江苏省不同麦区小麦品种（系）对赤霉病的抗性及籽粒DON积累分析

为拓宽小麦抗赤霉病育种资源库,收集江苏省淮南和淮北麦区共69份小麦品种（系）,在大田自然发病条件下调查赤霉病的发病情况,同时测定籽粒中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）毒素;并利用抗赤霉病基因Fhb1、Fhb2和Fhb5的功能标记或连锁标记对供试小麦品种（系）进行检测。结果表明,淮北麦区小麦品种（系）的赤霉病发病程度明显高于淮南麦区品种（系）;不同小麦品种（系）籽粒中DON毒素含量与病情指数、病穗率均呈极显著正相关;携带单个或多个抗性基因的小麦品种（系）的病情指数和籽粒DON含量大都有所降低,其中扬大617可能同时携带3个抗性基因（Fhb1+Fhb2+Fhb5）,其病穗率、病情指数及籽粒中DON含量均较低,可作为新的赤霉病抗源加以利用。     

江苏省主推及新育成小麦品种抗赤霉病评价及毒素积累分析

为明确江苏省小麦主推和新育成品种对赤霉病的抗性水平,2018年至2020年采用单花滴注接种和自然发病方法,对280个江苏省小麦品种进行赤霉病抗性鉴定,并对部分自然发病鉴定品种进行了籽粒DON毒素积累分析。结果表明,85个品种对赤霉病达到中抗及以上水平,其中淮南品种60个,淮北品种25个。经连续3年重复鉴定,筛选出18个抗性水平高且稳定的小麦品种,包括16个淮南品种和2个淮北品种。自然发病条件下,病穗率在10%以上的品种中,90%以上表现为中感及感病。不同小麦品种籽粒中DON毒素积累水平差异较大,毒素水平与小麦品种的病情指数呈正相关。综上所述,淮南较淮北品种的赤霉病抗性高,籽粒DON积累量低;人工接种鉴定可以较准确地反映小麦品种的赤霉病抗性;不同小麦品种发病严重程度与DON毒素积累量呈显著正相关。     

基于UPLC同时测定三种小麦赤霉病毒素方法的构建与应用

为测定小麦籽粒中因赤霉病产生的毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(nivalenol, NIV)和玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN),本研究构建了一种多功能净化柱-超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(multifunctional column-ultra performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, MFC-UPLC-DAD)方法,可同时测定上述三种毒素,对该方法与多功能净化柱-高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(multifunctional column-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, MFC-HPLC-DAD)法测定9个小麦品种中上述3种毒素含量的结果进行比较;并用MFC-UPLC-DAD法检测了129份小麦品种(系)的毒素含量。结果显示,MFC-UPLC-DAD法检测三种毒素在检测范围内(0.01～10.00μg·mL^-1)标准曲线的相关系数均大于...     

赤霉病对陕西省主栽小麦品种品质的影响

为了解赤霉病对小麦脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)毒素水平和品质指标的影响,通过喷雾及单小花滴注接种,田间弥雾保湿,对10个陕西省主栽小麦品种进行了赤霉病抗性鉴定,并对其DON毒素水平和品质相关指标进行了测定。结果表明,病情指数与千粒重呈显著负相关。喷雾接种条件下,对赤霉病表现中抗、中感的品种分别有1个、5个,其千粒重分别下降了2.84%和1.49%~8.20%;病情指数与籽粒、颖壳中的DON毒素含量呈极显著正相关,中抗品种西农511的籽粒、颖壳、穗轴中的DON毒素含量分别为14.63、24.33和56.15 mg·kg^-1,5个中感品种的籽粒、颖壳、穗轴中的DON毒素含量平均值分别为21.67、45.35、62.81 mg·kg^-1。单小花滴注接种条件下,筛选出中抗品种3个,中感品种2个,千粒重分别下降了1.38%~12.25%和2.66%~9.51%;平均严重度与籽粒、颖壳、穗轴中的DON毒素含量呈极显著正相关;3个中抗品种籽粒、颖壳、穗轴中的DON毒素含量平均分别为15.50、32.44和14.59 mg·kg^-1,2个中感品种籽粒、颖壳、穗轴中的DON毒素含量平均分别为19.98、33.80和16.41 mg·kg^-1。除苏麦3号外,喷雾接种下麦穗组织中的DON含量高于单小花滴注接种。喷雾接种条件下,病情指数与容重呈显著负相关,与蛋白质(干基)含量呈显著正相关,千粒重与容重呈极显著正相关,与蛋白质(干基)含量、稳定时间呈显著负相关,与沉降值极呈显著负相关。单小花滴注接种条件下,平均严重度、千粒重与品质指标无显著相关性,但赤霉病导致容重、蛋白质(干基)含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、稳定时间、延展性和拉伸面积7项指标不同程度的下降。GGE双标图分析表明,7项指标中除容重外,其余指标关系密切。西农3517、西农899和西农511的综合品质表现较优。     

