凋落物和根系输入对亚热带米槠天然林土壤有机碳组分的影响

植物残体添加和去除试验(the detritus input and removal treatments, DIRT)作为一种研究碳输入来源变化对土壤质地与质量影响的试验设计,对研究土壤养分来源以及主要影响机制具有关键作用。选择福建省三明森林生态系统与全球变化研究站的米槠常绿阔叶天然林,设置对照(CT)、去除凋落物(NL)、去除根系(NR)、去除凋落物+去除根系(NI)、添加双倍凋落物(DL)5种处理,于2018年12月对各处理不同土层(0-10,10-20 cm)土壤进行取样,研究其土壤有机碳组分及其影响因子。结果表明:(1)在0-10 cm土层中,DL中NH_4~+-N与TN含量明显高于其他处理。NR处理的NH_4~+-N与DON含量显著大于NL与NI处理。在10-20 cm土层中,DL处理在NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、DON以及TN含量显著大于其他处理。NI处理的NH_4~+-N含量显著低于其他处理。(2)DL处理有机碳含量显著高于NL处理,但DL处理土壤有机碳含量与CT处理无明显差异(P0.05),其余各处理间差异均不显著。(3)含有凋落物的处理土壤活性碳组分含量显著高于去除凋落物处理,活性碳组分含量顺序为DLCTNRNLNI。去除凋落物处理(NL)土壤惰性碳组分含量显著高于去除根系处理(NL、NI)。(4)凋落物和根系的输入对0-10 cm土层土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶以及纤维素水解酶活性具有显著影响,呈现与土壤活性碳组分相同的变化趋势。冗余分析表明,土壤有机碳组分的变化主要是受控于β-葡萄糖苷酶。pH以及土壤含水率也是影响土壤有机碳及其组分的关键因子。凋落物的输入有利于提高土壤养分有效性以及土壤质地,加快碳循环;植物根系则对土壤中有机碳的稳定性具有关键作用。     

森林土壤氧化亚氮排放对氮输入的响应研究进展

大气中氧化亚氮（N2O）浓度的上升加剧了全球变暖。森林土壤在调节大气N2O浓度中发挥着至关重要的作用。近年来,氮（N）输入对森林土壤N2O通量的影响备受关注。然而,森林土壤N2O排放对N输入响应的机制,尤其是植物和微生物对N2O通量的调控作用尚缺乏系统研究。因此,本文综述了N输入如何通过森林植被（根系N吸收、凋落物分解和形成丛枝菌根）和土壤微生物（微生物量和群落组成）调控N2O产生途径从而影响森林土壤N2O排放。结果表明,植物的竞争性氮吸收能降低氮输入对N2O排放的促进作用,其作用大小可能主要取决于土壤“氮饱和”状态。植物凋落物主要通过分解过程中的养分归还和次生代谢产物释放来影响氮输入背景下的森林土壤N2O排放,前者具有促进作用,而后者具有抑制作用。丛枝菌根主要通过吸收有效氮和水分、促进团聚体形成以及改变N2O相关功能基因群落调控森林土壤N2O通量。N输入导致的土壤酸化或养分限制,通常会降低微生物量和/或改变微生物群落组成,从而控制N2O排放。N输入对N2O不同产生途径也会造成影响,受土壤湿度、N2O底物浓度以及N2O相关功能基因丰度（AOB、 AOA、nirK、 nirS和nosZ）的调控。未来在模型预测中,需要将植物氮吸收、凋落物分解、菌根以及N2O产生途径充分纳入模型,以提高模型预测准确性,为全球变化背景下制订森林管理政策和温室气体减排措施提供支持。     

