Grain nitrogen content of winter bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as related to crop management and to the previous crop

Low-input management for wheat production (less fungicide, low nitrogen rate) could affect grain protein content. The impact of the previous crop could also be a determining factor for wheat quality. A long-term field experiment located near Toulouse (southwestern France), comparing different rotations and management schemes from 1984 to 1993, was used to assess the effect of N availability and diseases on grain nitrogen concentration (GNC) of wheat. GNC ranged from 1.6 to 2.8%, increasing with the input level in 5 years out of 10, as the result of higher nitrogen levels and crop protection with fungicides. Leaf brown rust, high temperatures and water shortage, which affected dry matter accumulation during grain filling, were responsible for high GNC. GNC was generally correlated with N uptake when nitrogen availability was the main limiting factor and to the nitrogen harvest index (NHI) when foliar diseases or drought limited grain production. N uptake in the absence of N fertiliser ranged from 20 to 200 kg ha⁻¹ depending on the previous crop. GNC was closely related to the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) at anthesis.     

Genetic improvement of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Argentina: relationships between nitrogen and dry matter

Summary Changes in nitrogen (N) economy and N to dry matter (DM) relationships were studied for six cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) released in Argentina at different times between 1912 and 1980. Experiments were performed on two successive years.N partitioning to reproductive organs was changed both at anthesis and at maturity. Grain N yield (GNY) was associated to both total N accumulated and N partitioning. Most of the changes produced by genetic improvement on N economy at maturity could be explained by parallel changes at anthesis. Neither biological N yield (BNY) at anthesis nor BNY at maturity showed any trend with the year of release of the cultivars.Grain N concentration (GNC) showed a negative trend with the year of release, and was inversely correlated to both grain yield (GY) and harvest index (HI). However, GNC was positively and significantly associated with NHI to HI ratio, indicating that the main reason for its behaviour along this century was the dilution of N on non N compounds.The N utilization efficiencies (NUE) for both GY and grain number were positively affected by breeding. Moreover, modern Argentinian cultivars are as efficient as the best cultivars showed by other authors.It is suggested that to increase GNC together with GY, breeders should improve N accumulation at anthesis maintaining high remobilization of vegetative N.     

Relationship between grain yield and grain nitrogen concentration in winter triticale

Summary Ten hexaploid winter triticale lines were grown for two cropping periods at three locations in western Switzerland. Averaged across the six environments, the differences between lines were statistically significant (P=0.05) for grain yield, above-ground biomass, N uptake, grain N yield, nitrogen harvest index, grain N concentration and straw N concentration. There were significant line x environment interactions for all traits. Grain yield and grain N concentration were inversely related (r=–0.74^**). Diagrams in which grain yields were plotted against grain N concentration were used to identify lines with a consistently unusual combination of grain yield and grain N concentration. Despite comparable grain yields, Line 3 had a high grain N concentration, while that of Line 7 was low. Line 3 was superior to Line 7 in both N uptake and N harvest index. Averaged across environments and lines, the N harvest index was 0.73 which corresponds to N harvest indices reported for bread wheat in the same region. We considered the feasibility of developing triticale lines which would outperform the best recent ones in N uptake and partitioning. However, we doubted that this would bring about a marked increase in grain N concentration, because, in the long run, the expected genetic progress in grain yield will lead to a dilution of grain protein by grain carbohydrate increments.Abbreviations GNC grain N concentration - GNY grain N yield - GY grain yield - HI above-ground dry matter harvest index - NHI nitrogen harvest index - SNC straw N concentration - TB total above-ground biomass - TPN total plant N     

Effects of Nitrogen on Dry Matter Accumulation and Productivity of Three Cropping Systems and Residual Effects on Wheat in Deep Vertisols of Central India

A field experiment was conducted on deep vertisols of Bhopal, India to study the effects of three levels of nitrogen (N), namely 0, 75 and 100 % of the recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), on the dry matter accumulation (DMA) and productivity of three cropping systems (sole soybean, sole sorghum and soybean + sorghum intercropping) during the rainy season and their residual effect on the subsequent wheat crop during the post-rainy season. During the rainy season, sole sorghum was found to have significantly higher DMA and productivity in terms of soybean equivalent yield (SEY) than sole soybean or soybean + sorghum intercropping. Increasing the N dose from 0 to 100 % RDN significantly improved the DMA and SEY. At a low fertility level (N₀), soybean + sorghum intercropping was found to be more productive, while at a high fertility level (100 % RDN), sole sorghum was more productive than the other two cropping systems. However, during the post-rainy season, sole soybean as the preceding crop gave the highest DMA and seed yield of wheat, which were similar to those found with soybean + sorghum intercropping. Sorghum followed by wheat gave the lowest DMA and seed yield of wheat. Application of 100 % RDN irrespective of cropping system during the preceding crop improved the DMA of wheat but not its seed yield. However, N applied to the wheat crop significantly increased its DMA and seed yield.     

