旋耕深度对西北黄土高原旱作区土壤水分特性和马铃薯产量的影响

深耕对打破犁底层、优化土壤水分特性有积极作用,但对旱作农田旋耕深度的土壤水分效应及其对马铃薯水分耗散过程和产量的影响缺乏研究分析。本研究设15(TT)、40(VRT)、60 cm(VRT6)3个旋耕深度,测定土壤容重和水分特性、马铃薯叶片SPAD值、叶面积指数(LAI)和产量等,研究旋耕深度对马铃薯水分利用和产量的影响。结果表明,与VRT和TT相比,VRT6分别在40~60 cm和0~60 cm土层降低土壤容重,提高饱和含水量、毛管含水量和田间持水量;VRT6显著提高了马铃薯现蕾前的耗水量,导致盛花期的土壤贮水量在2016年较VRT和TT下降了22.3 mm、49.0 mm,2017年下降了43.9 mm、56.6 mm;VRT6显著提高2017年花后耗水,分别较VRT和TT增加了42.2 mm和38.3 mm。旺盛的花前耗水促进了地上部发育,VRT6的LAI在全生育期高于TT,在现蕾期至收获期高于VRT,并使SPAD值在2017年的块茎膨大期显著高于VRT和TT,呈现明显的地上部旺长特征。基于以上原因,VRT6的块茎产量虽然高于TT,但在2017年显著低于VRT,而且水分利用效率(WUE)较VRT和TT下降了61.2%~67.5%和41.0%~53.5%。因此,在半干旱旱作区马铃薯种植的立式深旋耕作的适宜深度是40 cm,可在优化土壤水分特性和耗水过程的基础上,有效抵御季节性干旱胁迫,显著提高产量和水分利用效率。     

减氮追施和增密对全膜覆盖垄上微沟马铃薯水分利用及生长的影响

优化垄沟配置方式、种植密度和施肥方式可显著提高降水利用效率、作物产量和水分利用效率。以西北半干旱区全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植马铃薯,设置49,500株hm–2(低密度)和64,500株hm–2(高密度) 2个播种密度,传统施肥(PM)、减量追施(PMN)、有机肥替代(PMO) 3个施肥模式,随机区组设计。研究施肥和密度对马铃薯不同生育期土壤温度、阶段耗水量、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,增密对土壤温度、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)和产量无显著影响,但降低了花前耗水量、单株地上生物量和水分利用效率,提高了叶面积指数(LAI)和花后耗水量。在块茎膨大期,高密度处理的LAI较低密度增加了3.64%～15.01%;花后耗水量在2015—2016年较低密度增加了6.50%～48.52%。与PM处理相比, PMN和PMO均能提高花前土壤温度、现蕾期-块茎膨大期的马铃薯叶片SPAD值和LAI,其中LAI在花期增加了10.42%～44.26%。PMN和PMO降低了花前耗水量,增加花后耗水量和地上生物量,在块茎膨大期地上生物量较PM增加了6.95%～49.85%。PMN能提高低密度马铃薯的块茎产量和水分利用效率(WUE),2015—2017年产量较PM和PMO分别提高了9.96%～20.87%和13.64%～17.61%,水分利用效率提高了5.46%～20.81%和13.25%～45.24%。因此,增加密度对产量和水分利用效率无显著影响,但化肥减量追施或有机肥替代均可显著促进马铃薯花后耗水和提高LAI,使马铃薯块茎产量和WUE显著增加,是西北黄土高原半干旱区增产增效的养分管理模式。     

陇中半干旱区马铃薯集雨限灌效应研究

采用大田试验与实验室分析相结合的方法,研究了集雨限灌对旱作马铃薯田蒸散量、灌水利用率、产量、产量性状及薯块品质的影响。结果表明,集雨限灌45 mm条件下马铃薯水分利用效率(WUE)显著提高,在此基础上增加灌水量,WUE降低;苗期限灌处理的WUE和灌水利用效率(IWUE)均高于薯块膨大期;苗期限灌45 mm处理综合用水效率较高。限灌可提高旱作马铃薯产量、大薯率与中薯率,降低小薯率,苗期限灌有利于大薯率的提高,薯块膨大期限灌有利于中薯率的提高;限灌降低马铃薯单株结薯数,可提高单株薯产量;超过45 mm随限灌量的增加,产量增加不显著,绿薯率和烂熟率显著增加。限灌能降低马铃薯薯块淀粉含量,提高薯块蛋白质含量。苗期限灌45 mm为半干旱区马铃薯最佳集雨限灌模式。     