桉树凋落物对土壤微生物群落的影响:基于控制实验研究

全面认识桉树种植对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响及机制,对于阐明单一物种对生态系统服务功能的影响具有重要意义。通过室内小盆模拟控制试验,采用随机区组设计,以土壤碳、氮含量有显著差异的3种天然次生林土壤为对象,以不添加凋落物的处理和添加天然次生林混合凋落物的处理为对照,研究桉树凋落物对土壤微生物群落结构及功能的影响。结果表明:(1)与天然次生林的混合凋落物相比,桉树凋落物具有较高的碳含量和较低的氮含量,其碳氮比也较高;(2)添加桉树凋落物的土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌以及磷脂脂肪酸的总丰度显著高于不添加凋落物的土壤,但是显著低于添加天然次生林混合凋落物的土壤,并且不同凋落物处理下土壤微生物群落的磷脂脂肪酸组成存在显著差异;(3)不同凋落物处理下土壤微生物群落的碳代谢方式差异显著,添加桉树凋落物的土壤微生物群落的碳代谢功能优于未添加凋落物的处理,但是显著低于天然次生林混合凋落物处理的土壤,包括:碳代谢的活性和多样性。综上所述,与天然次生林本身的凋落物相比,桉树凋落物影响下的土壤微生物群落的生物量、多样性和代谢活性均较低,表明桉树凋落物为土壤微生物群落提供生境和食物的能力较弱。     

不同放牧强度对锡林郭勒典型草原生产力及碳储量的影响

以典型草原羊草群落为研究目标,以1979年围封样地为参照(NG),选择轻度(LG)、中度(MG)、重度(HG)放牧样地开展了放牧强度对典型群落生产力及碳储量的研究。结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数均降低,其中LG,MG和HG均与NG达到显著差异水平(p0.05),并且均表现出NGLGMGHG变化趋势;随着放牧强度增加,地上生物量和凋落物量呈递减趋势,NG地上植被和凋落物碳储量最高,其大小依次为NGLGMGHG,放牧显著降低了群落的地上植物有机碳储量;随着土层深度的增加,根系有机碳储量呈现减少的趋势,从地下0—60cm根系有机碳储量来看,大小表现为NGLGMGHG,根系总有机碳储量在不同放牧强度间的变化主要受0—20cm根系有机碳储量的影响;土壤有机碳含量随放牧强度的增加呈先增加后减少趋势,随土层深度的增加呈降低趋势,不同放牧强度只对0—40cm土层有机碳含量影响差异显著(p0.05),在40cm以下土层,其影响不显著(p0.05),0—60cm土壤有机碳储量序列为MGLGNGHG,MG的固碳能力最强,说明放牧对植被—土壤系统有机碳储量的影响具有非同步性,轻度和中度放牧有助于生态系统有机碳储量的积累,而重度放牧草原生态系统有机碳储量显著降低。土壤碳贮量占总碳贮量的80%以上,是草原碳储量的主体部分,各生态系统有机碳储量比例均表现为土壤根系地上植物凋落物;植被地上碳储量与0—20cm土壤碳储量存在着显著的相关性(p0.05),回归分析结果表明土壤有机碳储量与土层深度具有较好的相关关系。     

土壤微生物群落结构对凋落物组成变化的响应

凋落物分解是陆地生态系统养分循环的关键过程,明确凋落物多样性如何影响土壤微生物群落构成和多度,继而潜在地改变凋落物分解的微生物学机制有助于认识生物多样性和森林生态系统功能的关系。通过小盆模拟试验,应用磷脂脂肪酸谱图的方法研究了我国南方红壤丘陵区典型物种马尾松和湿地松的凋落物分别与白栎和青冈的凋落物混合,与单一针叶凋落物分解时相比,针阔混合凋落物分解过程中土壤微生物群落结构的变化,结果显示:(1)针阔混合凋落物分解时土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipidfatty acids,PLFA)总量低于单一针叶处理,细菌和放线菌的相对多度高于单一针叶处理,真菌则相反,群落真菌/细菌低于单一针叶处理,土壤微生物生物量的差异主要来自于真菌;(2)主成分分析表明:针阔混合凋落物分解与单一针叶凋落物分解的土壤微生物群落结构差异显著,两个时期(分解9个月和18个月)主成分一分别可以解释65.74%和89.63%的变异,第一主成分主要包括18∶2ω6,9、18∶1ω9c、17∶0和10Me18∶0等磷脂脂肪酸;(3)土壤微生物群落结构受凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N调控,土壤微生物群落细菌的相对多度与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著负相关,真菌则与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关,群落真菌/细菌与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关。针阔凋落物混合分解通过改变凋落物C/N和木质素/N,提供了对分解者更为有利的微环境。     

