富硒乳酸菌对肉鸡生产性能和抗氧化功能的影响

为了研究富硒益生菌对肉鸡生产性能和血液抗氧化功能的影响,试验将100羽1日龄雄性AA肉仔鸡随机均分成对照组和试验组,对照组饲喂基础肉鸡日粮,试验组饲喂添加富硒乳酸菌的日粮(其剂量以硒计,硒浓度为0.3 mg/kg),试验期为30 d,在试验过程中记录肉鸡的生产性能,于试验的第10,20,30天采血并测定血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。结果表明:富硒乳酸菌组肉鸡末重和日增重均显著高于对照组(P0.05),而料肉比显著低于对照组(P0.05);富硒乳酸菌组肉鸡血清T-SOD和GSH-Px活性均极显著或显著高于对照组(P0.01或P0.05),而血清MDA含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01)。说明富硒乳酸菌能够明显促进肉鸡生长,提高料肉比,并可增强肉鸡抗氧化功能。     

甘草霜对肉仔鸡生长性能及抗氧化能力的影响

为了研究甘草霜对肉仔鸡生长性能、脏器指数及抗氧化能力的影响,选取90只1日龄的AA+健康肉仔鸡。肉鸡前7 d为预试期,肉鸡自由饮水、采食,从第8 d开始,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只鸡,3组分别饮用浓度为0、50 mg/l和100 mg/l甘草霜的水溶液,饲养32 d。研究结果表明:添加甘草霜对8~39日龄肉仔鸡的生长性能无显著影响(P0.05);添加50 mg/l甘草霜组的肉鸡肝脏指数显著高于0、100 mg/l组(P0.05);试验组的肺脏和肾脏指数都高于对照组,但差异不明显(P0.05),试验组与对照组的脾脏指数差异不明显;适量添加甘草霜可明显提高肉仔鸡血清中抗氧化能力,50 mg/l组的抗氧化能力显著高于0 mg/l和100 mg/l组(P0.05)。     

敌草快诱导的氧化应激对肉鸡生产性能、肝脏功能、免疫功能和抗氧化性能的影响

为了探讨不同浓度敌草快(Diquat)诱导的氧化应激对肉鸡生产性能、肝脏功能、免疫功能和抗氧化性能的影响,同时确定敌草快诱导氧化应激的最佳剂量和作用时间。本试验将64只16日龄健康AA肉鸡随机分为4个组：对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组,3个试验组分别腹腔注射10、15和20 mg/(kg·bw)敌草快溶液,对照组注射等剂量的无菌生理盐水,试验期21 d。结果显示,3个试验组肉鸡在试验期内均处于氧化应激状态,其中试验Ⅲ组肉鸡有死亡现象,试验Ⅱ组肉鸡采食量和体重下降,肝脏肿大,肝脏功能受损;试验第7天,与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组肉鸡血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著升高(P<0.05),肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)和血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量显著降低(P<0.05),肝脏组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著降低(P<0.05),血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)含量和SOD活性均显著降低(P<0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高(P<0.05);试验第21天,各项指标显示氧化损伤有所恢复。结果表明,可选取15 mg/(kg·bw)敌草快作为诱导肉鸡...     

