Solar Irradiance Change and Special Longitudes Due to r-Modes

Sluggish global oscillations, having a periodicity of months and trapped in the sun's convection zone, modulate the amount of energy reaching Earth and seem to impose some large-scale order on the distribution of solar surface features. These recently recognized oscillations (r-modes) increase the predictability of solar changes and may improve understanding of rotation and variability in other stars. Most of the 13 periodicities ranging from 13 to 85 days that are caused by r-modes can be detected in Nimbus 7 observations of solar irradiance during 3 years at solar maximum. These modes may also bear on the classical question of persistent longitudes of high solar activity.     

Reduced radiative conductivity of low-spin (Mg,Fe)O in the lower mantle

Optical absorption spectra have been measured at pressures up to 80 gigapascals (GPa) for the lower-mantle oxide magnesiowüstite (Mg,Fe)O. Upon reaching the high-spin to low-spin transition of Fe2+ at about 60 GPa, we observed enhanced absorption in the mid- and near-infrared spectral range, whereas absorption in the visible-ultraviolet was reduced. The observed changes in absorption are in contrast to prediction and are attributed to d-d orbital charge transfer in the Fe2+ ion. The results indicate that low-spin (Mg,Fe)O will exhibit lower radiative thermal conductivity than high-spin (Mg,Fe)O, which needs to be considered in future geodynamic models of convection and plume stabilization in the lower mantle.     

Magnetosphere sawtooth oscillations induced by ionospheric outflow

The sawtooth mode of convection of Earth's magnetosphere is a 2- to 4-hour planetary-scale oscillation powered by the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere (SW-M-I) interaction. Using global simulations of geospace, we have shown that ionospheric O(+) outflows can generate sawtooth oscillations. As the outflowing ions fill the inner magnetosphere, their pressure distends the nightside magnetic field. When the outflow fluence exceeds a threshold, magnetic field tension cannot confine the accumulating fluid; an O(+)-rich plasmoid is ejected, and the field dipolarizes. Below the threshold, the magnetosphere undergoes quasi-steady convection. Repetition and the sawtooth period are controlled by the strength of the SW-M-I interaction, which regulates the outflow fluence.     

Detection of quantum noise from an electrically driven two-level system

The electrical noise of mesoscopic devices can be strongly influenced by the quantum motion of electrons. To probe this effect, we have measured the current fluctuations at high frequency (5 to 90 gigahertz) using a superconductor-insulator-superconductor tunnel junction as an on-chip spectrum analyzer. By coupling this frequency-resolved noise detector to a quantum device, we can measure the high-frequency, nonsymmetrized noise as demonstrated for a Josephson junction. The same scheme is used to detect the current fluctuations arising from coherent charge oscillations in a two-level system, a superconducting charge qubit. A narrow band peak is observed in the spectral noise density at the frequency of the coherent charge oscillations.     

Giant Friedel Oscillations on the Beryllium(0001) Surface

Large-amplitude electron density oscillations were observed on a Be(0001) surface by means of variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. Fourier transforms of the images showed a ring of radius 2kF, where kF is the Fermi wave vector of the Be(0001) surface state. This wavelength was expected from Friedel oscillations caused by electronic screening of surface defects, but the amplitude of the waves for energies near the Fermi energy was anomalously large and inconsistent with the Friedel concept of screening. The enhanced amplitude of the waves must be a many-body effect, either in the electron gas (possibly an incipient charge density wave) or in the response of the lattice (electron-phonon coupling).     

管道输送成品油冷却设计计算

成品油在输送过程中因受各种因素的影响，输送温度不是恒定的，温度的变化对成品油和管道具有不同程度的危害。介绍了管输成品油冷却的两种方法，对降低油品温度的措施进行了研究，提出了强迫对流方式降低油品温度的设计计算方法，并以实例进行了计算。     

Density distribution in Earth

Earth models selected by a Monte Carlo procedure were tested against geophysical data; 5 million models were examined and six have passed all tests. Common features of successful models are an increased core radius and a chemically inhomogeneous core consistent with Fe-Ni alloy (20 to 50 percent Fe) for the solid portion and Fe-Si alloy (15 to 25 percent Fe) for the fluid core. The inhomogeneous mantle is consistent with an increase in the FeO:FeO + MgO ratio by a factor of 2 in the deep mantle. The transition zone is a region of not only phase change but also composition change; this condition would inhibit mantlewide convection. The upper-mantle solutions show large fluctuations in density; this state implies insufficient constraint on solutions for this region, or lateral variations in mantle composition ranging from pyrolite to eclogite.     

