甘肃临夏地区不同养殖规模奶牛效益分析

本文通过对临夏地区奶牛养殖户、养殖大户、养殖场的摸底调查,对不同规模养殖的经济效益进行了综合分析,得出结论是,养殖户养殖成本较低,养殖场的奶牛单产高于养殖户和养殖大户,养殖场较养殖户和养殖大户在鲜奶销售渠道上有竞争优势.养殖户在整个奶产业中还是处于劣势地位,要通过联合或组成合作社,逐渐向养殖大户和养殖场过渡.     

榆林市奶牛养殖规模与效益调查

<正>陕西省榆林市畜牧业近年来发展迅速,奶牛养殖数量较过去也有了大幅增加,奶牛养殖规模和养殖经济效益值得关注研究。本文通过对陕西省榆林市奶牛规模养殖场户和散养户的深入调研,分析养殖规模和效益,为奶牛养殖场户发展提供参考,实现奶牛养殖提质增效,助力农民养殖户增收致富。本次调研分析样本为陕西省榆林市范围内全部生鲜乳收购站(16家)和有代表性奶牛规模养殖户30户、散     

黑龙江省林甸县奶牛养殖户发展问题及对策研究

奶牛是最为常见畜牧养殖产业中的养殖品种之一,近年,随着经济的进步和“奶业振兴”的发展,奶牛养殖场在林甸县市场逐渐扩大,奶牛养殖户也随之增多,奶牛数量增加明显。但是,奶牛养殖户的效益因为市场各种综合因素的制约而降低,让很多奶牛养殖户束手无策。该文以“林甸县奶牛养殖户”作为研究对象,剖析制约林甸县奶牛养殖户发展的因素,并提出相应的建议,以期为林甸县奶牛养殖户的发展提供参考。     

奶牛微量元素需要量及中毒量

本文综述了微量元素对奶牛的作用及奶牛在生产中对微量元素需要量及中毒量。通过对奶牛生产中需要量和中毒量的描述,为奶牛养殖场及养殖户提供有效的微量元素供给量参考及有效防治中毒量参考,使奶牛养殖者能做到有效的利用,从而增加养殖效益。     

湖南长沙县奶牛养殖态势喜人

湖南长沙县万头奶牛生产基地建设项目实施捷报频传,在养殖规模、牧草种植、奶业生产等方面均呈良好发展态势。按照“政府引导、市场运作、企业带动、农民自愿”的原则,长沙县大力发展奶牛养殖大户,境外养殖大户也看准该县投资环境频频来仪:东北养牛大户吴东强选址茶亭镇西湖村,一次签定合同饲养优质奶牛300头;星城镇原同心学校被确定为奶牛养殖场;星城镇同福村、乌山镇梅湖村、高塘岭镇仁和村以及白箬铺镇等地都有了和县外养殖大户的草签协议或初步投资意向,且都具有一定规模。按照滚动式发展态势,预计今年可达到3000头以上。同时,为克服因…     

不同规模奶牛养殖对策研究——基于河北省奶牛养殖场的调研

我国奶牛养殖逐渐进入规模化时代,但规模化养殖带来的环境污染和社会问题备受关注,因此确定奶牛适宜养殖规模成为迫切问题。河北省是我国奶牛养殖大省,奶牛规模化养殖具有代表性,本研究通过对河北省奶牛养殖场的调研,统计不同规模奶牛养殖场的单产、每头牛的年利润,运用C-D函数分析不同规模奶牛养殖场的技术进步和资本利用程度的规模效应,针对不同规模的奶牛养殖提出相应对策。对于存栏600头以下的小牧场,提高养殖技术是关键;1 000头左右的牧场应该加强精细化管理,提高管理水平;3 000头以上较大规模的牧场注重保障粪污处理能力,万头牧场应有选择地建设。     

各地

黑龙江省奶牛规模化养殖达四成 黑龙江省奶业发展提档升级速度明显加快,全省奶牛规模化养殖蓬勃发展,奶牛养殖正逐渐退出庭院、村屯,进入大户、牧场和小区。据粗略估算,全省奶牛规模化养殖的比例目前已达到40％左右。由于规模化养殖场实施科学饲养,黑龙江省奶牛单产提高了15％。     

酒泉市城郊奶牛集约化养殖适度规模分析

借鉴区域环境承载力理论、区域可持续发展理论和生态经济学等原理以及奶牛养殖发展规模适宜度评价指标体系,从生产工艺、粪污处理、物流运输、兽医防疫、管理技术等角度对适合酒泉市城郊奶牛养殖的适度规模进行分析,认为酒泉市城郊集约化牛场饲养规模在500～800头,总饲养量(包括小规模养殖场和分散养殖户)不超过7万头为宜。     

