水稻巯基蛋白酶抑制剂基因(OCI )转化甘薯获得转基因植株

用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法将水稻巯基蛋白酶抑制剂基因(OCI)导入甘薯（Ipomoea batatas)品种栗子香，获得了转基因植株。所用菌株为根癌农杆菌LBA4404，其携带的pBinh质粒上含有新霉素磷酸转移酶Ⅱ(NPT Ⅱ)基因和OCI基因。将继代培养3d后的栗子香胚性悬浮细胞与LBA4404(OD600nm=0．5)共培养4d。将共培养后的胚性悬浮细胞首先在含有2mg／L2，4-D和300mg／L Carb(carbencillin)、但不含有Kan（kanamycin)的MS液体培养基中培养5d，然后在含有2mg／L2，4-D、50mg／L Kan和300mg／L Carb的MS液体培养基中进行选择培养。选择培养4周后，将直径约1mm的抗Kan细胞团转移到添加2mg／L2，A-D、50mg／L Kan和300mg／L Carb的MS固体培养基上，共转移200个细胞团，诱导得到了8个胚性愈伤组织。将这些抗Kan胚性愈伤组织转移到添加1mg／L ABA、50mg／L Kan和100mg／LCarb的MS固体培养基上，通过体细胞胚胎发生途径获得了13株再生植株。PCR和PCR-Southern检测结果表明，获得的13株再生植株中7株是转基因植株。     

根癌农杆菌介导的转录因子DREB1A基因在地被菊花中的遗传转化

以地被菊花（Dendranthema grandiflomm cv．White Snow）无菌苗叶片为外植体，在附加不同浓度植物生长调节剂的MS基础培养基上诱导培养，通过器官直接发生途径获得再生植株。结果表明，2．0mg/L 6-BA和0．2mg/L NAA组合可获得93．8％的再生芽。将含拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）逆境诱导转录因子DREB1A基因的植物表达载体pBI-DREB1A导入根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）LBA4404，农杆菌介导法遗传转化地被菊花White Snow叶盘，经PCR和PCR—Southem检测，DREB1A基因已整合到转化植株的基因组中。遗传转化过程中，预培养2d后，将OD600=0．5～0．7的根癌农杆菌稀释30倍后侵染叶盘10min，再共培养2d，有利于获得最高遗传转化效率。     

草莓主栽品种Tudla遗传转化体系的建立

本研究建立起农杆菌介导的草莓主栽品种Ｔｕｄｌａ的转化体系,获得了转化植株,试管苗叶片与携双元载体ｐＭＯＧ４１０的农杆菌菌株ＥＨＡ１０５共培养３天,共培养后叶片在附加止那霉素４０ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１的再生培养基（ＭＳ＋ＴＤＺ２．０ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１＋ＩＢＡ０．１ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１）上选择培养４周后,外植株再生出明显可见的转化芽,转化芽再生频率达４．５％,转化芽在附加卡那霉素２５ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１草莓继代培养基上分化成     

农杆菌介导的洋桔梗遗传转化体系的建立

以洋桔梗叶片为外植体,建立了植株再生体系,并在此基础上,用根癌农杆菌介导法,研究了影响洋桔梗转化的若干因素。结果表明,诱导最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0mg/L+NAA 0.15mg/L,不定芽诱导率达74.5%;不定芽生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA 0.5 mg/L,生根率达90%。不定芽分化阶段和生根阶段的Km筛选浓度分别为45mg/L和15mg/L;根癌农杆菌菌液浓度OD600值为0.6,侵染时间10min,共培养时间3d,有利于抗性芽的产生。Km筛选得到的抗性植株经过PCR和Southern检测表明,八氢番茄红素合成酶基因(PSY)已经整合到洋桔梗基因组中。     

根癌农杆菌介导的向日葵遗传转化体系的建立

采用携带gus和hpt基因双元表达载体pCAMBIA1301的根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）EHA105对向日葵（Helianthus annuus）品种新葵杂6号的茎尖分生组织进行遗传转化,以共培养后7 d外植体的gus基因纯合表达频率为指标测定转化率.结果表明,潮霉素适宜的筛选浓度为10mg/L,根癌农杆菌侵染浓度OD600=0.8,果胶酶（0.05%）与纤维素酶（0.1%）共同消化外植体30 min,共培养温度24℃,共培养培养基中添加乙酰丁香酮（ACS）100μmol/L,向日葵茎尖gus基因纯合表达率高达32.8%.对抗性苗进行PCR和Southern blot检测,初步证明T-DNA上的hpt基因已整合向日葵的基因组中.     