密度和施肥对旱地马铃薯干物质积累、产量和水肥利用的影响

协同提高产量和资源利用效率,是旱作马铃薯高产高效的基础。本研究以陇薯10号为材料,于2017-2019年进行大田试验,设置当地农民习惯栽培(CK)、高产高效栽培(YE)和超高产栽培(HY)3种栽培模式,测定旱地马铃薯叶面积指数(LAI)、叶片SPAD值、冠层光合能力、干物质积累转运、块茎产量、水肥利用效率等指标。结果表明,与CK相比,YE和HY均提高了马铃薯LAI和叶片SPAD值,YE在降雨较少的2017年增幅更明显;二者均减慢了马铃薯块茎膨大后的LAI和叶片SPAD降低幅度,使其冠层光合能力在块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期2年平均提高29.9%、34.7%和40.2%、50.5%。基于较高的LAI和冠层光合能力,YE和HY的地上干物质在块茎膨大期较CK 3年平均增加123.05%和118.53%;同时块茎膨大后同化物对块茎的贡献率增加22.56%和19.29%,使马铃薯产量在2017-2019年平均增加47.93%和47.78%,水分利用效率平均增加77.59%和75.85%,均达到显著差异水平。YE和HY使马铃薯商品薯产量显著增加,收益显著提高,在2017-2019年分别较CK新增纯收益7330.3元hm^-2和6024.6元hm^-2。较大的群体冠层和较高的物质生产促进了植株对N、P、K的积累,YE的N、P利用效率较CK分别提高15.21%和17.20%,N、K收获指数分别提高3.85%和7.79%;HY的N利用效率提高12.37%。YE的WUE、N和P利用效率较HY提高2.05%、2.53%和23.41%,新增纯收益1305.7元hm-2。因此,YE减施缓释尿素40%并有机替代、密度60,000株hm^-2,能够提高水分和养分利用效率,维持马铃薯花后较高的冠层光合能力,促进茎叶干物质向块茎转运,实现作物增产和资源高效利用协同发展,是半干旱区黑膜覆盖马铃薯种植推荐的高产高效模式。     

密度和施肥对旱地马铃薯干物质积累、产量和水肥利用的影响

It is important to increase potato production and the natural resource utilization efficiency in dryland farming system. A field experiment was conducted using Longshu 10 with three planting modes from 2017 to 2019, including farmer mode (CK), the mode with high yield and efficiency (YE), and higher yield mode (HY). The leaf area index (LAI), SPAD, photosynthetic rate, accumulation and remobilization of dry matter, water use efficiency (WUE) and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was investigated. The results showed that LAI and SPAD were increased in YE and HY compared to CK, and it was more significant in 2017 when there was less rainfall. Meanwhile, less reduction in LAI and SPAD after tubers enlargement resulted in an increase of canopy photosynthetic rate by 29.9%, 34.7% (in 2018 and 2019), and 40.2%, 50.5% (in 2018 and 2019) during the expanding stage and starch accumulation stage, respectively. Average aboveground dry matter in YE and HY was higher than CK by 123.1% and 118.5% in the enlargement stage due to higher LAI and photosynthetic rate. The contribution rate of assimilation after potato tuber enlargement in YE and HE was higher than CK by 22.56% and 19.29%, resulting in an average potato production increase of 47.93% and 47.78%, and average water use efficiency increased by 77.59% and 75.85%, respectively. YE and HY advantaged in tuber production and income improvement. Compared with CK, the net income increased by 7330.3 Yuan hm^-2 and 6024.6 Yuan hm^-2 in 2017 to 2019, respectively. The accumulation of N, P, and K was significantly enhanced due to large population canopy and high plant biomass accumulation. Compared to CK, N and P use efficiency, and the harvest index of N and P was increased under YE mode by 15.21%, 17.20% and 3.85%, 7.79%, respectively, and the N use efficiency was increased by 12.37% under HY mode. WUE, N, and P use efficiency of YE mode was higher than HY by 2.05%, 2.53%, and 23.41%, respectively, and the net income increased by 1305.7 Yuan hm^-2. Therefore, replacement of slow-release urea with organic manure by 40% and improvement of planting density with 60,000 plants hm^-2 in YE mode potentially increased in water use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency, high canopy photosynthetic rate maintenances, and remobilization of dry matter from stem and leaf to tubers. In conclusion, YE as a high tuber production and resource use efficiency planting mode, is recommended in semi-arid areas with black-film mulched potato cultivation regime.     