不同杀菌剂对小麦真菌毒素污染防控及农药残留风险评估分析

为了解不同杀菌剂及施药次数对小麦赤霉病所造成的真菌毒素防控效果及所用杀菌剂带来的潜在安全问题,对信阳、襄阳两地区小麦主栽品种连续两年分别喷施不同种类、不同次数的杀菌剂,通过LC-MS/MS测定小麦中真菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)及各杀菌剂残留量,分析不同杀菌剂对小麦中DON累积量的影响,并对小麦籽粒中杀菌剂的残留量进行风险评估。结果表明,4种杀菌剂(50%多菌灵WP、25%氰烯菌酯SC、25%咪鲜胺EC、70%甲基托布津WP)均能不同程度降低小麦中DON含量。随着施药次数的增加小麦中DON含量呈下降趋势(除多菌灵外)。喷施50%多菌灵1次小麦籽粒中DON含量明显增加,较对照增加7%(信阳)、18%(襄阳),当喷施次数增加至2、3、4次,籽粒中DON累积量分别降至对照的55%～65%、24%～39%及20%～27%。25%咪鲜胺EC喷施3次后籽粒中DON含量较对照显著降低(P0.05),继续增加喷施次数,DON含量并未显著降低。25%氰烯菌酯SC对DON防控效果最佳,喷施1、2、3、4次小麦籽粒中DON毒素降至对照的42%～58%、29%～49%、12%～21%及6%～10%。喷施70%甲基托布津WP对籽粒中DON的影响与25%氰烯菌酯SC效果相差不大,喷施4次可使DON降至6%～12%。4种杀菌剂在小麦籽粒中的残留量均随施药次数的增加而增加。其中多菌灵的残留量最大,当施药4次后,信阳、襄阳两地小麦中多菌灵残留量分别为502.54μg·kg~(-1)、547.38μg·kg~(-1),均超过国家粮食安全限量水平,而其余三种农药残留量较低,均在安全限量范围内。研究结果还发现,小麦籽粒中的杀菌剂残留量与毒素DON的累积水平呈现一定程度的负相关性,施药次数与其残留量成正相关关系。因而,长江流域及江淮地区等小麦赤霉病易流行地区,建议于小麦扬花期及时喷施2～3次防控效果良好的杀菌剂,既能达到防控真菌毒素污染又可避免杀菌剂残留过高带来的安全隐患,以保证小麦安全生产。     

不同杀菌剂及其复配制剂在小麦赤霉病及呕吐毒素防治中的作用

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol, DON）,又名呕吐毒素,是由引起小麦赤霉病的镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）产生的一种单端孢霉烯族毒素。为研究不同杀菌剂及其复配制剂对小麦赤霉病及DON的防治效果,分别使用单药剂及其复配制剂进行田间药剂试验,并使用液相色谱串联质谱检测麦粒中DON的含量。2014年在江苏姜堰、建湖和六合3地进行的单药剂试验结果显示,25%丙硫菌唑悬浮剂（SC）、25%氰烯菌酯SC、30%戊唑醇SC和25%多菌灵可湿性粉剂（WP）对赤霉病和DON均有防效,20%嘧菌酯可分散粒剂（WG）的赤霉病防效较差,对DON无防效。25%丙硫菌唑SC较其他4种药剂具有更好的防效,并且在3个试验点效果稳定。2015年在江苏姜堰进行的单药剂及其复配制剂药效试验结果显示,75%百菌清·戊唑醇WP、25%丙硫菌唑SC、25%氰烯菌酯SC和48%氰烯菌酯·戊唑醇SC 4种药剂的赤霉病和DON防效较好,防治后的小麦DON含量均小于1 000 μg·kg^-1,符合国家限量标准,与其他药剂差异显著（P<0.05）,DON防效均大于70%,分别为76.3%、75.6%、73.6%和72.2%。病情指数、病穗率与DON含量之间的相关性分析结果表明,病情指数与DON含量之间存在显著的正相关（r=0.628,P=0.022）,病穗率与DON含量之间无显著相关性（r=0.400,P=0.176）。     

