绿树种对砷汞铅镉铬的富积能力研究

通过对10个常绿树种在昆钢污染区和对照叶片中砷、汞、铅、镉、铬5种重金属元素含量的试验测定,分析了各个树种对重金属的富积能力.结果表明,同一树种对不同类型重金属元素的富积能力不同,不同的树种对同一类型重金属的富积能力也有很大差异;参试的10个树种均对重金属元素表现出较好的抗性和富积能力,其中对砷、汞、铅、镉、铬的富积能力最强的树种分别是鳞斑荚蒾、红果树、鳞斑荚蒾、金叶子和云南泡花树.污染物中砷、铅、铬和镉的含量占了较大比重,各重金属元素在污染时存在相互关联.按综合富积能力排序,依次是鳞斑荚蒾＞茶条木＞云南泡花树＞云南卫矛＞红果树＞飞蛾槭＞子楝树＞滇青冈＞金叶子＞云南木樨榄.     

昆嵛山不同林分类型土壤质量状况及评价

目的]探究昆嵛山国家级自然保护区内4种不同林分类型(日本落叶松林、蒙古栎-日本落叶松混交林、赤松林、杉木林下土壤质量状况。[方法]采用野外调查结合室内分析的方法,对不同林分下土壤剖面各层次土壤理化及生物学性质进行测定分析,运用土壤质量综合指数法结合主成分分析对不同林分土壤质量进行综合分析与评价。[结果]随土层深度的加深,不同林分土壤密度随之增加,总孔隙度随之显著降低(P0.05);日本落叶松林、赤松林土壤毛管孔隙度均随土层深度增加而显著减小,蒙古栎-日本落叶松混交林、杉木林反之;不同林分土壤p H值均介于4.135.07之间,为酸性土壤;有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效钾含量总体上均呈随土层深度增加而降低的趋势,呈现出土壤养分的表聚性特征;4种林分各土层全钾含量总体上无显著差异(P0.05),日本落叶松林2040 cm、4060 cm层土壤全钾含量(2.22 g·kg~(-1)和2.34 g·kg~(-1))显著高于其他林分;除杉木林外,其他林分各土层有效磷含量均随土层深度增加而增加;除土壤蔗糖酶外,其余3种土壤酶活性在不同林分中均随土层深度的增加而减小;4种林分土壤质量综合指数大小排序为:日本落叶松林(0.792)蒙古栎-日本落叶松混交林(0.639)杉木林(0.353)赤松林(0.267)。[结论]不同林分对土壤剖面各层次理化性质影响显著,不同林分类型土壤质量状况各异,其中日本落叶松林土壤质量最好,赤松林土壤质量最次。     

湘西不同植被类型土壤重金属分布及相关性研究

【目的】探讨湘西地区不同植被下土壤环境的状况,揭示土壤富集重金属元素的规律。【方法】以湖南湘西地区针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林和灌木林4种森林土壤不同层次(0~15 cm和15~30 cm)的Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn为研究对象,采用单因素分析法和主成分分析法分析重金属分布及相关性。【结果】不同植被下土壤中5种重金属含量的变异系数为0.18%~0.69%,由大到小的排列顺序为Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cd。主成分分析表明Cu和Cd在PC1中有较大的荷载值,在PC2中有中等的荷载值。各因素相关性分析结果显示,灌木林土壤容重与Zn之间存在显著的负相关性,针叶林土壤容重与Cu之间存在显著的正相关性;灌木林土壤有机质与Cd之间有显著的正相关性,针叶林土壤pH值与Ni和Zn之间有显著的正相关性;针阔混交林土壤pH值与Pb、Cu和Ni之间存在显著的正相关性,灌木林土壤重金属含量之间的相关性较显著。【结论】湘西地区不同植被类型土壤重金属含量的垂直分布规律存在差异,表现为针阔混交林的上层土壤中重金属含量均低于下层土壤,常绿阔叶林的上层土壤中重金属含量均高于下层土壤,而针叶林和灌木林土壤中重金属含量无差异性变化;湘西地区土壤容重、有机质、坡度、pH值、土层厚度对Cd含量的影响较大,海拔对Pb、Ni和Cu的影响较大,坡度对Ni的影响较大;湘西地区灌木林中重金属来源相同的可能性相较于其他3种植被类型更大。     

