中东太平洋鲨鱼生物多样性时空分布格局

利用2012—2019年中国金枪鱼延绳钓渔业观察员计划获取的数据,采用α多样性指标分析了中东太平洋海域鲨鱼的物种多样性,并利用广义加性模型分析了其栖息地偏好.结果表明,中东太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业兼捕鲨鱼共20种,主要种类为大青鲨(Prionace glauca)和镰状真鲨(Carcharhinus falciformi...     

运用生产力-易捕率指数对10种热带太平洋鲨鱼种群的研究

热带太平洋是全球产量最高的金枪鱼渔场,大洋性鲨鱼种群遭受金枪鱼渔业的影响受到国际社会的高度关注。由于缺少渔业统计资料,一般难以运用标准的资源评估方法对这些兼捕的种类进行评估。笔者运用种群生产力-易捕率分析（productivity-susceptibility analysis,PSA）方法,对热带太平洋10种鲨鱼遭受金枪鱼延绳钓渔业影响的风险程度进行比较分析,并计算风险指数（vulnerability）。风险指数从低到高的种类依次为锤头双髻鲨（Sphyrna zygaena）、路氏双髻鲨（S.lewini）、无沟双髻鲨（S.mokarran）、尖吻鲭鲨（Isurus oxyrinchus）、狐形长尾鲨（Alopias vulpinus）、长鳍真鲨（Carcharhinus longimanus）、大青鲨（Prionace glauca）、镰状真鲨（C.falciformis）、浅海长尾鲨（A.pelagicus）、大眼长尾鲨（A.superciliosus）,表明大眼长尾鲨种群受延绳钓渔业影响而遭受过度捕捞的潜在风险最高,垂头双髻鲨的风险最低。该研究结果可以为热带太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业的管理和生态系统保护提供科学参考。     

东太平洋镰状真鲨年龄与生长

镰状真鲨属大型中上层鲨鱼，是东太平洋地区金枪鱼延绳钓和围网兼捕渔获最多的鲨鱼种类，近年来资源衰退严重，被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)评估为易危物种，并列入《濒危物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)附录II。开展鱼类年龄与生长研究，是评估其资源状况的基础，可为制定有效的物种保护政策提供理论依据。以东太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓兼捕记录的802尾(雌性316尾，雄性486尾)镰状真鲨为研究对象，实验随机采集67尾(雌性35尾，雄性32尾)脊椎骨样本，通过切片法和草酸铵结晶紫染色法鉴定年龄，建立最适生长模型。结果显示，延绳钓兼捕的东太平洋镰状真鲨以全长160～220 cm，年龄9～15龄个体为主，雌、雄最大观测全长分别为222.58和233.47 cm，最大年龄分别为18龄和17龄，雌、雄逆推全长的最适生长模型均为Logistic模型，其中雌性■雄性■，雌、雄个体50%性成熟年龄t50分别为(13.50±0.43)和(13.42±0.46)龄，50%性成熟全长L50分别为(207.60±2.43)和(200.67±3.60) cm。     

中西太平洋延绳钓兼捕大青鲨渔获率、性比及叉长分析研究

大青鲨(Prionace glauca)是一种分布广泛的大型中上层远洋性鲨鱼,在以金枪鱼等经济鱼种为目标的延绳钓渔业中渔获率较高.根据中国远洋延绳钓渔船2015—2018年在中西太平洋(Western Central Pacific Ocean,WCPO)海域共51个航次采集的兼捕大青鲨数据,分析了该海域兼捕到的大青鲨...     

金枪鱼延绳钓渔获性能研究进展

金枪鱼延绳钓渔获性能主要按目标鱼种和兼捕物种渔获效率进行评价.对其研究有助于改进延绳钓渔具渔法,提高目标鱼种捕捞效率和减少兼捕.本文以时间顺序为主对国内外关于金枪鱼延绳钓渔获性能研究的文献进行梳理,从钓具选择性、钓钩深度、饵料选择性、环境因素以及钓具浸泡时长等方面概括了金枪鱼延绳钓渔获性能的研究进展,并提出存在的不足和...     

