鸡Toll样受体在抗病毒天然免疫反应中的作用

天然免疫反应是抵抗病原入侵的第一道防线。Toll样受体是天然免疫系统重要的模式识别受体,能够通过与病原相关分子模式相结合刺激活化信号转导途径、炎症反应以及获得性免疫反应。由于物种的差异,禽类与哺乳动物的Toll样受体在基因和功能上存在一定差异。本文主要介绍禽类中目前研究最多的鸡的Toll样受体及其功能研究进展。     

沙门氏菌感染相关的鸡Toll样受体研究进展

沙门氏菌感染不仅危害集约化养鸡业的健康发展,还导致食源性沙门氏菌病,危害人类的公共卫生安全.Toll样受体是一类进化保守的模式识别受体,可识别特定的病原相关分子模式,快速激活天然免疫系统,使机体迅速产生防御反应,抵抗病原微生物的入侵与感染.已发现的鸡Toll样受体有10种,广泛分布于各种不同的组织中,在抵御各种病原微生...     

Toll样受体及其与细菌感染性疾病关系的研究进展

Toll样受体(TLR)是一类Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白模式识别受体,其通过识别病原体,激活天然免疫,可诱导产生多种细胞因子,在抗感染免疫中发挥重要作用。研究表明TLR与禽类细菌感染密切相关。文章就TLR的结构、信号转导机制、识别细菌的分子机制及其与禽类细菌感染的关系进行分析,为以后应用TLR预防和诊断禽类传染性疾病奠定基础。     

TRAF3和TRAF6在天然免疫中的作用

近年来,人们发现肿瘤坏死因子受体相关蛋白是肿瘤坏死因子受体(TNF)超家族和白细胞介素-1受体/Toll样受体(IL-1R/TLR)超家族重要信号转导分子。迄今为止,已发现六种不同的TRAFs,分别是TRAF1、TRAF2、TRAF3、TRAF4、TRAF5、TRAF6,其中TRAF3和TRAF6在天然免疫中有重要作用。尽管二者的结构相似,但TRAF3和TRAF6在功能上有很大区别。     

Toll样或非Toll样配体佐剂研究进展

有效的疫苗含有可活化天然免疫系统的佐剂组分,从而激发抗原特异性的免疫应答.Toll样受体(toll-like receptors,TLR)是一种重要的天然识别受体,大多数疫苗佐剂都是TLR配体.少数佐剂通过其他的识别受体和信号通路,以TLR非依赖性的方式来活化天然免疫系统.非Toll样配体佐剂的作用靶点主要是近来发现的NOD样受体(Nod-like receptor,NLR)、RIG(retinoic-acid-inducible gene)样受体(RIG-like receptors,RLR)等胞内天然免疫受体.文章对Toll样或非Toll样配体作为疫苗佐剂的研究进行了综述.     

Toll样受体信号转导的负调控机制研究进展

Toll样受体(TLRs)为模式识别受体的一员,是介导天然免疫及病原体信号转导与细胞活化信号转导的重要跨膜信号传递受体。研究发现许多负向调节蛋白通过靶向TLRs信号通路的关键信号分子,干扰信号转导途径中连接复合体形成、泛素化降解信号通路中接头蛋白、转录调控等不同方式负向调控TLRs信号通路,及时抑制TLRs信号,维持机体的免疫平衡。论文就TLRs信号转导途径及其负调控机制进行了综述。     

禽类Toll样受体研究进展

Toll样受体(TLRs)是模式识别受体家族的一员,在天然免疫反应中扮演重要角色。在禽类中至今已发现10种TLRs。研究表明在机体感染病原体时,将激活TLRs并引起一系列抗病毒相关因子的上调,参与宿主抗感染免疫反应。论文主要介绍禽类TLRs的基本特征及抗病毒信号转导通路,同时对TLRs的抗微生物作用进行分析,为TLRs的分子机制研究提供参考。     

家畜Toll样受体的表达及在相关疾病发生中的作用

家畜的Toll样受体(TLRs)是家畜天然免疫相关分子家族中的重要组成部分。不同家畜表达的TLRs分子也各不相同,而同一种家畜的不同组织中表达的TLRs分子也不一定相同。这些TLRs分子在家畜疫病的发生、发展及治疗中也具有重要作用。目前虽然对于人和小鼠TLRs分子的研究已经较为全面,但是对于家畜TLRs的研究并不十分深入。论文主要就不同家畜TLRs分子研究的概况、不同家畜的TLRs在组织中的分布,以及TLRs在相关家畜疫病中的重要作用进行简要概述,以期对家畜TLRs分子信号转导通路的研究及家畜疫病的防控、新型疫苗和佐剂的开发提供参考。     

鸡外周血白细胞中Toll样受体的克隆

Toll样受体（Toll-like receptors,TLRs）是近年来发现的先天性免疫跨膜受体和信号转导受体,是病原模式识别（Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns,PAMP）受体之一.目前已经识别了10种鸡的Toll样受体（chicken Toll-Like Receptor,chTLRs）.TLRs分布于鸡的不同器官、组织和细胞;由于参与不同的免疫应答,不同的TLR在鸡体中的表达丰度也不相同.本实验,利用RT-PCR方法从三黄鸡外周血淋巴白细胞中扩增出鸡Toll样受体1、4、7基因（TLR1、4、7）.结果显示,扩增出的TLR1基因片段为737 bp,TLR4基因片段为1 246 bp,TLR7基因片段为533 bp,与GenBank中鸡TLR序列同源性达98％～99.8％.     

动物Toll样受体8的免疫学功能研究进展

Toll样受体是天然免疫中最早发现的模式识别受体,是生物界最古老的免疫系统组成部分之一,在识别病原和影响免疫应答方面具有非常关键的作用。Toll样受体8(TLR8)属于Toll样受体中的TLR7/8/9亚家族,通过识别配体激活信号级联反应,导致促炎细胞因子的产生,发挥抗病毒和抗细菌感染作用。论文就TLR8的结构与活化、配体识别、细胞分布、信号通路、细胞因子产生和疾病相关性等进行简要综述,可使人们更加全面地认识TLR8,对于动物免疫系统的研究以及动物疫病的防控具有一定的参考意义。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.