旱地全膜覆土穴播荞麦田土壤水热及产量效应研究

2015 2017 年在西北黄土高原半干旱区设全膜覆土穴播(FMS)和露地穴播(CK) 2 种种植方式,研究西北黄土高原全膜覆土穴播对旱地荞麦农田土壤水分和温度、产量及水分利用效率的影响,为寻求半干旱区荞麦高产高效的技术途径提供理论依据。结果表明, FMS 较 CK 使荞麦苗期提前 2.0~2.7 d,分枝期提前 2~3 d,现蕾期提前 0~1.7 d,而灌浆期延长 4.7~7.0 d。全膜覆土穴播(FMS)提高平水年(2015)和欠水年(2016)荞麦农田的土壤贮水量,较 CK 增加 16.9mm 和 25.59 mm,提高 2.91%和 5.79%,差异显著(P<0.05),但丰水年(2017)处理间差异不显著。在平水年和丰水年,0~25 cm 土壤平均温度 FMS 较 CK 分别增加 2.27℃和 2.20℃,但是在高温干旱年, FMS 分枝期至灌浆期明显低于 CK,全生育期内 0~25 cm 土壤平均温度 FMS 较 CK 降低。成熟期 FMS 干物质量较 CK 增加 13.46%~137.87%,叶面积指数增加 16.22%~52.55%,株高增加 12.78%~48.91%,单株粒重增加 33.39%~60.90%,籽粒饱满率提高 8.48%~9.14%。3 年全膜覆土穴播荞麦生育期 0~300 cm 土壤耗水量增加 3.89%,但差异不显著,产量增加 7.26%~95.25%,水分利用效率提高 7.59%~87.08%,差异显著(P<0.05),而且越干旱年份增产增效愈加明显。全膜覆土穴播能够提高荞麦播前土壤贮水量,降低高温时段的土壤温度,延长灌浆期,显著提高叶面积指数和生物量,促进荞麦植株发育,使得产量和水分利用效率明显升高。     

秸秆带状沟覆垄播对旱地马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响

为探明西北半干旱雨养农业区马铃薯(SolanumtuberosumL.)生产中沟垄不同覆盖种植方式的增产效果和水分利用特点,在2016年和2017年设置了大田试验,包括秸秆带状沟覆宽垄种植、秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植、全覆膜沟垄种植和露地平作4个处理。结果表明,在干旱年份(2016年),沟垄覆盖种植可显著降低马铃薯全生育期耗水量6.1%～13.2%,平均提高块茎形成期1.2～1.8 m土层含水量7.6%,全覆膜沟垄作可显著提高淀粉积累期0～0.2 m土壤含水量30.3%。在平水年份(2017年),除全覆膜沟垄种植显著降低马铃薯全生育期耗水量22.2%外,其余处理与露地平作无显著差异;沟垄覆盖种植0～2m土壤含水量在马铃薯块茎形成期、块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期分别平均比露地平作高8.7%、13.0%和13.1%。与露地平作相比, 2个生长季沟垄覆盖种植可使马铃薯全生育期0～2 m土壤平均贮水量提高5.4%～15.5%,单株生物量增加12.8%～147.4%,成熟期株高增加21.1～39.7cm,进而马铃薯增产51.6%～88.2%,水分利用效率提高68.2%～111.7%。以玉米秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植增产增效最显著,2年平均产量、水分利用效率和纯经济收益分别较露地平作提高87.8%、97.5%和254.2%。因此,玉米秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植能显著提高马铃薯产量和水分利用效率。此外,与全覆膜沟垄种植相比,秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植具有操作简单、无污染、投入产出比高等优点,适宜在西北半干旱区马铃薯生产中应用。     

