中国部分山羊品种线粒体DNA D-loop序列遗传多样性分析

分析了中国部分本地山羊品种(18个品种200个体)以及在中国饲养的引入品种(4个品种25个体)线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)的全序列,结合已报道的世界其它地方的山羊(15个品种77个体)以及2只野山羊的线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)全序列共304个体,研究结果表明:山羊线粒体DNA控制区约为1 212 bp,检测到228个变异位点,203种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.993±0.001;核苷酸多样度0.018±0.001。中国部分山羊的变异类型主要为类型A和B,而在巴基斯坦山羊中还检测到类型C和D。比较分析结果表明中国山羊遗传多样性和基因交流比中国黄牛品种要高。     

山羊线粒体DNA D-loop区遗传多样性研究

本研究利用PCR-SSCP技术对8个山羊品种分析了线粒体DNA D-loop区5′端部分序列的遗传多样性。378个个体共检测到A、B、C、D、E、F、G 7种单倍型,平均的单倍型比例为1.9%。单倍型多样度以太行黑山羊最高,为0.8003;洪洞奶山羊最低,为0.5772,但也属于较高的遗传多样性。结果表明,8个山羊品种均有较高的遗传多样性。     

淮南猪线粒体DNA D-loop遗传多样性及母系起源研究

为探究淮南猪的遗传多样性和母系起源,本实验对32头淮南猪线粒体DNA D-loop区序列进行PCR扩增和测序,并结合GenBank中国内外猪种及黄河流域古家猪D-loop序列,分析淮南猪线粒体多态性及其起源。结果显示:淮南猪1 170 bp的D-loop序列核苷酸多样性(Pi)及单倍型多样性(Hd)分别为0.004 25和0.968;32个测序结果共检测到27个多态位点,界定了20种单倍型;中性检验表明淮南猪在驯化进程中曾发生过种群扩张;邻接法(NJ)构建分子系统发育树明显将群体分为国内和国外2个类群,淮南猪20个单倍型都聚集在国内分支上;进一步Network分析显示,淮南猪单倍型在国内猪种中呈广泛分布,但与华中、华北型猪种基因交流较多,且与黄河流域古家猪遗传关系较近,表明淮南猪为多母系起源,主要来自于黄河流域古家猪。     

新疆马鹿群体遗传多样性及起源进化研究

为了科学评价、保护和利用新疆马鹿遗传资源,检测新疆马鹿群体遗传多样性和确定新疆马鹿起源进化的系统地位。对新疆塔里木马鹿、阿尔泰马鹿、天山马鹿3个群体,及与其距离相近的阿拉善马鹿、甘肃马鹿2个群体共108个个体的D-loop全序列扩增、测序,分析其碱基组成及变异。结果:共检测到40个单倍型,单倍型多样度(Hd)0.998±0.006,核苷酸多样度(Pi)0.041±0.005,平均核苷酸差异数K=36.08。构建NJ和MP分子系统发育树发现,塔里木马鹿与其他马鹿遗传距离较远,分属于不同的类群;阿尔泰马鹿、天山马鹿及甘肃马鹿之间都存在基因交流情况,可能是群体间引种杂交所致。结论:新疆马鹿遗传多样性丰富,新疆塔里木马鹿可能起源于欧洲,其他马鹿起源于亚洲。部分群体间存在基因交流情况。     

中国部分地方水牛品种mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性与起源研究

对我国10个地方水牛品种110个个体的mtDNA D-loop区序列(930 bp左右)进行分析,共检测到50种单倍型,107个核苷酸多态位点,其单倍型多样度(Haplotype diversity,Hd)为0.895 2±0.024 0,核苷酸多样度(Nucleotide diversity,π)为0.020 0±0.005 6,平均核苷酸差异(Average number of nucleotide differences,k)为18.445 0,表明我国水牛的遗传多态性丰富。构建的NJ进化树显示这10个品种的水牛主要有两个母系起源。     

东北民猪线粒体DNA D-loop遗传多样性与母系起源研究

为了保护东北民猪的遗传资源,对东北地区民猪群体进行线粒体DNA D-loop遗传多样性进行了调查,本研究对30头东北民猪的线粒体D-loop区部分序列(697 bp)进行扩增和测序,共检测到7个变异位点,界定了8种单倍型,核苷酸多样度(Pi)及单倍型多样度(H)分别为:0.217和0.789。结合已收录的30个亚欧猪种的线粒体D-loop序列,采用最大似然法构建的分子进化树明显分为欧洲与亚洲2个主要类群,民猪的8个单倍型都聚在亚洲分支上,并与莱芜黑猪及沂蒙黑猪较为接近,表明民猪是多母系起源群体,主要来自山东地区的华北型黑猪种群。     

mtDNA D-loop在家畜遗传多样性和系统分化中的应用

本文简要综述了mtDNA D-loop区结构的研究现状,着重概述了D-loop区研究在山羊、绵羊以及牛、猪遗传多样性和系统分化中的应用,并对该领域的深入研究进行了讨论。     