作物驯化对根际微生物组的选择效应

驯化是指经过人为干预技术对野生物种的某些可利用性状加以选择、修饰和利用的过程。驯化不仅会引起植物表型的变化,还会进一步导致植物根系形态结构以及相应根际次生代谢产物含量的变化,最终导致根际微生物群落结构和功能发生变化。本文综述了作物驯化过程对作物表型、根系形态及对根际微生物群落结构的影响,初步探讨了作物驯化对根际微生物影响机制,并着重阐述了共生微生物包括丛枝菌根真菌以及根瘤菌与作物驯化的关系,为更好地利用作物野生近缘种的根际有益微生物奠定理论基础。     

模拟矿区复垦接种丛枝菌根缓解伤根对玉米生长影响

针对煤炭开采过程中地表塌陷造成植物根系损伤问题,通过人为伤根模拟煤炭开采造成植物根系受损的盆栽试验,以玉米为宿主植物,矿区退化土壤为供试基质,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌对根系受损玉米生长的缓解作用。结果表明,玉米根系受损条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌缓解了伤根对玉米生长造成的不利影响,促进了玉米的生长,接菌组玉米干质量平均每株要比对照组高出9.74 g。强化接种菌根真菌提高了玉米对土壤中矿质元素的吸收,增加了受损玉米根际土壤中球囊霉素和有机质含量,接菌组玉米根际土壤中总球囊霉素和有机质含量分别比对照组高出48.1%和24.5%。接种菌根改善了玉米根际微环境,有利于矿区退化土壤改良和培肥。通过研究菌根真菌对根系受损植物生长效应,为采煤塌陷区土地复垦与生态重建提供技术支撑。     

丛枝菌根真菌菌丝对土壤微生物群落结构及 多氯联苯降解的影响

以摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)为供试菌种,在光照培养箱内利用分室根箱研究丛枝菌根真菌菌丝对多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)污染土壤的修复效应及其机理。试验设置接种丛枝菌根真菌的处理以及不接种的对照,选用美国南瓜(Cucurbita pepo L.)为供试植物,在南瓜生长40天后将接种菌根真菌处理的菌丝室土壤从尼龙网向外水平分为4层取样,测定PCBs及磷脂脂肪酸含量。结果表明:菌丝可以穿越尼龙网影响菌丝室土壤,且距离尼龙网越远菌丝量越低;菌丝显著促进了土壤微生物量(P0.05),并改变了不同土层土壤微生物群落结构;接种菌根真菌处理各土层PCBs降解率为35.67%~57.39%,均显著高于对照的17.31%,相关分析结果表明土壤三氯、四氯联苯以及PCBs总量与菌丝量呈极显著负相关(P0.01);菌丝际土壤微生物量,特别是细菌生物量与土壤三氯联苯含量呈显著负相关(P0.05)。可见,菌丝通过影响菌丝际土壤微生物群落结构及生物量,促进三氯及四氯联苯降解,从而提高土壤PCBs修复效率。     

运用多隔层根箱研究玉米幼苗根际微域中芘的降解

采用多隔层根箱,通过尼龙撩网插片的控制,实现根室土(S0)、离根室0～2mm(S1)、2～4mm(S2)、4～6mm(S3)及6mm(S4)各室层土壤的分离采集,分析离根系表面不同距离土壤芘的根际降解,并借助脂肪酸甲酯(fattyacidmethylester,FAME)分析土壤微生物群落结构的空间响应机制。结果表明:种植玉米处理的各室层内土壤可提取态芘含量存在显著的不同,其大小顺序为S4S3S0S2S1;各室层微生物群落结构存在显著的变化,其中微生物生物量和丛枝菌根真菌特征脂肪酸含量表现出与土壤可提取态芘含量变化相反的变化趋势。未种植玉米处理的各室层土壤可提取态芘含量和微生物群落结构没有差异。土壤可提取态芘含量与微生物生物量和丛枝菌根真菌的特征脂肪酸呈显著负相关(p0.01)。     

