玫烟色拟青霉亚致死浓度对小菜蛾取食和成虫生殖的影响

在室内测定了玫烟色拟青霉菌株SCAU-PFCF01的亚致死剂量对小菜蛾幼虫取食量、蛹重、化蛹、羽化、成虫寿命和雌蛾产卵量的影响。结果表明,用玫烟色拟青霉1×102和1×103孢子/ml处理小菜蛾2龄幼虫后,其幼虫期的总取食量较对照相比分别降低29.3%和54.1%。处理4龄幼虫后,玫烟色拟青霉导致其化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率、成虫寿命及成虫产卵量显著下降,1×103孢子/ml处理4龄幼虫后小菜蛾的平均蛹重、雌成虫寿命、雄成虫寿命、成虫的产卵量分别为4.3mg、15.3d、17.2d和135.1粒/雌,显著低于对照。     

苏云金杆菌对小菜蛾取食量、生长发育和生殖的影响

在室内测定了苏云金杆菌制剂对小菜蛾３、４龄幼虫取食量、发育历期、幼虫化蛹率、蛹的羽化率、成虫寿命和雌虫产卵量的影响。结果表明,小菜蛾３龄初幼虫取食Ｂｔ制剂后,３龄幼虫的取食量显著减少,而发育历期显著延长,但对能发育到４龄的幼虫其取食量和发育历期没有显著影响。小菜蛾４龄幼虫取食Ｂｔ后,幼虫化蛹率和成虫羽化率均显著下降,且下降幅度随Ｂｔ制剂浓度的增高而增大。用４００倍的Ｂｔ液剂供给小菜蛾成虫取食,虽然对其寿命没有显著影响,但可导致雌虫产卵量显著减少。     

取食转Bt基因棉等植物对甜菜夜蛾生长发育和药剂敏感性的影响

以转Bt基因棉(Bt棉)等6种寄主植物为材料,研究了对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua Hübner生长发育和药剂敏感性的影响,并对它们的后代体内乙酰胆碱酯酶和羧酸酯酶比活力进行了初步测定。结果表明,在25±1℃恒温、光照L:D=12:12条件下,甜菜夜蛾取食Bt棉与取食普通棉相比,幼虫历期延长了9.7d,龄数由5龄增加到7龄,单雌产卵力降低,幼虫存活率、蛹重、化蛹率、成虫羽化率和寿命略有降低。取食不同寄主植物间幼虫的存活率、蛹重和单雌产卵力较取食Bt棉和普通棉花间的差异更大。取食Bt棉的幼虫对顺式氯氰菊酯、灭多威、丙溴磷和氟啶脲的敏感性,较取食普通棉花的降低1～1.6倍,也较取食其它植物的敏感性明显降低。但该幼虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶和羧酸酯酶的比活力却比取食普通棉花及其它植物的明显高。     

猎物对普通草蛉发育和繁殖能力的影响

为探讨不同猎物对普通草蛉[Chrysoperla carnea(Stephens)]幼虫生长发育和成虫繁殖能力的影响,研究了普通草蛉幼虫取食棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)、萝卜蚜[Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach)]、榆长斑蚜[Tinocallis saltans(Nevsky)]、截形叶螨(Tetranychus truncatus Ehara)、枸杞木虱(Poratrioza sinica YangLi)和麦蛾[Sitotroga cerealella(Olivier)]卵共6种食物时的生长发育和成虫繁殖能力。结果表明:幼虫取食棉蚜发育历期最短,为(9.66±0.13)d、取食麦蛾卵发育历期最长,为(11.35±0.26)d;取食麦蛾卵时蛹期最短,为(7.33±0.16)d、取食萝卜蚜时蛹期最长,为(8.85±0.25)d;幼虫取食棉蚜死亡率最低,为(20.05±0.2)%、取食萝卜蚜时死亡率最高,为(31.25±0.52)%;幼虫取食截形叶螨不能完成幼虫期生长发育;幼虫取食棉蚜时蛹最重,为(8.27±0.20)mg,取食枸杞木虱时蛹最轻,为(7.28±0.18)mg;幼虫取食枸杞木虱时羽化率最低,为(69.29±0.79)%、取食萝卜蚜时羽化率最高,为(77.25±1.94)%;幼虫取食麦蛾卵时雌虫寿命最长,为(71.54±1.87)d、取食榆长斑蚜时雌虫寿命最短,为(57.35±3.66)d。幼虫取食不同食物对普通草蛉成虫产卵前期和产卵量无显著影响。幼虫食物是影响普通草蛉生长发育和繁殖能力的重要因素之一,普通草蛉幼虫取食棉蚜最适合其生长发育和繁殖。     