新批准的西南地区5个山羊遗传资源mtDNA D-loop遗传多样性与亲缘关系研究

为了研究新批准的西南地区5个山羊遗传资源的遗传多样性及其与其他羊种的亲缘关系,试验利用设计的引物对山羊的mtDNA D-loop序列进行了PCR扩增和测序,对序列数据进行了核苷酸多样性、单倍型和亲缘关系分析。结果表明:在西南地区新批准的5个山羊遗传资源中,大足黑山羊、黔北麻羊和酉州乌羊平均多态位点数比较接近,均高于渝东黑山羊和贵州黑山羊;大足黑山羊、黔北麻羊和酉州乌羊遗传多样性高于贵州黑山羊和渝东黑山羊;从亲缘关系来看,渝东黑山羊与板角山羊和南江黄羊亲缘关系较近,酉州乌羊与板角山羊亲缘关系最近,贵州3个羊种(贵州白山羊、贵州黑山羊和黔北麻羊)遗传距离近,大足黑山羊与乐至黑山羊遗传距离较近。说明渝东黑山羊和贵州黑山羊遗传多样性较低,需要加强遗传资源的保护和提纯;新批准的5个山羊遗传资源的遗传距离和亲缘关系与其所处的地理位置存在密切关系。     

建昌马mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性及系统进化分析

试验旨在以线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)为切入点,研究建昌马的母系遗传多样性与系统进化。从建昌马(n=39)血液中提取基因组DNA,用PCR方法扩增mtDNA D-loop区并直接测序,分析其高变区247 bp序列信息,统计mtDNA D-loop区的单倍型及变异位点,计算单倍型多样性(haplotype diversity,Hd)、核苷酸多样性(nucleotide diversity,Pi)和平均核苷酸变异数(average number of nucleotide differences,K)。构建包括建昌马在内的19个品种马的NJ系统进化树,计算各品种间的遗传距离。结果显示,试验获得了清晰的PCR扩增产物,并通过直接测序方法获得了约1200 bp的序列。39匹建昌马mtDNA D-loop区247 bp序列(其中1个样品缺失1 bp)的AT碱基含量为61.45%,属AT碱基对富集区,检测到33个多态性位点,共显示26种单倍型,其中4种为共享单倍型,且Hap7和Hap1为优势单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.947,核苷酸多样性为0.02399,平均核苷酸变异数为5.901,显示丰富的母系遗传多样性;NJ系统进化树显示,建昌马分布在A、C、D、E、F、G共6个支系中,约50%的样品分布在A支系,显示出复杂的母系起源;建昌马与关中马的遗传距离最小(0.021),其次是三河马、文山马、韩国车巨马(0.024),与韩国济州岛马遗传距离最大(0.032)。本研究结果表明,建昌马的mtDNA D-loop高变区遗传多样性丰富,具有多个母系起源,且A支系占有明显优势,与关中马、文山马可能有共同的母系起源。     

山羊线粒体DNA D-loop区部分序列变异位点分析

截取了山羊线粒体DNAD-loop高变区453bp的部分片段（线粒体全序列的15735～16187bp处），共计1182条序列进行了多重比对，并进行系统建树和网络关系分析，结果这些序列明显的分成了4个支系（A、B、C、D），分别含有1001、134、24和13条序列，进一步比对分析，发现这4个支系有各自特有的碱基变异特点，A、B、C和D分别有5、6、18和7个特有的碱基变异位点，除了各个支系特有的变异外，还发现有2个支系共有的变异位点。     

Genetic diversity of Jiangsu native chicken breeds assessed with the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region

1. The objective of this study was to determine the origin and evolution of chickens from 5 native breeds that are traditionally raised in Jiangsu Province.

2. To address this question, the complete mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence of 149 chickens from 5 native breeds of Jiangsu Province was analysed.

3. Sequence read lengths of the native breeds were 1231 to 1232 bp, with a single-base deletion from the 859 bp site in the 1231 bp haplotype. A total of 33 variable sites that defined 19 haplotypes were identified. The average haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 0.862 ± 0.017 and 0.00591 ± 0.00135.