丛枝菌根与植物寄生性线虫相互作用及抗性机制

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)能够与大多数陆地植物互惠共生,促进植物对养分的吸收,提高植物对各种生物和非生物胁迫的抗逆性,对植物健康生长有重要的作用。在土壤中丛枝菌根真菌与植物寄生性线虫共同依靠寄主植物根系完成生命循环,但二者对寄主植物作用完全相反,引起研究者广泛兴趣,成为菌根研究的热点和焦点之一。本文分析了丛植菌根真菌与植物寄生线虫的相互作用,并探讨了菌根提高植物对线虫抗性的可能机制:菌根真菌改善植物的生长和营养状况、改变植物根系形态结构、影响根系分泌物和根际微生物区系、诱导寄主植物产生防御反应等,旨在深入挖掘丛枝菌根真菌的生物学功能,进一步发挥其在农业生产中的应用潜力。     

氮肥减量配施微生物菌剂对灌淤土花椰菜产量及土壤微生物的影响

采用biolog微生物鉴定系统和平板稀释法探讨了氮肥减量配施自制微生物菌剂对花椰菜产量及根际土壤微生物的影响研究。结果表明:T₄（2/3倍N肥用量+微生物菌剂）、T₅（3/4倍N肥用量+微生物菌剂）和T₆（常规N肥用量+微生物菌剂）处理土壤细菌、放线菌和微生物总数数量分别增加了57.6%~321.54%,66.81%~83.62%和135.40%~232.07%,而土壤真菌数量降低34.08%~41.80%。与对照相比各施肥处理增加了土壤细菌占微生物总数的比例,降低了真菌和放线菌的比例,T₅和T₄处理效果最显著。与对照相比T₄,T₅和T₆处理显著提高了土壤微生物群总落碳源利用能力。T₄,T₅和T₆处理显著增加了土壤微生物群落对碳水化合物、羧酸类、聚合物类和氨基酸类碳源的代谢水平,T₃（单施微生物菌剂）处理显著增加了土壤微生物群落对羧酸类和聚合物类碳源的代谢水平。T₅和T₆处理对增加花椰菜产量、生物量效果接近,花椰菜产量分别增加了12.35%和10.75%,地下干生物量增加了57%左右,T₂（单施氮肥）和T₄处理增加花椰菜产量5%左右。     

Potential nitrogen immobilization as influenced by available carbon in Japanese arable and forest soils

Abstract

Iron oxide is the most important electron acceptor in paddy fields. We aimed to suppress the methane emission from paddy fields over the long term by single application of iron materials. A revolving furnace slag (RFS; 245 g Fe kg^-1) and a spent disposable portable body warmer (PBW; 550 g Fe kg_-1) were used as iron materials. Samples of a soil with a low iron level (18.5 g Fe kg^-1), hearafter referred to as “a low-iron soil” and of a soil with a high iron level (28.5 g Fe kg^-1), hearafter referred to as “an iron-rich soil,” were put into 3 L pots. At the beginning of the experiment, RFS was applied to the pots at the rate of 20 and 40 t ha^-1, while PBW was applied at the rate of 10 t ha^-1 only, and in the control both were not applied. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from the potted soils with rice plants were measured by the closed chamber method in 2001 and 2002. When RFS was applied at the rates of 20 and 40 t ha^-1 to the low-iron soil, the total methane emission during the cultivation period significantly decreased by 25–50% without a loss of grain yield. Applied iron materials clearly acted as electron acceptors, based on the increase in the amount of ferrous iron in soil. However, the suppressive effect was not evident in the iron-rich soil treated with RFS or PBW. On the other hand, nitrous oxide emission increased by 30–95%. As a whole, when the total methane and nitrous oxide emissions in the low-iron soil were converted to total greenhouse gas emissions expressed as CO₂- C equivalents in line with the global warming potential, the total greenhouse gas emissions decreased by about 50% due to the application of RFS.     

