Cantilever experimental setup for rheological parameter identification in relation to wood drying

Wood exhibits a pronounced time dependent deformation behavior which is usually split into ‘viscoelastic’ creep at constant moisture content (MC) and ‘mechano-sorptive’ creep in varying MC conditions. Experimental determination of model rheological parameters on a material level remains a serious challenge, and diversity of experimental methods makes published results difficult to compare. In this study, a cantilever experimental setup is proposed for creep tests because of its close analogy with the mechanical behavior of wood during drying. Creep measurements were conducted at different load levels (LL) under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. Radial specimens of white spruce wood [Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss.] with dimensions of 110 mm in length (R), 25 mm in width (T), and 7 mm in thickness (L) were used. The influence of LL and MC on creep behavior of wood was exhibited. In constant MC conditions, no significant difference was observed between creep of tensile and compressive faces of wood cantilever. For load not greater than 50% of the ultimate load, the material exhibited a linear viscoelastic creep behavior at the three equilibrium moisture contents considered in the study. The mechano-sorptive creep after the first sorption phase was several times greater than creep at constant moisture conditions. Experimental data were fitted with numerical simulation of the global rheological model developed by authors for rheological parameter identification.     

The variable parameter rheological model of wood

How to establish the rheological model to simulate creep behavior of wood and wood-based composites under change-load has not been solved in research of wood rheology. This paper presents a new model—variable parameter rheological model. The bending creep behavior of small clear poplar specimens under different constant load levels were examined. The load levels within 50% of rupture load of the specimens, and the experimental creep behavior were simulated by the variable parameter Maxwell model. The results show that using only one model of variable parameters may simulate the creep behavior of wood under different constant load levels very well. Applying the generalized Boltzmanns superposition principle, the variable parameter rheological model can be used to simulate the creep behavior of wood under change-loads conveniently and accurately.     

Microspectroscopy as applied to the study of wood molecular structure

Microspectroscopy gives access to spatially resolved information on the molecular structure and chemical composition of a material. For a highly heterogeneous and anisotropic material like wood, such information is essential when assessing structure/property relationships such as moisture-induced dimensional changes, decay resistance or mechanical properties. It is, however, important to choose the right technique for the purpose at hand and to apply it in a suitable way if any new insights are to be gained. This review presents and compares three different microspectroscopic techniques: infrared, Raman and ultraviolet. Issues such as sample preparation, spatial resolution, data acquisition and extraction of knowledge from the spectral data are discussed. Additionally, an overview of applications in wood science is given for each method. Lastly, current trends and challenges within microspectroscopy of wood are discussed.     

An analytic model for air drying of impermeable wood

An analytic model for the process of air drying of boards of impermeable wood was developed in the light of some new experimental results. The work includes a new and informative way of plotting the data, a formula for the drying time and a derivation for the diffusion coefficient function within the wood. It was found necessary to take into account the aspect ratio of the board, and that the correction term for evaporative cooling was also significant. The notion of impermeability implies that there is no movement of cell lumen water under the influence of capillary pressure. Received 2 January 1998     

Diffusion and the drying of wood

Summary Fick's laws, stating that diffusion rate is proportional to the concentration gradient, have traditionally been used to describe the drying of wood. The author contends that they have been used inappropriately, since according to Fick's laws the rate varies as the concentration gradient of diffusing molecules, whereas many wood scientists use the concentration gradient of non-diffusing molecules —the bound water. When the temperature-dependent component of the diffusion coefficient is combined with the concentration gradient of diffusing molecules, the resulting driving force is proportional to the vapour pressure, and the diffusion coefficient is independent of temperature.     

Deformation kinetics based rheological model for the time-dependent and moisture induced deformation of wood

Summary A new general rheological model for the calculation of the creep of wood is presented. The flow equation derived in the theory of molecular deformation kinetics is adjusted to account for creep flow, moisture content change induced swelling/shrinkage and their combined effect by making an assumption that both of these processes activate the same bond breaking and reforming process. The rheological model is built by making the dashpots in a generalised Maxwell material model to obey the adjusted flow equation and by placing an additional swelling/shrinkage component to each parallel Maxwell element. Two calculated examples of the performance of the model with comparisons to experiment results are given. It seems that an explanation for the mechano-sorptive effect can be found at the coupling of the creep deformation process and moisture swelling/shrinkage and the non-linearity of the phenomena.This work has been financed by the Academy of Finland and VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland)     

木材干燥产生缺陷的预防措施及补救方法

缺陷对木材的加工及使用影响很大 ,本文对木材干燥产生的缺陷及产生的原因进行了探讨 ,提出干燥引起缺陷的预防措施。     

A microwave applicator for on line wood drying: Temperature and moisture distribution in wood

Summary An especially designed open microwave applicator was analysed using wood as the material to be heated and dried. The idea was to develop an on line microwave construction consisting of several small open applicators, each fed by a small standard magnetron (for example 1.4 kW main power). The process was analysed by measuring the wood temperature during heating using an IR-camera and detecting the moisture distribution during drying by CT-scanning. Pine and birch wood samples were used in the experiments, mainly 40 mm in thickness. The experiments show that the power distribution differs between dry wood and moist wood. The analysis of the temperature fields captured by the IR-camera during the first minutes allows a rather accurate determination of the MW power. Consequently, the drying proceeds unevenly in the wood specimens, especially in the longitudinal direction. The dimensions of the applicator and its relation to the wood dimension are very important. However, the wood was not destroyed, the temperature and moisture gradients did not affect the wood in terms of checks or deformations. The drying rate in different positions of the specimen varied between 0.30 and 0.80 percentage moisture content/min. The uneven energy, meaning temperature and field distribution, is to be compensated in the future by a moving wood load and by alternating the position of each applicator in a larger scale microwave pilot plant. Received 25 February 1997     