非昆虫源人工饲料对异色瓢虫生物学特性的影响

为明确一种非昆虫源人工饲料对异色瓢虫的饲养效果,以豌豆蚜为对照,研究了该人工饲料对异色瓢虫生长发育和生殖能力的影响。结果表明,取食人工饲料的异色瓢虫从卵到成虫的累计存活率达到82.2%,饲喂蚜虫的对照组为71.1%;与对照组相比,取食人工饲料的异色瓢虫幼虫总历期延长(人工饲料16.24 d,对照12.47 d),蛹重减轻(人工饲料27.74 mg,对照33.93 mg),成虫寿命延长(人工饲料雌虫103.6 d,雄虫82.9 d;对照雌虫85.7 d,雄虫77.1 d),10 d累计产卵23.5粒,约为对照组的5%,但人工饲料对异色瓢虫的羽化率和后代卵的孵化率无显著影响;幼虫期饲喂人工饲料、成虫期改喂蚜虫的异色瓢虫10 d产卵量352.1粒,约为对照组的80%。本研究所用人工饲料能提高异色瓢虫幼虫存活率和成虫寿命,且幼虫期取食人工饲料对成虫期产卵量影响较小,因此适于作为异色瓢虫人工饲养中幼虫阶段的食物。     

棉铃虫雌成虫对16种植物的产卵偏好性及幼虫取食后的生存表现

为研究棉铃虫成虫寄主偏好性和幼虫取食后生存表现之间的关系,明确两者在决定寄主过程中的作用,我们测定了交配后的棉铃虫雌成虫对16种植物(棉花、玉米、大豆、花生、番茄、辣椒、茄子、烟草、黄瓜、胡萝卜、西芹、杨树、月季、菠菜、包菜、大葱)的产卵偏好性和幼虫取食这些植物嫩叶后的存活和发育情况。棉铃虫雌成虫选择在烟草、茄子、棉花、胡萝卜、番茄、辣椒、玉米、西芹、大豆和花生等10种植物上产卵,但只有取食西芹、烟草、番茄、大豆、棉花和胡萝卜等6种植物叶片的初孵幼虫能够完成幼虫阶段的生长发育、化蛹并羽化,且取食植物嫩叶的幼虫的存活率、发育历期、蛹期和蛹重均差于取食人工饲料的幼虫。以上结果表明,棉铃虫雌成虫产卵寄主与其幼虫取食寄主之间存在并非一一对应的关系,幼虫的生存表现限定了棉铃虫的寄主范围。     

寄主植物对草地螟种群增长的影响

根据草地螟对寄主植物的选择性和转主取食的特性,研究了寄主植物对草地螟种群增长的影响.结果表明,不同寄主植物不仅影响草地螟的生长发育,而且也影响其产卵量和交配率.如幼虫取食灰菜和大豆苗时发育历期较短(约17天),存活率高,蛹重较大;雌蛾产卵量分别达到238、222 粒/头,交配率分别为75%、67%,其种群增长指数较高.而取食玉米和马铃薯苗时发育历期则延长到24天,存活率不足40%,蛹重较轻;其雌蛾产卵量分别为93、50粒/头,交配率均为40%,种群增长指数较低.转主取食有利于草地螟的生长和繁殖,而且提高其种群增长指数.如低龄幼虫取食灰菜至3龄再转食玉米或马铃薯苗,其发育历期、蛹重、产卵量和交配率均比仅取食玉米或马铃薯苗的有明显改善.寄主植物对成虫干重及甘油酯含量的影响亦表现出类似的结果.     