印度洋金枪鱼渔业中鲨鱼兼捕率

鲨鱼作为金枪鱼渔业中主要兼捕种类之一,其兼捕率却较少见报。本文利用印度洋1950～2010年金枪鱼渔业生产统计数据,分析了不同作业渔具的鲨鱼兼捕率。结果表明,印度洋金枪鱼渔业中鲨鱼平均兼捕率为9.30%,其中流刺网、线钓、延绳钓、围网以及其他作业渔具兼捕率分别为22.14%、16.27%、2.59%、0.43%和56.95%,且流刺网的鲨鱼兼捕量为最高。该区域兼捕鲨鱼共计19种(包括未定种),每种作业渔具未定种的捕捞量占比最高。建议在印度洋海域有针对性地发展选择性渔具,加大鲨鱼物种鉴别和数据统计能力,综合利用兼捕物种,增加经济价值。     

热带大西洋与热带太平洋拟锥齿鲨生物学特征比较

拟锥齿鲨(Pseudocarcharias kamoharai)是金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中较常见的兼捕物种。它处于海洋生态结构的顶端,对海洋生态系统的稳定和多样性起着非常重要的作用。根据我国金枪鱼渔业国家观察员2011~2015年在热带大西洋海域(6.38°S~15.17°N、42.02°W~18.53°W)调查时采集的1 426 ind拟锥齿鲨和2006~2015年在热带太平洋海域(16.88°S~10.85°N、148.71°E~96.80°W)调查时采集的1 037 ind拟锥齿鲨,按不同性别对其生物学特征进行初步研究和比较。结果表明:热带太平洋、热带大西洋两海域拟锥齿鲨雄性和雌性之间在平均叉长、优势叉长方面均存在显著性差异(P0.05),热带太平洋海域的拟锥齿鲨优势叉长和平均叉长值更大;两洋区雄性和雌性拟锥齿鲨叉长与全重关系均存在显著性差异(P0.05);两洋区拟锥齿鲨的雌雄性比分别为1∶0.80和1∶1.71,具显著性差异(P0.05);在拟锥齿鲨的摄食等级、肝重指数和繁殖特征上两洋区无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

海洋环境因子和渔具对吉尔伯特群岛海域镰状真鲨误捕率的影响

为了减少延绳钓渔业中镰状真鲨的误捕率,本研究利用2009年10月-12月和2010年11月-2011年1月在吉尔伯特群岛海域作业的延绳钓渔业调查数据:钓钩深度数据,温度、盐度、溶解氧浓度和叶绿素浓度垂直剖面数据,作业参数,渔获统计数据等,采用逐步回归的方法建立钓钩预测深度计算模型,利用Wilcoxon检验对2种钓具和2种钓钩钩型之间镰状真鲨误捕率进行显著性检验,利用统计和聚类分析的方法分析镰状真鲨的捕获环境.结果显示,(1)实验钓具和18/0圆型钓钩可显著降低镰状真鲨的误捕率;(2)镰状真鲨误捕率最高的深度、温度、盐度、叶绿素、溶解氧范围分别为40.0 ～79.9 m,24.0 ～ 24.9℃、29.0 ～ 29.9℃,35.40～35.99,0.120 ～0.199μg/L和4.50 ～ 4.99 mg/L.研究建议,(1)在生产中增加18/0圆型钓钩和80 m以深的钓钩投放量;(2)减少镰状真鲨误捕率最高的深度、温度、盐度、叶绿素和溶解氧范围内的钓钩数量.     

中东太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔获物组成分析

根据2000年9月至2002年8月两年的中东太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓探捕调查结果,对延绳钓渔获物组成进行了初步分析。结果显示,延绳钓的主要渔获种类有肥壮金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)和黄鳍金怆鱼(Thunnus albacares)等15种大洋性鱼类,渔获物中金枪鱼类分别占重量和尾数的76．41％和76．91％,旗鱼类占11．05％和7．83％．鲨鱼类占10．80％和12．08％,其他鱼类占1．73％和3．18％。相对重要性指标(IRI)表明,延绳钓渔业以肥壮金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼为目标鱼种,其他大型中上层经济鱼类为兼捕对象。各渔获种类的渔获重量组成比例月间变化和海域变化明显。     

我国金枪鱼延绳钓渔业技术分析及改进意见

70年代初，广东省从日本引进了两艘半新的旧延绳钓渔船(定名为奋斗3号、奋斗4号)，在南海的中沙、西沙群岛海域一带进行了金枪鱼试捕，探明了中沙、西沙群岛海域以黄鳍金枪鱼为主体的金枪鱼密集区三处。1977年12月至1978年5月南海水产公司与南海水产研究所共同进行金枪鱼资源试捕调查，     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.