Substrate inputs and pH as factors controlling microbial biomass, activity and community structure in an arable soil

Our aim was to determine whether the smaller biomasses generally found in low pH compared to high pH arable soils under similar management are due principally to the decreased inputs of substrate or whether some factor(s) associated with pH are also important. This was tested in a soil incubation experiment using wheat straw as substrate and soils of different pHs (8.09, 6.61, 4.65 and 4.17). Microbial biomass ninhydrin-N, and microbial community structure evaluated by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), were measured at 0 (control soil only), 5, 25 and 50 days and CO₂ evolution up to 100 days. Straw addition increased biomass ninhydrin-N, CO₂ evolution and total PLFA concentrations at all soil pH values. The positive effect of straw addition on biomass ninhydrin-N was less in soils of pH 4.17 and 4.65. Similarly total PLFA concentrations were smallest at the lowest pH. This indicated that there is a direct pH effect as well as effects related to different substrate availabilities on microbial biomass and community structure. In the control soils, the fatty acids 16:1ω5, 16:1ω7c, 18:1ω7c&9t and i17:0 had significant and positive linear relationships with soil pH. In contrast, the fatty acids i15:0, a15:0, i16:0 and br17:0, 16:02OH, 18:2ω6,9, 17:0, 19:0, 17:0c9,10 and 19:0c9,10 were greatest in control soils at the lowest pHs. In soils given straw, the fatty acids 16:1ω5, 16:1ω7c, 15:0 and 18:0 had significant and positive linear relationships with pH, but the concentration of the monounsaturated 18:1ω9 PLFA decreased at the highest pHs. The PLFA profiles indicative of Gram-positive bacteria were more abundant than Gram-negative ones at the lowest pH in control soils, but in soils given straw these trends were reversed. In contrast, straw addition changed the microbial community structures least at pH 6.61. The ratio: [fungal PLFA 18:2w6,9]/[total PLFAs indicative of bacteria] indicated that fungal PLFAs were more dominant in the microbial communities of the lowest pH soil. In summary, this work shows that soil pH has marked effects on microbial biomass, community structure, and response to substrate addition.     

温室菜园土壤氮矿化和微生物群落对水分的响应

Soil drying and wetting impose significant influences on soil nitrogen (N) dynamics and microbial communities. However, effects of drying-wetting cycles, while common in vegetable soils, especially under greenhouse conditions, have not been well studied. In this study, two greenhouse vegetable soils, which were collected from Xinji (XJ) and Hangzhou (HZ), China, were maintained at 30% and 75% water-holding capacity (WHC), or five cycles of 75% WHC followed by a 7-day dry-down to 30% WHC (DW). Soil inorganic N content increased during incubation. Net N mineralization (Nmin), microbial activity, and microbial biomass were significantly higher in the DW treatment than in the 30% and 75% WHC treatments. The higher water content (75% WHC) treatment had higher Nmin, microbial activity, and microbial biomass than the lower water content treatment (30% WHC). Multivariate analyses of community-level physiological profile (CLPP) and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) data indicated that soil moisture regime had a significant effect on soil microbial community substrate utilization pattern and microbial community composition. The significant positive correlation between Nmin and microbial substrate utilization or PLFAs suggested that soil N mineralization had a close relationship with microbial community.     