Electron Transfer and Absorption Spectra of Complexes

Occurrence of light saturation in the reaction of thionine (T) with Fe(2+) suggests the existence of T. Fe(2+) complexes practically indistinguishable by their absorption spectra from free thionine; photoreduction seems to occur by electron transfer in such complexes, delayed by more than 10(-5) second after light absorption. Both phenomena must be of general significance.     

基于小波分析的电力系统振荡与短路识别方法

以小波变换中多分辨分析为基础,研究区分电力系统振荡与短路方法.小波分析能有效地提取电压、电流故障信号中的有用成份,提出一种以能量变化为判据的小波能量法,以识别电力系统振荡和短路.应用MATLAB的PSB工具箱建立振荡和短路仿真模型,应用小波能量法提取电力系统振荡电流与短路电流的小波能量,通过数值分析,识别电力系统振荡与短路.结果分析表明:小波能量法识别电力系统振荡和短路简单便捷,准确有效.小波能量法识别电力系统振荡和短路是十分可行的.     

一次暴雨过程的非平衡振动与诊断分析

采用诊断分析方法,对2010年7月15-18日四川盆地的暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明,在暴雨的强盛阶段和持续阶段,盆地内的上升气流均非常强盛,达300 hPa以上;在暴雨强盛阶段,气流的辐合层并不十分深厚,气流的辐合运动在500 hPa以下;此次过程中对流层低层的正涡度大值中心与暴雨区对应的相对较好,气流辐合辐散强度较旋转强度大一个量级,散度在系统变化过程中起主导作用;在暴雨强盛阶段,对流层低层非平衡值U〈0,较强的非平衡振动有利地激发辐合运动发展,对流层上层非平衡值U〉0,激发高层辐散运动发展,高层辐散带动低层辐合,形成强烈的上升运动。     

Implications for mantle dynamics from the high melting temperature of perovskite

Recent studies have implied that (Mg, Fe)SiO(3)-perovskite, a likely dominant mineral phase in the lower mantle, may have a high melting temperature. The implications of these findings for the dynamics of the lower mantle were investigated with the use of numerical convection models. The results showed that low homologous temperatures (0.3 to 0.5) would prevail in the modeled lower mantle, regardless of the effective Rayleigh number and internal heating rates. High-temperature ductile creep is possible under relatively cold conditions. In models with low rates of internal heating, local maxima of viscosity developed in the mid-lower mantle that were similar to those obtained from inversion of geoid, topography, and plate velocities.     

Deformation of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 post-perovskite and D' anisotropy

Polycrystalline (Mg(0.9),Fe(0.1))SiO3 post-perovskite was plastically deformed in the diamond anvil cell between 145 and 157 gigapascals. The lattice-preferred orientations obtained in the sample suggest that slip on planes near (100) and (110) dominate plastic deformation under these conditions. Assuming similar behavior at lower mantle conditions, we simulated plastic strains and the contribution of post-perovskite to anisotropy in the D' region at the Earth core-mantle boundary using numerical convection and viscoplastic polycrystal plasticity models. We find a significant depth dependence of the anisotropy that only develops near and beyond the turning point of a downwelling slab. Our calculated anisotropies are strongly dependent on the choice of elastic moduli and remain hard to reconcile with seismic observations.     

Electromagnetic stabilization of weakly conducting fluids

Classical hydromagnetic theory predicts that the flow of dilute aqueous electrolyte in a slit can be stabilized by application of a strong, transverse magnetic field. However, recent experiments indicate that stabilization can be achieved with the use of a much weaker field in the presence of a small lateral current. A revised theory describes how the magnetic and electric fields interact to eliminate natural convection.     

Structure of Mars' Atmosphere up to 100 Kilometers from the Entry Measurements of Viking 2

The Viking 2 entry science data on the structure of Mars' atmosphere up to 100 kilometers define a morning atmosphere with an isothermal region near the surface; a surface pressure 10 percent greater than that recorded simultaneously at the Viking 1 site, which implies a landing site elevation lower by 2.7 kilometers than the reference ellipsoid; and a thermal structure to 100 kilometers at least qualitatively consistent with pre-Viking modeling of thermal tides. The temperature profile exhibits waves whose amplitude grows with altitude, to approximately 25 degrees K at 90 kilometers. These waves are believed to be a consequence of layered vertical oscillations and associated heating and cooling by compression and expansion, excited by the daily thermal cycling of the planet surface. As is necessary for gravity wave propagation, the atmosphere is stable against convection, except possibly in some very local regions. Temperature is everywhere appreciably above the carbon dioxide condensation boundary at both landing sites, precluding the occurrence of carbon dioxide hazes in northern summer at latitudes to at least 50 degrees N. Thus, ground level mists seen in these latitudes would appear to be condensed water vapor.     