晋西黄土区三种林地土壤养分随林分生长的变化

[目的]研究不同林分类型以及林龄对晋西黄土区土壤养分的改良效应,以期为森林可持续经营提供参考、丰富该区域的生态服务评估资料。[方法]采用林分调查、土壤取样和室内分析方法,于2011年和2016年7—8月对3种不同林龄(山杨中龄林、油松幼龄林、侧柏中龄林)林地内的不同土层有机碳、全氮、全磷含量进行分析,并研究林内各土层间的C、N、P化学计量关系。[结果]表明:各林地土壤养分都有极强的表聚性,0~30 cm土层内有机质、全氮、全磷含量占0~100 cm土层的70%以上;经过5年时间,山杨、油松和侧柏林地0~50 cm土层内平均全氮含量分别增长了9.4%、7.4%、7.5%,全磷含量分别增长了11.6%、12.2%、21.4%;0~100 cm土层内碳储量分别增加了21.17、23.74、2.21 t·hm-2。不同林地之间土壤C:N值随土层深度逐渐减小,而N:P、C:P值随土层变化并没有规律;随着林龄的增加,土壤表层(0~10 cm)的N:P和C:P值明显减小,而C:N值变化不明显。[结论]根据全国土壤养分分级标准,试验林地内碳和氮含量较为丰富,而全磷平均含量为0.36~0.46 g·kg-1、为4~5级标准。在试验林地内,对土壤碳储量、全氮、全磷改良效果相对较好的分别为油松林、山杨林和侧柏林。     

广州地区“青山绿地”工程生态效益

研究了广州地区城市绿地系统森林植物-土壤系统生物同化、吸储、固定C,P,K,SO₂,Pb,Cd的生态效益,结果表明:研究区域内绿地系统土壤中有机C储量最高达184t/hm2,最低为24.6t/hm2;TN储量最高达16.7t/hm2,最低为2.0t/hm2;Pb,Cd储量最高分别达837.4kg/hm2、3.9kg/hm2,最低分别为577kg/hm2、1.2kg/hm2;植物叶对SO₂的积累量以高山榕最高,海芒果最低;小叶榕叶吸收固定Pb量最高为22.6g/hm2,尾叶桉叶和白玉兰叶吸收固定Cd量最高达0.15g/hm2。       

南亚热带杉木人工成熟林密度对土壤养分效应研究

[目的]研究5种不同密度林分土壤剖面养分含量的变化规律。[方法]以广西大青山37年生杉木密度试验林为研究对象,测定了A(1 667株·hm-2)、B(3 333株·hm-2)、C(5 000株·hm-2)、D(6 667株·hm-2)、E(10 000株·hm-2)5种密度下0 100 cm土层土壤养分含量。利用单因素方差分析和多重比较判断不同密度和不同土层土壤养分含量的差异。[结果]表明:(1)杉木人工成熟林大多数土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效性铁含量在A、B等低密度林分中最高,并且在0 30 cm的土壤中,随密度的增加表现出总体下降的变化趋势,而土壤pH值与全钾、速效钾随密度的增加而上升,交换性钙与交换性镁含量受密度影响不明显;(2)土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁和有效性铁含量均随土层深度的增加而明显下降,0 30 cm表层土壤的降幅较大,密度对不同土壤深度养分含量的变化具有一定影响。[结论]初植密度对杉木人工成熟林土壤养分含量影响明显,低初植密度更有利于杉木人工林土壤肥力的长期维持,南亚热带杉木林密度对土壤养分的影响深度可达60 cm。     

Organic matter accumulation in reclaimed soils under spruce,poplar and grass in the Alberta Oil Sands