玉米地土壤微生物量碳、氮及微生物熵对不同物料还田的响应

在四川丘陵区紫色土上进行田间试验,以无物料还田为对照,对比分析了蚕豆秸秆、油菜秸秆、猪粪3种物料还田对夏玉米吐丝期和收获期0—20,20—40cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳氮含量及微生物熵的影响,以期为农业废弃有机物料的综合利用及四川丘陵区土壤质量的提升提供理论参考。结果表明:(1)尽管有机物料还田于0—20cm土层中,0—20,20—40cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)含量均受到有机物料的深刻影响。各处理0—20cm土层SOC、TN、SMBC、SMBN含量均显著高于20—40cm土层,且上下2层土壤SOC、TN、SMBC和SMBN含量在生育时期间均表现为吐丝期>收获期。(2)在2个生育时期,3种物料还田均能提高0—20,20—40cm土层SOC、TN、SMBC、SMBN含量。与对照相比,物料还田处理的SOC、TN、SMBC、SMBN含量分别提高2.6%~141.2%,1.9%~33.0%,5.1%~114.7%,41.5%~98.7%,其中收获期各处理0—20,20—40cm土层SOC、SMBC、SMBN均表现为油菜秸秆>蚕豆秸秆>猪粪>对照,TN表现为蚕豆秸秆>猪粪>油菜秸秆>对照。(3)各处理SMBC/SMBN、qMB、SMBN/TN分别为3.74~10.53,0.86%~2.19%,1.01%~3.41%,且物料还田降低SMBC/SMBN,提高土壤qMB和SMBN/TN值。相关分析表明,SMBC、SMBN与SOC、TN之间均存在极显著正相关关系。因此,农业生产中可通过物料还田提供给微生物足够的碳氮营养,提高土壤SMBC、SMBN、SOC、TN含量和qMB值,维持较高的农田生产力,提升土壤质量,但具体施用物料时还需寻求土壤肥力提升、玉米产量增加以及环境效益之间的平衡。     

施用味精废液对西瓜根际土壤微生物量碳、氮含量的影响

通过大田试验,研究了N100(尿素提供100%的氮)、M10N90(味精废液和尿素分别提供10%和90%的氮)、M30N70(味精废液和尿素分别提供30%和70%的氮)和M50N50(味精废液和尿素各提供50%的氮)等处理对西瓜根际土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物量氮(MBN)含量的影响。结果表明,施用味精废液使土壤生物过程活跃,有利于土壤有机物质的转化和西瓜正常生长所需的营养供应。在西瓜不同生育期,根际土壤MBC和MBN含量动态变化规律不同。与M30N70处理相比,M10N90和M50N50处理对西瓜根际土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响较小。分析可知,味精废液与化肥以3∶7比例配施对西瓜根际土壤微生态环境的作用效果最佳,更有利于平衡西瓜氮素营养。     

Substrate quality affects microbial‐ and enzyme activities in rooted soil

The rhizosphere reflects a sphere of high substrate input by means of rhizodeposits. Active microorganisms and extracellular enzymes are known to be responsible for substrate utilization in soil, especially in rooted soil. We tested for microbial‐ and enzyme activities in arable soil, in order to investigate the effects of continuous input of easily available organics (e.g., root‐exudates) to the microbial community. In a field experiment with maize, rooted and root‐free soil were analyzed and rhizosphere processes were linked to microbial activity indicators such as specific microbial growth rates and kinetics of six hydrolytic extracellular enzymes: β‐glucosidase, β‐cellobiohydrolase, β‐xylosidase, acid phosphatase, leucine‐ and tyrosine‐aminopeptidase. Higher potential activities of leucine‐aminopeptidase (2‐fold) for rooted vs. root‐free soil suggested increased costs of enzyme production, which retarded the specific microbial growth rates. Total microbial biomass determined by the substrate‐induced respiration technique and dsDNA extraction method was 23% and 42% higher in the rooted surface‐layer (0–10 cm) compared to the root‐free soil, respectively. For the rooted soil, potential enzyme activities of β‐glucosidase were reduced by 23% and acid phosphatase by 25%, and increased by 300% for β‐cellobiohydrolase at 10–20 cm depth compared to the surface‐layer. The actively growing microbial biomass increased by the 17‐fold in rooted soil in the 10–20 cm layer compared to the upper 10 cm. Despite the specific microbial growth rates showing no changes in the presence of roots, these rates decreased by 42% at 10–20 cm depth compared to the surface‐layer. This suggests the dominance in abundances of highly active but slower growing microbes with depth, reflecting also their slower turnover. Shifts in microbial growth strategy, upregulation of enzyme production and increased microbial respiration indicate strong root effects in maize planted soil.     

