奶牛子宫角和卵巢子宫静脉插管方法的研究

对12头奶牛进行卵巢子宫静脉和子宫角插管手术方法探讨,包括保定方式、麻醉方法、插管选择、插管要领和护理方法等。观察插管前后奶牛体温、呼吸、脉搏变化以及外周血和卵巢子宫静脉血白细胞总数的变化,评价插管手术对奶牛的影响。结果表明,运用该手术方法进行插管,术后奶牛体温、脉搏和白细胞总数出现一过性升高,呼吸仅在术后24 h出现显著性变化,之后恢复正常。12头奶牛插管,有1头发生阻塞,1头插管脱落,其余均可从血管采集到血液样本。该外科技术为子宫局部的生理和病理研究提供技术保障。     

夏养奶牛巧管理

奶牛是怕热不怕冷的动物,在高温环境中,牛体散热困难,使体温上升,牛体物资代谢发生障碍,使奶牛产奶量急剧下降,温度过高,产奶量减少,经济损失比较大.为减缓热应激对奶牛的有害影响,必须采取防暑降温的有效措施,以保证奶牛正常产奶和安全度夏.     

高温对奶牛产奶量的影响及应对措施

奶牛起源于欧洲牛种,体型较大,单位体重的散热面积小,被毛和体组织的保温性好,饲料消耗和利用过程中产生大量的热,产奶过程中产热量也较多,且汗腺不发达,皮肤蒸发散热少,具有耐寒怕热的体质结构,适应在较寒冷的地带饲养。在炎热季节,特别是在遭受热应激的情况下,奶牛的产奶量常会受到很大影响。1高温对奶牛产奶量的影响高温环境主要是通过热调节对奶牛产奶量产生影响。因为奶牛是恒温动物,其体内的各种产热或从体外得热,必须通过各种途径及时散发出去,才能维持体温的恒定。为了维持体温的恒定,在炎热的天气条件下,奶牛的代谢率(产热量)、心…     

奶牛热应激缓解方案——喷淋配合强制通风

正泌乳奶牛对热应激会有明显的反应,主要体现在产奶量下降及精神沉郁带来健康状况下降。体征表现为气喘和大量排汗,体温上升到39℃以上。奶牛需要将日粮营养消化代谢产生的体增热排出体外,会本能的减少采食量。另外,受体温升高影响,体内消化酶的活性下降和需要消耗更多能量用于应对热应激,奶牛饲料转化效率会下降10%~15%。炎热季节产奶量损失可能高达50%。同时受体温升高的影响,体内激素水平也会发生变     

腐蹄病对奶牛产奶量的影响

[目的]了解腐蹄病对奶牛的产奶量的影响。[方法]本文通过对15头患有腐蹄病的奶牛治疗前后产奶量的变化,分析其对产奶量的影响。[结果]结果发现,奶牛腐蹄病越严重,其患病奶牛的日平均产奶量越少,治疗后,不同程度的患病奶牛均所好转。[结论]腐蹄病对奶牛产奶量有不同程度的影响。     

复方中药与烟酸合用对热应激奶牛生产性能及部分生理指标的影响

为了研究复方中药与烟酸合用对热应激奶牛生产性能及部分生理指标的影响。选择年龄、体重、胎次及产奶量相近荷斯坦奶牛30头,分2个阶段试验。对热应激阶段的每头奶牛在基础日粮上添加复方中药500 g/d+烟酸50 g/d,连续用10 d。用常规的方法检测各个试验阶段奶牛的日均产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、呼吸频率、肛门体温等生产性能及部分生理指标。结果表明,复方中药与烟酸合用对热应激阶段奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率明显提高,降低热应激阶段奶牛呼吸频率与肛门体温,复方中药与烟酸合用能改善热应激奶牛的生产性能及部分的生理性能。     

奶牛蹄病与产奶量的关系

为了研究奶牛蹄病与其产奶量之间的关系,首先对宁夏某国营奶牛场15头不同程度蹄病患病奶牛15d内日平均产奶量进行统计,并以5头健康奶牛作为对照,比较分析了蹄病对奶牛产奶量的影响。之后对以上15头蹄病患病奶牛进行针对性治疗,治疗后,每隔5d测定其日平均产奶量,连续测6次,分析其产奶量的变化规律。结果发现,蹄病可引起奶牛产奶量下降,蹄病越严重,奶牛产奶量越少;经治疗后,不同程度的蹄病患病奶牛日平均产奶量均有所提高。     

规模奶牛场的安全产犊与产后护理

安全产犊可以确保奶牛奶牛的固定资产、经济效益、产奶量、奶牛健康、奶牛正常繁殖不受影响.奶牛在围产期间,经历了很大应激,生理上发生了很大变化,这是奶牛一胎中最关键的时期.奶牛成年后的主要疾病都发生在围产期,做好奶牛产后的护理与保健,不仅可以提高泌乳期产奶量,还可提高繁殖效率、降低各种产科疾病和代谢类疾病的发病率,减少淘汰率,提高牛场经济效益.     

高产奶牛的饲养管理技术

高产奶牛是指一个泌乳期的产奶量高于9 000 kg的奶牛,其心跳、呼吸等基础代谢指标以及采食量、饮水量、粪尿排泄量等均高于中低产奶牛。由于这种差异,牧场需要注重高产奶牛的饲养管理操作,以确保其较高的产奶量。本文从奶牛的采食、代谢、泌乳和体况方面分析高产奶牛的生理特点,分别从日粮结构、饮水需求、饲喂方式、预防瘤胃酸中毒、干奶期护理和牛舍清洁控温、牛体清洁、挤奶操作、免疫接种和适时配种等方面介绍高产奶牛的饲养管理技术,以期为高产奶牛的科学饲养管理提供借鉴。     

奶牛瘤胃和十二指肠瘘管安装手术及对其术后采食量和体重变化的影响

瘘管手术会引起牛消化功能的紊乱,手术后护理中,饲喂环节应结合限饲和逐步加量的原则,实现牛采食量的逐步恢复。作者通过对11头奶牛瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管安装手术、术后护理、采食和体重的恢复状况进行记录,为奶牛的瘘管手术和术后护理提供指导。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。