高粱型饲粮中添加复合酶和益生菌对良凤花肉鸡生长性能、血清抗氧化指标及肠道结构的影响

本试验旨在研究高粱型饲粮中添加复合酶和益生菌对良凤花肉鸡生长性能、血清抗氧化指标及肠道结构的影响。试验选取1日龄体重相近的健康良凤花肉鸡公鸡900只,随机分为5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂高粱型饲粮(高粱组)、高粱型饲粮+复合酶(高粱+复合酶组)、高粱型饲粮+益生菌(高粱+益生菌组)和高粱型饲粮+复合酶+益生菌(高粱型+复合酶+益生菌组)。试验期56 d,分为试验前期(1~28日龄)和试验后期(29~56日龄)。试验结束后测定试验鸡生长性能、血清抗氧化指标和肠道形态。结果表明:1)试验前期,各试验组肉鸡平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)均显著低于对照组(P0.05);试验后期和试验全期(1~56日龄),除高粱+复合酶组外,其余各试验组肉鸡ADFI和平均日增重(ADG)均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,第28天高粱组肉鸡血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性显著降低(P0.05),其余各组之间无显著差异(P0.05);第56天各组之间肉鸡血清抗氧化指标均差异不显著(P0.05)。3)第28天,除高粱组外,其他各试验组肉鸡十二指肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)值均显著高于对照组(P0.05);第56天,各试验组肉鸡十二指肠、空肠、回肠的绒毛高度、隐窝深度及V/C值与对照组均无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,在饲粮中用高粱替代玉米,显著降低了良凤花肉鸡的生长性能,而在高粱型饲粮中添加复合酶能获得与对照组相当的生长性能,在高粱型饲粮中添加复合酶和益生菌对良凤花肉鸡的肠道形态结构和血清抗氧化指标均无不良影响。     

葛根素对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质、免疫器官指数及血清抗氧化指标的影响

为探讨葛根素在肉鸡上的应用效果,试验选取1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡480只,随机分为4组,即对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组,分别饲喂含0,0.4,0.8,1.6 g/kg葛根素、营养水平相同的全价饲料,试验为期42 d,在21,42日龄时测定生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质、血清抗氧化指标及免疫器官指数,分析不同水平葛根素对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质、免疫器官指数及血清抗氧化指标的影响。结果表明:不同水平葛根素对肉鸡平均体重(ABW)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)等生长性能指标均无显著影响(P0.05)。21日龄试验Ⅱ组腹脂率显著降低(P0.05);21日龄试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组和42日龄试验Ⅱ组腿肌滴水损失率显著降低(P0.05);葛根素对肉鸡的胸腺指数、法氏囊指数无显著影响(P0.05);试验Ⅱ组肉鸡血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于对照组(P0.05),42日龄试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。说明葛根素具有改善肉品质的作用,并且可提高肉鸡抗氧化能力,葛根素的适宜添加水平为0.8 g/kg。     

发酵黄芪对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化功能的影响

试验旨在研究黄芪发酵前后对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化功能的影响。将210只1日龄AA肉鸡随机分为7组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只。A组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;B、C、D、E、F、G组分别在基础日粮中添加0.2%黄芪、0.5%黄芪、0.8%黄芪、0.2%发酵黄芪、0.5%发酵黄芪、0.8%发酵黄芪,添加量以质量百分比计。试验期为42d。分别于第21、42天测定肉鸡生长指标、抗氧化指标。结果表明,在第21天,发酵黄芪组平均日采食量均显著高于黄芪组(P0.05),黄芪组料重比显著低于对照组和发酵黄芪组(P0.05);E组血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量显著高于A、B组(P0.05),血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著高于与A组(P0.05)。在第42天,发酵黄芪组平均日增重均较高,料重比显著低于A、B组(P0.05);试验组GSH-Px活性均显著高于A组(P0.05),发酵黄芪组与黄芪组相比差异不显著(P0.05),发酵黄芪组血清中超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性均高于黄芪组,且与B和C组差异显著(P0.05)。综上所述,在肉鸡日粮中添加一定量发酵黄芪能显著提高平均日增重,降低料肉比,且可通过提高血清中GSH-Px和T-SOD活性来提高其抗氧化能力;发酵黄芪的作用效果优于黄芪,最适宜添加量为0.5%。     