4. Phylogenetic analysis showed that genetic structure of the mtDNA haplotypes of Jiangsu chickens are distributed across 5 clades (haplogroups): Clades A, B, C, D, and E. However, most of the individuals characterised in this study belonged to clades A and B.

5. The results of this study indicate that Jiangsu chicken populations have relatively low nucleotide and haplotype diversity and likely share 5 common maternal lineages.     

Genetic diversity of Bangladeshi native chickens based on complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region

ABSTRACT

1. The aim of this study was to explore genetic diversity and possible origin of Bangladeshi (BD) native chickens. The complete mtDNA D-loop region was sequenced in 60 chickens representing five populations; naked neck, full feathered, Aseel, Hilly and autosomal dwarf. The 61 reference sequences representing different domestic chicken clades in China, India, Laos, Indonesia, Myanmar, and other Eurasian regions were included. The mtDNA D-loop sequence polymorphism and maternal origin of five BD populations were analysed.

2. A total of 35 polymorphic sites, and 21 haplotypes were detected in 60 mtDNA D-loop sequences. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity of the five populations were 0.921 ± 0.018 and 0.0061 ± 0.0019, respectively. Both mtDNA network and phylogenetic analysis indicated four clades (four haplogroups) in BD populations (21 haplotypes) along with 61 reference haplotypes. Clade E contained the most individuals (20) and haplotypes (11) of BD chickens, followed by clade D (17, 6), clade C (12, 2) and clade F (11, 2), respectively.

3. The higher number of unique haplotypes found in Yunnan, China, suggested that the origin of BD chickens was in this region. The haplotypes from different haplogroups were introduced in Bangladeshi chickens from India, China and Myanmar. The phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship of BD chickens with the clusters from India, China, Myanmar and Laos, and indicated the dispersion of BD chickens from these sources. The phylogenetic information revealed high genetic diversity of BD chickens because of their origin from different lineages with high genetic variation and distance, which was determined from four cluster and neighbour-joining trees.

4. In conclusion, BD populations had high genetic diversity. The mtDNA network profiles and phylogenetic trees showed multiple maternal origins of BD chickens from India, China, Myanmar and Laos.     

甘南州蕨麻猪mtDNA D-环序列的起源及遗传多样性分析

为了研究甘南州蕨麻猪mtDNA D-环序列起源与遗传多样性,利用文献报道的1对引物对蕨麻猪mtDNA D-环序列进行PCR扩增及测序,对所得数据进行单倍型、遗传多样性、系统发育树和网络关系分析.分析结果显示,135头蕨麻猪mtDNA D-环序列表现出3种长度变异,其中4个序列长度为1 199 bp,3个序列长度是1 319 bp,127个序列长度为1 219 bp.对127个长度为1 219 bp的序列进行分析,发现83个单倍型.单倍型比例、单倍型多样度、核苷酸多样度和平均核苷酸差异数在卡加曼蕨麻猪最高,而在夏河蕨麻猪为最低.系统发育树和网络关系分析均将83个单倍型分为2个分支,说明蕨麻猪具有2个母系起源.与其他猪种mtDNA D-环序列比较,蕨麻猪与东南沿海野猪有较近的亲缘关系,没有发现东亚与东南亚野猪对蕨麻猪的起源有贡献的证据.     

我国6个绵(山)羊群体遗传分化的微卫星分析

为进一步了解我国绵(山)羊群体的品种特性及其遗传分化,本文利用微卫星标记对我国6个绵(山)羊群体遗传分化进行了分析。采用中心产区典型群随机抽样方法用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测乌珠穆沁羊7个微卫星位点,并引用同实验室小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊、长江三角洲白山羊(参照群体)的相关资料进行群体遗传分化水平分析。研究表明:7个微卫星位点在乌珠穆沁羊、小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊、山羊这6个品种中均存在遗传多态性,各座位等位基因均较丰富。根据标准遗传距离、DA遗传距离以及模糊相容关系进行聚类分析,湖羊与同羊首先聚为一类,乌珠穆沁羊和小尾寒羊聚为一类,然后与滩羊聚为一类,5个绵羊品种最后与山羊相聚。     

Genetic diversity of mtDNA D-loop sequences in four native Chinese chicken breeds

1. To explore the genetic diversity of Chinese indigenous chicken breeds, a 585 bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region was sequenced in 102 birds from the Xichuan black-bone chicken, Yunyang black-bone chicken and Lushi chicken. In addition, 30 mtDNA D-loop sequences of Silkie fowls were downloaded from NCBI. The mtDNA D-loop sequence polymorphism and maternal origin of 4 chicken breeds were analysed in this study.