Maßstabsabhängige räumliche Variabilität mikrobieller Bodenkenngrößen in einem Buchenwald

Scale-dependent spatial variability of microbiological characteristics in soil of a beech forest The spatial variability of the microbial biomass content (C_mic), the microbial respiration rate (basal respiration) and the metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was analyzed in sandy Cambisols and Luvisols in a beech forest in Northern Germany. Highest variability of microbiological features and, thus, the distance of independent samples was around 10 m that is discussed with reference to spatial hierarchy. Structural changes between the 10 m and 50 m grid were suggested for the Ah horizon due to the break of correlations of C_mic content and the contents of C_org and plant-available Ca, Mg, K and N_t. The C_mic content correlated with the C_org content close to tree trunks and ecotones like borders of the forest and clearings. The qCO₂ did not generally increase with declining pH value. High H⁺ concentrations and C_org content in the litter layer near to the tree trunk indicated retarded microbial mineralization rates. High proportion of microorganisms that are resistant to low pH value and adjusted ro readily-degradable substrates seems to dominate in the soil close to the tree.     

土壤微生物对不同粒径、不同表面和孔隙性质生物炭的响应

Biochars are known for their heterogeneity, especially in pore and surface structure associated with pyrolysis processes and sources of feedstocks. The surface area of biochar is likely to be an important determinant of the extent of soil microbial attachment, whereas the porous structure of biochar is expected to provide protection for soil microorganisms. Potential interactions between biochars from different sources and with different particle sizes were investigated in relation to soil microbial properties in a short-term incubation study. Three particle size(sieved) fractions(0.5–1.0, 1.0–2.0 and 2.0–4.0 mm) from three woody biochars produced from jarrah wood,jarrah and wandoo wood and Australian wattle branches, respectively, were incubated in soil at 25?C for 56 d. Observation by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and characterisation of pore and surface area showed that all three woody biochars provided potential habitats for soil microorganisms due to their high porosity and surface areas. The biochars were structurally heterogeneous,varying in porosity and surface structure both within and between the biochar sources. After the 56-d incubation, hyphal colonisation was observed on biochar surfaces and in larger biochar pores. Soil clumping occurred on biochar particles, cementing and covering exposed biochar pores. This may have altered surface area and pore availability for microbial colonisation. Transient changes in soil microbial biomass, without a consistent trend, were observed among biochars during the 56-d incubation.     

不同配方施肥对长期缺施钾肥的红壤性水稻土微生物特性的影响

为了验证平衡施肥对长期缺施钾肥的南方红壤性水稻土的修复效果,通过2年盆栽试验,以五种不同施肥处理（NPK、NPKSi、NPKOM、NPhK、NPhKOM）,研究了长期缺施钾肥的水稻土的微生物特性,结果发现,在对照（NPK）基础上增施硅肥（NPKSi）、钾肥（NPhK）能促进细菌和放线菌数量的增长,提高微生物活度,加速微生物量N、P的转化,同时也能提高微生物量C。相反,在淹水条件下配施有机肥（NPKOM）,由于降低了水稻根际环境的氧化还原电位,使根际微生物生长萎缩,微生物活度、微生物量C无显著提高;虽然土壤微生物量N、P随之增加,但有机N的矿化减弱,植株可吸收的有效态养分减少。增施钾肥的同时配施有机肥（NPhKOM）具有增施钾肥的优点,即可提高微生物活度、提高微生物量C,加速有机N、P的矿化,但同时也会减少微生物数量。因此在缺钾水稻土的修复实践中,常规施肥的基础上对水稻增施硅肥、钾肥应是有效举措,而配施有机肥则须谨慎:有机肥或须适量酌施,或须结合增施钾（硅）肥。