马齿苋粉对肉鸡生长性能和抗氧化能力的影响

文章旨在研究饲粮中添加马齿苋粉对肉鸡生长性能和抗氧化能力的影响。试验选取平均体重接近的1日龄AA肉鸡160只,称重后随机分为4组,试验1、2、3组在对照组饲粮的基础上分别添加0.30%、0.60%、0.90%的马齿苋粉,共处理42 d。结果发现,与对照组相比,肉鸡21日龄时,试验1、2、3组ADG分别增加5.5%、10.0%、6.8%(P <0.05),试验1、2组F/C分别降低8.2%、6.4%(P <0.05);42日龄时,试验1、2、3组ADG分别增加8.9%、9.6%、8.7%(P <0.05),F/C分别降低8.6%、9.6%、10.1%(P <0.05)。此外,21日龄时,试验1、2、3组肉鸡血清中T-AOC比对照组分别增加12.0%、14.4%、10.1%(P <0.05),T-SOD活性分别增加6.6%、10.5%、9.1%(P <0.05),MDA浓度分别降低6.3%、8.0%、5.6%(P <0.05);42日龄时,试验1、2、3组肉鸡血清中T-AOC比对照组分别提高13.9%、20.3%、13.6%(P <0.05),T-SOD活性分别提高10.5%、14.8%、9.5%(P <0.05),MDA浓度分别降低11.1%、14.9%、9.7%(P <0.05),试验1、2组血清中GSH-Px活性较对照组分别提高10.2%、11.8%(P <0.05)。结果表明,饲粮中添加马齿苋粉显著促进肉鸡生长及增强抗氧化能力。     

葡萄糖氧化酶和酵母硒混合添加剂对肉鸡生产性能和免疫指标的影响

本文旨在研究以葡萄糖氧化酶和酵母硒为主要成分的混合添加剂,在规模化养殖条件下,对肉鸡生产性能、免疫器官指数和血清蛋白指标的影响。将5 000只1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡,随机分为2个组,分别为对照组和试验组,每个组设4个重复,每个重复625只鸡。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础饲粮+0.2%混合添加剂(葡萄糖氧化酶和酵母硒)。试验期为42 d。结果表明,1)生产性能:在肉鸡不同日龄阶段(1~21日龄、22~42日龄和1~42日龄),试验组的平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)均显著高于对照组(P0.05),ADFI分别提高了2.58%、1.55%和1.83%,ADG分别提高了1.67%、6.93%和6.66%;试验组料重比(F/G)显著低于对照组(P0.05),分别降低了3.36%、5.13%和4.44%。在肉鸡生长全期(1~42日龄),试验组肉鸡死亡率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。2)屠宰性能:21日龄试验组肉鸡屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率显著高于对照组(P0.05),分别提高2.35%、4.11%和3.23%,42日龄肉鸡屠宰指标在试验组与对照组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。3)免疫器官指数:21日龄时,试验组肉鸡法氏囊指数显著高于对照组(P0.05),脾脏指数和胸腺指数在2组之间无显著差异(P0.05);42日龄时,试验组肉鸡胸腺指数显著高于对照组(P0.05),脾脏指数和法氏囊指数略有提高(P0.05)。4)血清指标:21日龄时,试验组肉鸡血清总蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);42日龄时,试验组肉鸡血清球蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在肉鸡21、42日龄时,试验组血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综上,肉鸡饲粮使用含葡萄糖氧化酶和酵母硒的混合添加剂,能够提高肉鸡生产性能,降低死亡率,提高免疫器官指数和降低血清尿素氮含量。     

阿维拉霉素对肉鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响

试验旨在研究阿维拉霉素对肉鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响。选取1日龄罗斯(Ross)肉鸡480羽,随机分为4组,每组12个重复,每个重复10羽。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加5 mg/kg(T1组)、10 mg/kg(T2组)和20 mg/kg(T3组)阿维拉霉素。试验期42 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,试验前期(1～21日龄),3个试验组显著提高了肉鸡的饲料转化效率(P0.05);T2组肉鸡在21日龄时,胸腺指数和法氏囊指数显著提高(P0.05),在42日龄时,胸腺指数和脾脏指数显著提高(P0.05);T2组显著提高了血清IgG水平和溶菌酶活性(P0.05)。研究表明,饲粮添加阿维拉霉素能提高肉鸡的饲料转化效率,增强免疫功能,为经优化生产菌发酵工艺研制的阿维拉霉素奠定了应用基础。     

褪黑素对肉鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响

采用对比试验,将120只1日龄AA肉鸡分为2组(对照组和试验组),每组3个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组不添加褪黑素,试验组添加褪黑素10mg/kg,研究褪黑素对肉鸡生长性能及免疫机能的影响。试验结果表明:试验期间,鸡的平均日增重(ADG)、饲料转化率(FCR)差异显著(P<0.05);平均日采食量(ADFI)差异不显著(P>0.05);胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊指数试验组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.