Effects of Mild Temperature Stress on Grain Quality and Root and Straw Nitrogen Concentration in Malting Barley Cultivars

Abstract It is a challenge to obtain the appropriate protein concentration in cereals for the intended end‐use. This study examined ambient temperature effects on two spring malting barley cultivars (Henley and Tipple) grown in soil or in solution culture with controlled nitrogen supply in daylight chambers with low temperature (day 18 °C, night 12 °C), and high temperature (23 °C/17 °C) to/after anthesis. In soil‐grown plants, high temperature to anthesis resulted in higher grain nitrogen amount (GNA), grain nitrogen concentration (GNC) and straw nitrogen concentration (SNC). In plants grown in solution, high temperature to anthesis resulted in lower GNA and higher GNC. A temperature rise of 1 °C during the growing period in solution cultivation increased GNC, root nitrogen concentration (RNC) and SNC, by 1.20, 1.35 and 0.33 mg g^?1, respectively. In solution culture, GNC was positively correlated with RNC and SNC (P < 0.01). Cv. Henley had higher GNC but lower SNC than cv. Tipple. Cv. Henley was more stable in grain size and cv. Tipple in GNC. The results showed that temperature has a direct effect on GNC. Accounting for temperature fluctuations up to the latest possible nitrogen fertilisation occasion can therefore help when deciding appropriate nitrogen supply for intended end‐use.     

秸秆还田与减氮对砂姜黑土理化指标及小麦产量的影响

旨在为砂姜黑土区减肥增效技术在小麦生产上的推广应用提供参考,在豫南典型砂姜黑土区小麦/玉米轮作体系下进行大田试验。田间试验以秸秆还田作为主处理,以不同氮肥施用为副处理,包括：0%（不施氮肥,CK）、普通尿素100%（农民习惯施肥,普N100）、普通尿素70%（普N70）、控失氮肥70%（控N70）。结果表明,与不还田条件下的减氮处理相比,还田条件下普N70和控N70处理土壤容重分别显著降低12.3%、17.9%,土壤全氮含量显著提高25.0%、27.3%,然而减氮处理与全量氮肥处理之间无明显差异。与不还田的对应处理相比,还田处理的普N70、控N70和CK的土壤有机碳显著增加38.6%、30.5%、30.6%。秸秆还田显著影响土壤容重、全N和有机碳含量,施肥处理间并不显著。小麦氮肥利用率(NRE)以及氮肥收获指数(NHI)均以控N70处理最高,但与普N100、普N70处理无显著差异。小麦产量以还田条件下的控N70处理最高,较不还田的普N100增产13.9%。综上,秸秆还田比减氮(30%)对砂姜黑土理化性状和产量的影响更大,与普通尿素100%相比,施用控失氮肥70%与普通尿素70%的产量无明显差异。     