小麦赤霉菌毒素合成机制及检测技术研究进展

赤霉病的发生不仅会导致小麦严重减产,其病原菌产生的DON、NIV等毒素也会污染小麦籽粒,对人畜健康造成严重威胁,因此研发小麦赤霉病及赤霉菌毒素的监测与防控技术是小麦生产与消费领域的核心议题。本文从细胞、遗传、生化等角度全面综述了小麦赤霉菌毒素合成、转运和调控的分子机制,介绍了目前主流的赤霉菌毒素检测技术,并对各种方法的优缺点进行了系统比较。以上研究进展可启发赤霉菌毒素监测防控新技术的出现,有利于保障粮食供给和食品安全。     

利用Affymetrix芯片分析DON诱导抗赤霉病小麦品种望水白的基因表达谱

中国小麦地方品种望水白不但高抗赤霉病,而且其籽粒中DON(脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,被认为是赤霉病的致病因子)含量也低.为了研究望水白低DON含量的分子机制,利用Affymetrix小麦基因芯片对望水白受DON诱导调控的基因进行高通量的检测,以DON诱导后12 h和24 h混合样品作为处理组,水处理做为对照.总共检测到差异表达的基因1 114个,其中上调表达的基因有949个,下调基因165个.在上调表达基因中,推断有功能的基因涉及转录因子、信号蛋白、着丝粒蛋白以及与病程相关的基因,如:腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白,谷胱甘酞转移酶、细胞色素P450酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、葡萄糖基转移酶以及抗病蛋白等.对上调表达中的部分基因进行RT-PCR分析,证实它们都受DON诱导上调表达,与芯片检测结果吻合.     

维生素E对小麦赤霉病菌呕吐毒素积累的调控效应

赤霉病主要由禾谷镰刀菌引起,该菌侵染小麦后会在籽粒中积累脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）等毒素,造成小麦细胞的氧化损伤,并损害人畜健康。为了揭示抗氧化剂维生素E对DON积累的影响,在活体条件下,通过双花滴注法在小麦扬花期同时接种维生素E溶液和禾谷镰刀菌菌液,测定病小穗率,并在小麦成熟期利用LC-MS测定籽粒中的DON含量;离体条件下,在PDA和TBI培养基中分别添加维生素E,测定培养基中禾谷镰刀菌菌丝的生长速率、DON含量和DON合成关键基因 Tri5的表达量。结果表明,活体条件下,维生素E负调控DON的积累,但不能阻止病原菌在穗部扩展;离体条件下,与对照相比,添加维生素E对禾谷镰刀菌的生长、产毒及 Tri5基因的表达均无显著影响。活体条件下,维生素E负调控毒素,可能是通过调控寄主小麦中相关基因的表达而间接调控禾谷镰刀菌产毒相关基因的表达,该结果可为维生素E在小麦DON防控方面的利用提供参考。     

禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素在小麦抗赤霉病性鉴定中的应用

为给小麦抗赤霉病性鉴定提供理论依据,用禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素（简称＂粗霉素＂）处理抗性不同的小麦品种（系）,研究了小麦幼苗对粗毒素的敏感性。结果表明,粗毒素对幼苗根长有明显的抑制作用,不同抗性品种（系）间差异较大,感病品种（系）均表现为抑制作用,抗病品种（系）表现一定的促进作用;抗病品种（系）叶片中过氧化氢酶活性增强,丙二醛含量下降,叶绿素含量增加。因此,测定粗毒素对小麦胚根的抑制作用,可以简便、直观地鉴别小麦的抗赤霉病性。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).