基于年龄-阶段两性生命表的不同寄主对马铃薯块茎蛾生长发育和繁殖力的影响

为生态调控马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella,在室内测定取食马铃薯和烟草后马铃薯块茎蛾的各生长发育指标,并利用年龄-阶段两性生命表计算取食这2种植物后马铃薯块茎蛾的存活率、繁殖力、寿命期望、繁殖值和种群参数,并分析不同寄主之间各参数的差异。结果表明,取食烟草的马铃薯块茎蛾卵发育历期、幼虫发育历期、蛹发育历期、雌成虫寿命和雄成虫寿命分别为5.0、18.6、5.7、41.2和40.9 d,均显著大于取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾(分别为4.1、16.7、3.6、37.2和36.7 d),取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾的每日单雌产卵量、内禀增长率、周限增长率和净增殖率分别为130.2粒、0.138 d-1、1.15 d-1和49.5,均显著高于取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾(分别为49.1粒、0.086 d-1、1.09 d-1和17.5);取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫、蛹、新孵化个体到雌成虫和新孵化个体到雄成虫的存活率分别为93.4%、63.0%、38.0%和45.0%,也高于取食烟草的马铃薯块茎蛾(分别为65.6%、59.0%、26.0%和28.0%);取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾其平均世代周期为28.3 d,显著短于取食烟草的马铃薯块茎蛾(33.2 d)。表明马铃薯块茎蛾取食马铃薯和烟草后均能正常生长发育和繁殖,但马铃薯更适合马铃薯块茎蛾生长。     

不同食料对黄地老虎生长发育和繁殖的影响

幼虫在不同食料饲养中,以灰藜最好,苘麻最差。前者幼虫期平均23～30.9天,脱皮4～5次,自然死亡率4.3～8.0％;后者则各为46.1～47.1天、6～7次、45％。各种食料饲养的蛹重,以白菜和灰藜较重,马铃薯较轻。蛹重不是决定成虫产卵高低的主要因子,而与幼虫取食食料种类关系较为密切。如幼虫取食白菜、棉花及玉米、马铃薯混杂草者,较取食旋花、马铃薯及玉米者产卵量高0.15～2.23倍,产卵期和寿命亦较长。取食混合食料的幼虫,发育速度和成虫产卵量,一般均较取食单纯一种食料为高。在成虫取食各种花蜜饲养中,以供食蜂蜜红糖水、马蔺花和向日葵花者产卵率和产卵量最高,白菜花、苜蓿花和清水者最低,前者为后者产卵量的1.99～14.06倍,雌蛾产卵率高11.1～35.7％,产卵期和寿命亦以前者为长。从幼虫和成虫取食不同营养对产卵量的对比来看,成虫期补充营养较幼虫期营养更为重要。因而某一地区蜜源植物的种类、分布密度以及蜜源植物花期与成虫发生期的符合程度,是决定某地区黄地老虎种群密度高低、为害轻重的最主要因素之一。     

苹果蠹蛾半人工饲料与饲养温度的优化

为实现苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)的人工大规模饲养,对国外学者已经报道的半人工饲料配方进行改良,比较了取食5种饲料对苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响,并组建苹果蠹蛾在20、24、28、32℃条件下取食最优配方时的实验种群生命表。结果表明,来自我国西北疫区的苹果蠹蛾,在以豆粕、蔗糖、面粉、小麦胚芽为主要成分并添加酵母粉配制成的配方B饲喂后,与传统饲料配方相比显著影响苹果蠹蛾的发育历期和种群参数,提高存活率至50.24%、缩短幼虫发育历期至20.18 d、增加蛹重至26.54 mg,并提高单雌产卵量至85.30粒。生命表结果显示,24℃时种群趋势指数最高为16.42、单雌产卵量最大为62.44粒,28℃内禀增长率最高为0.08、雌性比例最大为0.55。表明我国西北疫区的苹果蠹蛾在24~28℃条件下,取食优化的半人工饲料利于其种群数量增加。     

苹果蠹蛾的发生现状、监测技术及防治方法研究进展

苹果蠹蛾(Cydia pomonella L.)是一种严重危害苹果、梨、桃、杏的检疫性害虫,目前在我国局部分布,严重威胁我国苹果主产区。本文综述了苹果蠹蛾的发生现状、化学生态学研究进展、常用的监测技术方法以及主要防治方法,对苹果蠹蛾综合防控存在的问题及改进方向进行了讨论,以期为减缓苹果蠹蛾的扩散传播提供理论基础。     