不同降雨状况下渭北旱地春玉米临界氮稀释曲线与氮素营养诊断

过量施氮、降雨变率大和水氮耦合差是渭北旱地春玉米生产中氮肥高效利用的主要难题。构建渭北旱地不同降雨状况下春玉米临界氮稀释曲线,分析采用氮营养指数NNI诊断和评价旱地玉米氮素营养状况的可行性,为实现旱地玉米因雨合理施氮提供理论依据。以郑单958和陕单8806为试验材料,设置5个施氮量处理, 2016—2017年5个施氮量处理分别为0、75、150、270和360 kg hm-2, 2018—2019年施氮量调整为0、90、180、270和360 kg hm–2,文中依次用N0、N1、N2、N3、N4表示。其中2016年和2018年降水状况表现为穗期多雨,花粒期干旱; 2017年和2019年降水状况表现为穗期干旱,花粒期多雨,利用4年田间定位施氮试验数据构建并验证2种降雨状况下旱地春玉米临界氮稀释曲线模型。结果表明:(1)增施氮肥显著提高了旱地春玉米地上部生物量和植株含氮量,不同施氮量处理间差异显著。2种降雨状况下春玉米临界氮浓度和地上部生物量均符合幂指数关系,但模型参数之间存在差异(a.穗期多雨:Nc=35.98DM–0.35;b.穗期干旱:Nc=35.04DM–0.23)。模型拟合的植株氮浓度和实际氮浓度线性相关,穗期多雨年RMSE和n–RMSE分别为1.03、5.75%,穗期干旱年分别为1.53、6.78%,模型均具有较好稳定性。(2)在试验施氮量范围内,不同生育时期NNI随氮肥用量增加而增大,不同降雨状况下最佳施氮量存在差异。渭北旱地玉米最适施氮方案为基施氮肥150～180kghm–2,穗期多雨年追施氮肥45～75kghm–2。(3)氮营养指数NNI与相对吸氮量(RNupt)、相对地上部生物量(RDW)和相对产量(RY)均极显著相关,穗期多雨年NNI为1.02时, RY获得最大值,为0.95;穗期干旱年NNI为1.08时, RY获得最大值,为0.92。本研究建立的旱地玉米临界氮稀释曲线和氮营养指数,能够精准预测2种降雨状况下旱地春玉米拔节期至完熟期的氮素营养状况,对玉米生育季氮诊断及指导精确施氮具有重要意义。     

滴灌玉米临界氮稀释曲线与氮素营养诊断研究

旨在建立宁夏引黄灌区滴灌玉米临界氮稀释曲线模型,探讨氮营养指数(NNI)用于实时诊断和评价玉米氮素营养状况的可行性,为实现滴灌玉米合理施用氮肥提供理论依据。以天赐19为试验材料,采用滴灌水肥一体化技术,设6个氮肥水平,利用2年定位试验构建并验证了临界氮稀释曲线模型。结果表明:(1)在一定范围内,滴灌玉米干物质积累量随施氮水平的提高而增加,根据方差分析结果,将玉米各生育时期的地上部生物量分为限氮和非限氮2类;(2)滴灌玉米植株氮浓度均随着施氮量的增加而提高,但随生育期的推进和地上部干物质量的增加,玉米植株氮浓度均呈下降趋势;(3)滴灌玉米临界氮浓度(Nc)、最大氮浓度(Nmax)和最小氮浓度(Nmin)稀释模型与地上部干物质累积量之间均呈现幂函数关系,其决定系数R2分别为0.982、0.907、0.918,利用均方根误差(RMSE)和标准化均方根误差(n–RMSE)的验证表明,该模型稳定性好,误差范围小;(4)氮素营养指数模型(NNI)可衡量滴灌玉米氮素营养状况,滴灌水肥一体化条件下,宁夏引黄灌区玉米以270kghm–2为最佳施氮量;(5)根据模型推算,NNI与相对吸氮量(RNupt)、相对地上部生物量(RDW)和相对产量(RY)均极显著相关。本研究所建立的滴灌玉米临界氮稀释曲线模型和氮营养指数模型,能够精准地预测水肥一体化条件下玉米小喇叭口期至成熟期的氮素营养状况,为优化玉米的氮素管理提供指导。     

Nitrogen Partitioning in Entire Plants of Different Spring Wheat Cultivars

The aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen partitioning in entire plants, including roots, of spring wheat in two temperature regimes during grain filling. Six cultivars, genetically different and with varying grain protein concentration, were grown in solution culture to full maturity. After anthesis, half the plants were grown in high temperature (23/17 °C, day/night) and half in low temperature (18/12 °C). Root nitrogen concentration was genetically influenced. The roots had ability to redistribute nitrogen to aboveground plant parts. At maturity the roots contained 10–20 % of the total nitrogen amount in the plants. Harvest index (HI) and harvest index for the entire plant (HI_tot) for cv. Heta were significantly higher at low temperature than at high. Cv. Heta had a rapid development rate from planting to maturity. Due to slow senescence at low temperature, cv. Kärn II showed lower HI and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) at low, compared with high, temperature. Cvs Kärn II and Sport showed higher nitrogen amount in the roots and shoots at low, compared with high, temperature. A negative correlation was found between NHI and NHI_tot vs. root weight, total shoot weight and root N amount. Because of the latter correlation, breeding for low root N concentration is suggested.