2. The results showed that a total of 33 mutation sites and 28 haplotypes were detected in the 4 chicken breeds. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of these 4 native breeds were 0.916 ± 0.014 and 0.012 ± 0.002, respectively. Three clusters were formed in 4 Chinese native chickens and 12 reference breeds. Both the Xichuan black-bone chicken and Yunyang black-bone chicken were grouped into one cluster. Four haplogroups (A, B, C and E) emerged in the median-joining network in these breeds.

3. It was concluded that these 4 Chinese chicken breeds had high genetic diversity. The phylogenetic tree and median network profiles showed that Chinese native chickens and its neighbouring countries had at least two maternal origins, one from Yunnan, China and another from Southeast Asia or its surrounding area.     

Genetic diversity of Chinese domestic goat based on the mitochondrial DNA sequence variation

The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of domestic goat in China. For this purpose, we determined the sequence of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region in 72 individuals of the Yangtze River delta white goat, and reanalysed 723 published samples from 31 breeds/populations across China. All goat haplotypes were classified into four haplogroups (A–D) previously described. The phylogenetic pattern that emerged from the mtDNA control region sequence was confirmed by the analysis of the entire cytochrome b sequence of eight goats representative of the four haplogroups. It appeared that in Chinese domestic goat, haplogroups A and B were dominant and distributed in nearly all breeds/populations, while haplogroups C and D were only found in seven breeds/populations. Four breeds/populations contained all four haplogroups. When grouping the breeds/populations into five geographic groups based on their geographic distributions and ecological conditions, the southern pasturing area had the highest diversity whereas the northern farming area had the lowest diversity. 84.29% and 11.37% of the genetic variation were distributed within breeds and among breeds within the ecologically geographical areas, respectively; only 4% of genetic variation was observed among the five geographic areas. We speculate that the traditional seasonal pastoralism, the annual long-distance migrations that occurred in the past, and the commercial trade would account for the observed pattern by having favoured gene flows.     

Genetic characterization of the Aceh cattle using phenotypic, mitochondrial DNA of D-loop region and microsatellite DNA analyses

The present study reports the phenotypic variation of body weight and body size, the genetic variation of D-loop of mtDNA and microsatellite DNA allele in Aceh cattle in Indonesia within the frame of the design of a conservation programme for this indigenous species. Aceh cattle differ from Bali, Madura, Java-Ongole and Pesisir cattle, but its ancestry relates it closest to Pesisir, thus adding more information to its entry from the Indian sub-continent.     

贵州黎平黄牛线粒体DNA D-loop区全序列初步分析

为了解贵州黎平黄牛的遗传多样性及遗传背景,我们测定了20头黄牛的线粒体DNA D-loop区序列。结果检测到8种单倍型,其中4种为普通牛血统的单倍型,4种为瘤牛血统的单倍型,表明黎平黄牛同时受普通牛和瘤牛的影响。该研究对于黎平黄牛的保种及持续利用有着重要的理论指导意义。     

Genetic diversity among some cattle breeds in the Alpine area

Seven autochthonous Italian cattle breeds bred in the alpine area (Aosta Black Pied, Aosta Red Pied, Aosta Chestnut, Oropa Red Pied, Grey Alpine, Rendena and Burlina) were investigated in order to characterise their genetic structure and to study their phylogenetic origin. Two cattle breeds from Germany (Original German Brown and Holstein) and four from Switzerland (Simmental, Herens, Evolene and Brown Swiss) were included in the study in order to determine the genetic diversity existing among Italian local breeds, similar breeds bred on the other side of the Alps and in the well known Holstein.
Seventeen microsatellites, of the internationally accepted panel for the study of cattle biodiversity, were used for the analysis.
Microsatellites were highly polymorphic with a mean number of 5,5 alleles (ranging from 2 to 12 per locus). For each locus, allelic frequencies, heterozygosity (H) and the Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) were computed. The genetic equilibrium according to Hardy–Weinberg was calculated for each population and for each locus. Allele frequencies were used to estimate genetic distances and to draw a phylogenetic tree. The two closest breeds were Aosta Red Pied and Aosta Black Pied, while the two genetically most different were Holstein and Aosta Chestnut. Aosta valley breeds, Evolene and Herens constituted a tight cluster in the phylogenetic consensus tree. Principal component analysis showed a similar pattern for all the alpine breeds, while Holstein and Original German Brown were far away. The genetic differences among breeds were in accordance with their geographical and historical origins.