苹果蠹蛾在辽宁省彰武县梨树上的发生规律

为明确辽宁省苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(Linnaeus)的发生规律,于2014—2016年连续3年对辽宁省彰武县哈尔套镇10个村59个不同梨园采用三角屋胶粘式诱捕器进行了雄成虫数量消长动态的监测,并对幼虫蛀果率、老熟幼虫数量及化蛹行径、蛹期进行调查。结果表明,在辽宁省彰武县,从4月下旬至9月下旬,苹果蠹蛾成虫共有2次发生高峰:第1次为5月下旬,第2次为7月中下旬;苹果蠹蛾在2016年全年内有3次明显的蛀果高峰期:第1次为6月下旬至7月上旬,第2次为8月上旬,第3次为8月下旬。老熟幼虫更趋向于脱果后直接掉落到地上再从地上沿着树干往上爬并在老翘皮下寻找合适位置化蛹;苹果蠹蛾经人工饲养的蛹期为9.95 d。研究表明,苹果蠹蛾在辽宁省彰武县1年发生2代,第1代从5月中旬到9月下旬,越冬代从7月中旬到翌年6月下旬。     

Resistance of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), larvae in Michigan to insecticides with different modes of action and the impact on field residual activity

BACKGROUND: The codling moth is one of the principal pests of apple in the world. Resistance monitoring is crucial to the effective management of resistance in codling moth. Three populations of codling moth in neonate larvae were evaluated for resistance to seven insecticides via diet bioassays, and compared with a susceptible population. In addition, apple plots were treated with labeled field rate doses of four insecticides. Treated fruit were exposed to neonate larvae of two populations from commercial orchards. RESULTS: Two populations of codling moth expressed two‐ and fivefold resistance to azinphos‐methyl, seven‐ and eightfold resistance to phosmet, six‐ and tenfold resistance to lambda‐cyhalothrin, 14‐ and 16‐fold resistance to methoxyfenozide and sixfold resistance to indoxacarb, but no resistance to acetamiprid and spinosad. The impact of the resistance to azinphos‐methyl, measured as fruit damage, increased as the insecticide residues aged in the field. In contrast, fruit damage in methoxyfenozide‐ and lambda‐cyhalothrin‐treated fruit was observed earlier for resistant codling moth. No differences in efficacy were found for acetamiprid. CONCLUSIONS: Broad‐spectrum insecticide resistance was detected for codling moth. Resistance to azinphos‐methyl, lambda‐cyhalothrin and methoxyfenozide was associated with reduced residual activity in the field. Broad‐spectrum resistance presents serious problems for management of the codling moth in Michigan. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

苹果蠢蛾幼虫和蛹寄生蜂种类

本文记录了迄今已知的苹果蠹蛾幼虫和蛹寄生蜂４３种及其分布,其中包括在中国新疆新发现的５种。     

查清我国东部地区无苹果蠹蛾发生

苹果蠹蛾[Laspeyresia pomonella(L.)]是世界检疫性害虫。英联邦农业局(CAB)受联合国粮农组织(FAO)的委托,多次公布的该虫世界分布图上,一再将我国东部(尤其渤海湾沿岸)划为该虫分布区,从而严重影响我国苹果、梨的出口;同时,一些有该虫分布的国家也据此要求我国放宽对苹果进口的检疫规定,构成了对我国苹果、梨生产的严重威胁。为查清该虫在我国的分布实况,作者在1991年监测调查的基础上,于1992—1993年,在辽、鲁、冀、京、豫五省市进行了多点重复监测调查。3年来,各基点于4—10月进行该虫性诱剂诱集监测,监测面积累计达648.2ha,代表不同地区不同类型果园;于7—10月进行果园调查及剖果检查,共计44次,调查了77县(区)的176个果园,累计调查面积达5058.9ha,共抽查了15163株果树的1978419个果实。结果在上述地区连续三年未发现该虫。结合对CAB图依据文献的核查,发现其错误引用丁资料。因此,本文论证了我国东部地区无苹果蠹蛾的分布,CAB图应予更正。     

Spatial analysis of pheromone trap catches of codling moth (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cydia pomonella</Emphasis>) in two heterogeneous agro-ecosystems,using geostatistical techniques

From 2000 to 2002, local distribution and dispersion patterns of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), captured in pheromone traps were investigated in two heterogeneous agro-ecosystems (A and B) of the Molise region, in central Italy. The main objectives of this study were to determine the temporal and spatial variations in distribution and abundance of codling moth inside and outside apple orchards located in these study areas, and to evaluate the importance of the presence of several host plants in relation to the observed distribution. Trap catches of male moths were clumped during almost all sampling weeks. Spatial characterizations obtained by means of geostatistical methods illustrate that the high trap capture foci were confined to the productive apple orchards for both agro-ecosystems or in small groups of apple trees, and in the case of study area B, in a zone containing pear trees, service trees and walnut trees. Occasionally moths were found in traps installed outside these zones. Furthermore, the position of high male population foci seems not to change during a single flight period. The results obtained are discussed with respect to the improvement of Integrated Pest Management programs employed in apple orchards situated in heterogeneous landscapes. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004.     