熏烟木材干燥窑的技术改造

熏烟木材干燥窑通过技术改造,干燥后的板材含水率均匀,应力小,周期短,干燥质量完全达到GB6491-1999《锯材干燥质量》标准。     

现代热泵木材干燥技术的发展

论述了现有热泵木材干燥技术的发展，现代热泵木材干燥技术吸收了常规木材干燥技术的某些优点，具有木材干燥周期越来越短、被干燥木材质量和节能效果明显等特点。     

Stress-strain state of wood at kiln drying

Summary A model has been suggested which allows the calculation of stresses arising in kiln drying and humidification of wood, as well as the total residual strain, i.e. set strain _s, consisting of purely residual strain _r and the so-called frozen strain _f. Frozen strains arise under the operating influence of loading when the stiffness is increased because of a decrease in moisture content (or temperature) of the wood. The process of formation of set strains _s has been shown to depend on the history of loading, variations of the moisture content of the wood, as well as cooling of the section before the measurement of _s. The possibility of using set strain as a parameter of the state of stress of wood in kiln drying has been noted.Presented at the VIII. International Symposium on Fundamental Research of Wood. Warsaw, Poland, October 1990     

CLASSIFICATION AND COMPARISON OF WOOD DRYING MODELS

The Various models established by many scholar in the near years areclassified and compared between them.     

以加工剩余物作能源的端风机型木材干燥窑

阐述了以加工剩余物作能源的端风机型木材干燥窑供热装置的结构及工作原理。经3年多使用证明：该种结构干燥窑结构简单，投资省，热效率高，干燥质量好，干燥成本仅为常规蒸汽干燥窑的1/3。     

非接触式无损检测木材干燥应力的方法

木材干燥应力是干燥过程中产生干燥缺陷的主要因素。文章根据数字散斑相关方法(DSCM)检测应力的原理设计出了一种非接触式无损检测木材干燥过程中应力的方法,用木材干燥表面测点位移的变化速率即应变速率来表示木材干燥过程中的应力状态,初步提出了建立木材干燥应力评价体系的设想。研究结果表明:木材表面测点位移变化量与时间存在着对数关系,与含水率变化量则呈线性关系。     

Causes of color changes in wood during drying

The forest industry operates in a dynamic and global market where change and competition are the rule rather than the     

Dynamic viscoelastic behavior of wood under drying conditions

In this study heartwood from a Chinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook] plantation was treated using a high-temperature drying (HTD) method at 115°C, a low-temperature drying (LTD) method at 65°C, and freeze vacuum drying (FVD), respectively. The dynamic viscoelastic properties of dried wood specimens were investigated. The measurements were carried out at a temperature range of −120 to 250°C at four different frequencies (1, 2, 5, and 10 Hz) using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). We have drawn the following conclusions: 1) the storage modulus E′ and loss modulus E″ are the highest for HTD wood and the lowest for FVD wood; 2) three relaxation processes were detected in HTD and LTD wood, attributed to the micro-Brownian motion of cell wall polymers in the non-crystalline region, the oscillations of the torso of cell wall polymers, and the motions of the methyl groups of cell wall polymers in the non-crystalline region in a decreasing order of temperatures at which they occurred; and 3) in FVD wood, four relaxation processes were observed. A newly added relaxation is attributed to the micro-Brownian motions of lignin molecules. This study suggests that both the HTD and the LTD methods restrict the micro-Brownian motion of lignin molecules somewhat by the cross-linking of chains due to their heating history. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2008, 30(3): 96–100 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

Modeling of cell wall drying stresses in wood

All applications of wood involve drying the material from the green state. The cell wall may be viewed as a laminate consisting of different layers. The layers have different orientations and therefore different moisture expansion characteristics. As a result, stresses will develop in the layers due to drying. Micromechanical models for fibre composite materials were used in combination with a laminate analogy in order to calculate these drying stresses in the cell wall layers S1, S2 and S3. Resulting stresses were very high. In reality viscoelastic effects will significantly reduce stresses at high moisture content. However, at lower moisture content irreversible cell wall damage is likely to form as a result of the stresses computed by the model. Received 20 October 1998     

A rheological model for mechano-sorptive deflections of beams

Summary Most of the increase in deflection with time that occurs during the drying of initially green beams under load is known to be due more to the change in moisture content (a mechanosorptive phenomenon) than to the passage of time. A first approximation rheological model for this deflection is presented. The validity of the model was assessed by tests on small messmate stringybark (Eucalyptus obliqua) beams. It was found that during the initial drying about 85% of the total deformation was attributable to the proposed first approximation rheological model.The rheological terminology used in this paper (see Fig. 6) was agreed on by scientists of the Division of Forest Products, CSIRO, working in the area of wood rheology.