微量元素间的互作关系及在日粮中的平衡

通过分析Ｆｅ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｕ，Ｉ，Ｓｅ几种微量元素之间相互作用的关系，说明微量元素营养平衡的重要性，由于微量元素之间存在着强烈的拮抗作用和协同作用，微量元素之间必须保持适应的比例才能提高动物对微量元素的吸收利用率，进而提高饲料消化率，生产力和经济效益，对日粮中的微量元素含量忽略不计的添加方法会造成微量元素不足，过量和不平衡，要达到微量元素间的真正平衡必须考虑基础日粮中微量元素的含量，其不足部分由微量元     

Seismic Tomogram of the Earth's Mantle: Geodynamic Implications

Recent seismic tomography of the Earth's mantle has revealed a large-scale pattern of mantle convection comprising upwelling columnar plumes in the Pacific and Africa and downwelling planar sheets along the Circum Pacific. Upwelling and downwelling occur most extensively under the south Pacific and west Pacific, respectively. High-resolution image of plate subduction has been obtained from the dense seismic networks around Japan. Japanese seismologists are in the best position to resolve the internal structure of downwelling current as an integral part of the whole convection system.     

Method for estimation of ocean current velocity from satellite images

Barotropic instability waves on a shear interface propagate at the average speed of the water on the two sides. Assuming the instability to be excited by tidal oscillations, the phase speed is the wavelength divided by the tidal period. If the water is at rest on one side of the shear layer the current speed on the other side can be calculated. This method, applied to the Gulf Stream beyond Cape Hatteras as seen in satellite images, gives estimates of current speed in general agreement with in situ observations.     

Detectability of supernova neutrinos with an existing proton decay detector

The 8000-ton water IMB nucleon decay detector has good sensitivity to the neutrino burst associated with the collapse of stars. It is particularly sensitive to the v(e) charged current interactions with protons but can also record other neutrino interactions through ve scattering. Signal, noise, physics objectives, and detector modifications that would enhance burst detection are discussed. The objectives include astrophysical questions about the pulse structure and power. It also may be possible with a distant source to study neutrino masses and neutrino oscillations.     

Resonant amplification of magnetic domain-wall motion by a train of current pulses

The current-induced motion of magnetic domain walls confined to nanostructures is of interest for applications in magnetoelectronic devices in which the domain wall serves as the logic gate or memory element. The injection of spin-polarized current below a threshold value through a domain wall confined to a pinning potential results in its precessional motion within the potential well. We show that by using a short train of current pulses, whose length and spacing are tuned to this precession frequency, the domain wall's oscillations can be resonantly amplified. This makes possible the motion of domain walls with much reduced currents, more than five times smaller than in the absence of resonant amplification.     

山东西部连续强对流天气的多尺度资料对比分析

在常规观测资料基础上,结合NCEP再分析资料、风廓线雷达、多普勒雷达和卫星云图资料,对2016年6月13-14日山东省西部连续两次强对流天气进行分析.分析表明:(1)13日夜间对流强度较14日下午剧烈.两次强对流天气都是在高空冷涡的环流背景下产生的.高空为西北气流,低层存在暖湿平流输送,13日强对流天气由低层切变线和地面辐合线触发,14日由700 hpa弱冷空气触发.(2)强对流发生前都有一定的水汽输送和辐合,下暖湿上干冷,低层辐合,中高层辐散.0℃层高度在4000m左右,-20℃层高度在7000m附近.(3)强对流发生时雷达回波强度大于45dBZ,在1.5°仰角上雷达回波最高达60 dBZ以上,中层强回波区悬垂于低层弱回波区之上.垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)高达20 kg/m2,强回波区不断有中气旋生成.13日夜间有弓形回波,垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)高于14日.风廓线资料中强的垂直风切变和风向波动对强对流天气的发生时间有指示意义.(4)冰雹、大风等强对流天气发生在狭长的冷云区前部、对流云团前部和西南部的TBB梯度区上.