Efficacy of the pear ester as a monitoring tool for codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in New Zealand apple orchards

BACKGROUND: The behavioural response of both sexes of codling moth, Cydia pomonella to the pear-derived kairomone (ethyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate), codling moth sex pheromone (E,E-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol), and sex pheromone combined with the pear derived kairomone loaded into red rubber septum were investigated in trapping experiments in New Zealand apple orchards. A range of 0.01-10.0 mg of pheromone loading in rubber septum dispensers was tested and the highest catch of males was in traps baited with 1.0 mg. No dose response in trap catch of males was seen in traps baited with different amounts of pear-derived kairomone (0.01-10.0 mg). RESULTS: The number of females caught was significantly affected by the amount of pear derived kairomone used to bait traps, with the highest catch obtained at 10 mg loading. The attractiveness of sex pheromone was not enhanced by the addition of the kairomone either when used in the same bait or in a separate bait. The mean number of males captured in traps was reduced by 44% when the pheromone and kairomone were combined at ratio of 1:1 (0.1 mg pheromone: 0.1 mg kairomone) in separate sources. CONCLUSION: Kairomone baited traps showed some potential for monitoring the flight activity of female C. pomonella in apple orchards in two locations (Canterbury and Hawke's Bay). However, the number of male moths caught was low as compared to the number of male moths caught in pheromone-baited traps, and therefore the sex pheromone should continue to be used for monitoring male activity.     

三种寄主植物对小菜蛾实验种群特征的影响

为明确萝卜、白菜和油菜对小菜蛾实验种群特征的影响,测定了小菜蛾对3种寄主的取食量,通过构建两性生命表比较了不同寄主植物对其实验种群发育与繁殖的影响,并综合生命表与取食量参数,评价了小菜蛾对萝卜、白菜和油菜的危害。结果显示:小菜蛾幼虫在萝卜、油菜和白菜上的取食量差异显著,分别为93.3、105.0和114.7 mg/头。小菜蛾取食萝卜、白菜和油菜后,其幼虫的发育历期差异显著,依次为8.6、8.5和7.6 d;种群内禀增长率依次为0.18、0.23和0.23,周限增长率为1.19、1.26和1.26,净生殖率为18.7、46.1和30.6。取食萝卜的小菜蛾各发育阶段的存活率最低。小菜蛾对各供试寄主实际危害量占理论危害量的百分比为油菜(71.8%)白菜(70.8%)萝卜(53.0%)。表明同一时间内,小菜蛾对油菜危害程度最大,白菜次之,萝卜最小。     

梨和苹果腐烂病菌不同培养表型菌株的致病性分析

The pathogenicity of three strains (F-SD-8, F-BJ-2c-2 and F-HN-2a-1) of Valsa mali var. pyri causing pear canker and one strain (F-SX-A6) of V. mali var. mali causing apple canker in China were comparatively tested by wound inoculation on in vitro twigs of pear, apple and some other woody plants, and in vivo twigs of pear. Significant pathogenicity differentiation was detected in V. mali var. pyri. Generally strains F-SD-8 and F-BJ-2c-2 were highly pathogenic on pear although their culturing characteristics differed greatly. The strain F-SX-A6 was more aggressive on apple than on pear, and the strain F-HN-2a-1 showed significant lower pathogenicity on ten pear cultivars and other seven species of woody plants. Our results confirmed that two variants of V. mali had host preference and were also aggressive to crabapple, apricot, and peach besides apple and pear. Meanwhile, strains F-SD-8 and F-BJ-2c-2 could induce the formation of pycnidia on in vivo twigs of pear, which was not observed on in vivo twigs inoculated with F-HN-2a-1 and F-SX-A6.