全膜覆土种植和施肥对旱地苦荞耗水特征及产量的影响

探究全膜覆土种植和施肥水平对半干旱区旱地苦荞土壤耗水特征和产量的影响,于2015—2017年连续3年进行定位试验,全膜覆土种植方式下,设置高量(N 120 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅90 kg hm^-2+K2O 60 kg hm^-2,HF)、中量(N 80 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅60 kg hm^-2+K2O 40 kg hm^-2,MF)、低量(N 40 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅30 kg hm^-2+K2O 20 kg hm^-2,LF)和零施肥(ZF),以传统露地种植不施肥为CK,共5个处理,以明确全膜覆土种植和施肥对半干旱区苦荞的耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,苦荞全膜覆土种植后集雨保墒效果明显,能够改善土壤水分环境,增加花前贮水,LF能够根据不同降水年型和土壤水分状况调控苦荞花前花后土壤耗水,在干旱年LF较ZF、MF、HF、CK能够提高苦荞花后土壤贮水量2.8~23.5 mm,增加花前0~100 cm土层土壤剖面水分耗散量26.3~32.4 mm,增加生育期总耗水量44.5 mm,提高耗水模系数、耗水强度,显著增加成熟期干物质量1.2%~58.8%、灌浆期叶面积指数4.1%~68.5%,增加单株粒重1.6%~61.6%,提高籽粒饱满率0.6%~29.2%,增加生物量1.1%~182.5%,提高产量1.1%~130.4%,提高水分利用效率0.3%~102.7%。可见,旱地苦荞全膜覆土种植低量施肥处理贮水效果明显,能够达到水肥耦合作用,且能够根据降水等环境条件调控植株生育期耗水,显著提高苦荞生物产量、产量和水分利用效率,是适宜于半干旱区苦荞增产增效的栽培模式。     

Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters

This paper determined the effects of mulching time for double furrows and ridges using plastic film on soil water status, grain yield of maize, soil quality, and economic benefits. The study was conducted in a typical semiarid area during two growing seasons of 2006–2007 with the following three treatments: (i) plastic film mulching at maize sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (CK); (ii) mulching applied 30 d before sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (T1); and (iii) mulching at sowing with no-tillage, and the film left on the field after harvest in the first season and used for mulching in the second season (T2). The T1 in both years and T2 in the second year (2007) improved soil water content (in the 0–60 cm layer) and temperature (10 cm) at sowing compared with CK. After the two seasons, the soil water content was significantly higher in the 0–80 cm soil layer in CK and T1, and in the 0–120 cm soil layer in T2; however, it decreased significantly in 140–200 cm soil layer in CK and T1, compared to their initial values at sowing in April 2006, and there was no significant change in T2. The rainfall storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer during the non-growing season (late September 2006 to late April 2007) was 18.2 mm in CK, 34.0 mm in T1, and 59.7 mm in T2, and the rainfall storage in 100–200 cm soil layer was 16.5 and 18.6 mm higher in T2 than in CK and T1, respectively. In 2006, there were no significant differences in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in all treatments. In 2007, the yield in T1 was significantly higher than in T2, but yields in T2 and CK were not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in WUE among treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) (0–20 cm) decreased in CK and T1, but increased (by 2.7%) in T2 at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in April 2006. The ratio of output to input was 1.32:1 for CK, 1.40:1 for T1, and 1.67:1 for T2 averaged across the two seasons. Therefore, T2 was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage, producing greater economic benefit and maintaining SOC balance for maize production in semiarid area.     

旱地小麦休闲期不同耕作措施对土壤水分蓄纳利用与产量形成的影响

为了提高旱地冬小麦的水分利用率,采用大田试验,研究休闲期不同耕作措施对旱地冬小麦土壤含水量、产量及水分利用率的影响。结果表明,休闲期不同耕作措施可明显提高播前与越冬期0~100 cm、100~200 cm土层含水量,有利于旱地冬小麦出苗与越冬;同时,休闲期不同耕作措施可明显提高后续各生育期土壤含水量,提高穗数、穗粒数,显著提高籽粒产量与水分利用率,各处理下数据显示休闲期深耕处理效果优于深松与免耕处理。总之,休闲期不同耕作措施均有利于旱地小麦土壤水分、产量和水分利用率的提高,是实现旱地小麦增产的有效措施。