Fundamental to the success of forest restoration following major disturbances such as mining is development of a functioning soil, including the amount, properties and rates of accumulation of soil organic matter (SOM). SOM enters mineral soil through leaching of dissolved organic matter from the forest floor; macrofaunal processing of above-ground litter and mixing with soil (bioturbation); and direct deposition of root litter and rhizodeposits. Our study focused on how SOM accumulation in reclaimed mineral soils was affected following re-vegetation with three vegetation treatments: deciduous trees (Populus tremuloides Mitchx. and Populus balsamifera L.), spruce trees (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.) and grasses (Festuca sp., Bromus inermis), compared to the natural boreal forest. Seventeen sites were studied: 4 reclaimed Deciduous, 5 reclaimed Spruce, 4 reclaimed Grass, and 4 Natural forest. Concentrations of soil organic matter in the upper 30 cm of soil were highest at the Deciduous sites and lowest at Natural sites. SOM concentrations in the top 10 cm of soil were elevated relative to 10–30 cm soil at the Deciduous and Grass sites. The elevated SOM in the upper soil at Deciduous and Grass sites was associated with greater macrofauanal activity and higher root biomass at these sites. The higher macrofaunal activity in the surface organic layer and greater amounts of faunal fecal material in the uppermost cm of soil at Deciduous and Grass sites indicate greater enrichment of upper soil by macrofauna at these sites. SOM concentrations were significantly positively related to root abundance at Grass sites (indicating a contribution of roots to SOM), and a similar trend was apparent at the Deciduous sites. The elevated organic matter concentrations in the upper 10 cm of soil at the Deciduous and Grass sites suggest that planting of aspen following reclamation would hasten C sequestration into soil organic matter.

     

济南经济开发区土壤重金属环境质量现状及保护性开发建议

指出了土壤重金属环境质量评价是了解土壤重金属污染状况、对土壤采取保护措施的重要前提。通过对济南经济开发区土壤取样,并对土壤中Cr、As、Cu、Hg、Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni等8种重金属含量测定分析,按照单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法,根据国家土壤二级标准,对开发区土壤重金属环境质量进行了评价。结果表明:开发区内土壤质量良好。     

浙江省食用菌重金属背景值及质量安全评价

在浙江食用菌生产基地、超市和农贸市场实地抽样检测,对数据进行统计分析,提出浙江省食用菌重金属背景值.研究结果显示:浙江省鲜食用菌重金属元素背景值为铅0.078 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.036 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.009 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.029 mg·kg~(-1),干食用菌重金属背景值为铅0.452 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.254 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.044 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.150 mg·kg~(-1),鲜香菇重金属背景值为铅0.074 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.122 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.009 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.030 mg·kg~(-1),鲜平菇重金属背景值为铅0.068 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.026 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.008 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.029 mg·kg~(-1),鲜蘑菇重金属背景值为铅0.149 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.019 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.038 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.094 mg·kg~(-1),鲜金针菇重金属背景值为铅0.083 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.013 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.008 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.020 mg·kg~(-1).经与相关标准进行比较,浙江省食用菌重金属含量处于相对较低的水平.鲜食用菌中平菇与金针菇的4种重金属元素背景值非常相近,并且都处于很低的水平.与鲜食用菌相比,干食用菌重金属含量是鲜食用菌的4.9～7.1倍.蘑菇的铅、汞、砷含量明显高于其他食用菌,与鲜食用菌平均值比较,铅高出91.0%、汞高出322.2%,砷高出224.1%;香菇中镉含量明显高于其他品种食用菌,高出鲜食用菌平均值238.9%.蘑菇的铅、汞、砷和香菇的镉含量在生产栽培中要得到特别关注,应作为质量安全控制的重点.     

土壤重金属元素有效态与活性相关分析研究

定量分析了33个土壤耕层和11个土壤剖面样品中的As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni、Hg、Zn、Cr8种重金属全量及其有效态,对采样点土壤重金属元素有效态与活性的相关性进行分析。结果表明,采样点耕地土壤重金属元素Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn的活性与有效态之间相关系数（R。）分别为0．7939、0．87、0．8956和0．9795,相关性均为极显著;As、Hg和Pb的活性与有效态之间相关性为显著;重金属元素Cd的活性与有效态相关性不明显。采样点剖面土壤重金属全量随着土层加深变化不一致,重金属As、Cd、Hg随着土层加深含量有递减的趋势;重金属元素的活化率随着土层深度加深而递减的趋势比较明显,底层土壤重金属的活化率是上层土壤中的1／5～1／3,同时表层土壤重金属元素Cd、Cu、Pb的活化率最高。