根癌家杆菌介导的玉米遗传转化体系的建立

用根癌农杆菌菌株LBA4404（pTOK233)转化多种基因型的玉米幼胚。幼胚与农杆菌共培养3d后，检测到了GUS基因的瞬时表达。利用GUS基因的瞬时表达对农杆菌转化玉米的条件进行了优化，共培养后的幼不经含潮霉素的培养基筛选培养两个月后，获得了多种基因型的抗性愈伤组织。其中综3自交系的抗性愈伤组织分化出植株，P9－10、综3自交系R0结实得到后代。Southern杂交分析证实了霉素基因在玉米自交系P9－10基因组中的整合，建立了农杆菌介导的玉米遗传转化体系。     

农杆菌介导的木薯转基因研究初报

将米曲霉植酸酶基因phyA克隆于植物表达载体pB1121的CaMV35S启动子（P35s）下游,构建了含有P35s—phyA-TNOS表达盒的重组质粒pBI-phyA,并用电脉冲法将其导人大肠杆菌中。通过三亲接合将pBI—phyA质粒由大肠杆菌导入根癌农杆菌LBA4404菌株,获得带有phvA基因的根癌农杆菌工程菌株LBA4404／pBI-phyA。用LBA4404／pBI—phyA转化木薯外植体652个,在含100mg／L卡那霉素和250mg／L氨苄青霉素的MS分化培养基上诱导分化芽,获得24株抗卡那霉素转化苗。以转化苗和未转化植株的总DNA为模板,用phyA基因的同源序列为引物,进行聚合酶链式反应（PCR）,结果表明9株转化苗的PCR结果为阳性,初步证明目的基因phvA已经转入木薯中。     

阔叶猕猴桃抗生素敏感性及遗传转化的研究

以阔叶猕猴桃(Actinidia latifolia)叶片为外植体,研究了各种抗生素对形态分化和器官形成的影响,并以叶盘为受体,通过根癌农杆菌介导法获得了抗性愈伤组织和抗性芽,组织化学染色表明gus基因已在植物组织中表达。研究结果表明,对不定芽分化来说,头孢霉素(Cef)效果明显好于羧苄青霉素(Carb)。Cef浓度为300mg.L-1时效果最好,再生频率达100%,平均再生芽数达最大为9.76个芽/外植体。生根过程中高浓度的Cef(≥200mg.L-1)明显抑制生根,而Carb对生根没有显著影响。在卡那霉素(Kan)和Carb组合处理中,Carb对生根没有显著影响,但Kan明显抑制生根。随着Kan浓度的升高,生根率和平均根数迅速减少,当浓度升高到50mg.L-1时,生根完全被抑制。因此,农杆菌介导的阔叶猕猴桃遗传转化中愈伤组织和不定芽诱导过程宜选用300mg.L-1Cef来抑制农杆菌生长,Kan筛选的临界浓度为20mg.L-1。在抗性芽生根过程中Kan浓度应该控制在50mg.L-1以内,并改用Carb作为杀菌剂,生根效果会更好。该研究确定了农杆菌介导的阔叶猕猴桃叶片遗传转化中使用抗生素的种类和用量,为通过基因工程对阔叶猕猴桃进行遗传改良奠定了基础。     

狗蔷薇类原球茎遗传转化体系的建立

在本实验室建立的狗蔷薇（Rosacanina）类原球茎（PLB）再生途径基础上,以类原球茎为转化受体,采用根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens,GV3101菌株）介导法,通过评价类原球茎GUS基因瞬时表达率,采用正交试验设计优化狗蔷薇遗传转化条件,建立遗传转化体系。最佳转化条件为：用OD600值为0．6的农杆菌菌液侵染狗蔷薇类原球茎30min,然后在含有100μmol／L乙酰丁香酮的MS培养基上共培养2d,利用此优化的转化系统,经组织化学染色及PCR检测获得了转GUS基因阳性植株。     

棉花农杆菌基因转化体系的优化和抗黄萎病转基因植株的获得

为了优化根癌农杆菌介导的棉花下胚轴切段的基因转化体系,以苜蓿抗菌肽基因（alflafa antifungul peptide gene, alfAFP）为目标,利用GUS报告基因和潮霉素抗性基因的检测方法,分析和探讨了根癌农杆菌菌种、菌液浓度、浸染下胚轴的时间、共培养中乙酰丁香酮（AS）的浓度、共培养温度和时间等因子对基因转化的影响。优化分析表明,用农杆菌菌株LBA4404当OD600值为0.5-0.7的菌液浸染5-7日龄的棉花无菌苗下胚轴切段10-15分钟,在含200µmol/L AS的共培养基中21℃暗培养60h可更有效地提高转化率。经上述条件处理的下胚轴在含50mg/L潮霉素的愈伤诱导培养基上培养3周可产生转化率最高的愈伤。愈伤组织经分化培养获得15株再生棉花,经过PCR和southern-PCR分析,发现其中12株含有外源抗病基因alfAFP,可作为棉花抗病育种的种质。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.