奶牛布鲁氏菌病和结核病的检疫

近几年来 ,在利通区人民政府和历届畜牧局领导及广大业务人员的共同努力下 ,在众多的奶牛养殖场、养殖户和各乡 (镇 )领导的辛勤劳作及大力配合下 ,奶牛养殖科技示范园区和养殖大户如雨后春笋般的成长、壮大 ,呈现出勃勃生机。在奶牛数量快速增加的同时 ,利通区奶牛“两病”的检疫工作也成了动物检疫工作的重中之重。奶牛布鲁氏菌病和结核病是二种严重危害人民身体健康和畜牧业发展的人畜共患病。利通区是宁夏回族自治区规定的布鲁氏菌病和结核病稳定控制区达标考核的县 (区 )之一 ,又是宁夏新华百货夏进乳品企业的主要奶源基地。根据农业部…     

黑龙江省奶牛规模化养殖达四成 奶牛单产提高15%

【本刊辑】黑龙江省奶业发展提档升级速度明显加快,全省奶牛规模化养殖蓬勃发展,奶牛养殖正逐渐退出庭院、村屯,进入大户、牧场和小区。据粗略估算,全省奶牛规模化养殖的比例目前已达到40%左右。由于规模化养殖场实施科学饲养,黑龙江     

浅谈巴州地区家庭奶牛业向合作社发展的措施

目前新疆巴州地区奶牛业以乳品企业为主,家庭养殖为副。巴州地区现有养殖的奶牛共52 700多头,其中,农村散养奶牛数量比较少。农村饲料来源丰富、劳动力足够,家庭饲养奶牛已成为农户脱贫致富奔小康的一条生产门路。本文主要从培育龙头企业带动,逐步建立完善奶牛合作社奶牛业生产体系,同时对开辟青贮饲料来源及作好加工调制、逐步做到日粮标准化、饲养管理规模化、统一搞好奶牛配种及良种繁育等方面提出了对策分析。     

新疆郊区奶牛健康养殖状况调查

[目的]以新疆天山北坡昌吉市郊区散养和规模化奶牛养殖场为对象,对奶牛体况、环境压力、牛体污染、乳房炎、血液性状等健康指标进行了调查分析。[方法]选择奶牛散养户5户和规模化奶牛养殖场的干奶期、泌乳初期和泌乳中期奶牛,分别于冬季和夏季进行体况、环境压力、乳房炎、血液性状等健康指标的测定与分析。[结果]干奶牛体况值略低于奶牛体况评分的理想值（3．5）;奶牛呼吸数夏季增加,超过50次／min;规模化奶牛养殖场的污染程度比散养户要高,尤其是冬季50％以上奶牛的牛体污染评价值高于3。规模化奶牛养殖场的奶牛乳房炎发病率达40％,并发现了感染金黄色葡萄球菌的病例。低血糖奶牛占一半以上．特别是干奶期比较突出。血液Alb和BUN偏低,干奶期牛群的BUN大多低于7mg／dL。血液中谷草转氨酶（AST）偏高,谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）偏低,Ca含量正常,Mg含量较低。[结论]规模化奶牛养殖场存在干奶期奶牛能量及蛋白质不足;冬季环境恶劣并且污染程度较重,牛体污染及乳房炎发病率高;飞节损伤引起的肝功能衰退等现象,需要改进。     

不同养殖模式下饲喂包被赖氨酸对奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验采用随机分组试验设计,选择规模化养殖模式、园区式奶农合作组织养殖模式下的2个奶牛场,每个奶牛场选择80头健康的泌乳奶牛,按照产奶胎次、体重、泌乳阶段和产奶量相近原则随机分为2组,每组40头,就试验组饲粮中添加25g/（头·d）过瘤胃赖氨酸（RPLys）对乳牛产乳量及乳成分的影响进行研究。本试验结果发现,经过饲喂之后,试验组与对照组相比,产奶量有显著提高（P〈0．05）。两种模式下乳蛋白和乳脂肪含量均有提高趋势,但是试验组与对照组没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。乳糖、非脂乳固体两个指标略有提高,但差异不显著（P〉0．05）。规模化和园区式的试验组相对于对照组每天每头奶牛的净增利润分别为1．80元和0．52元。     

Farmer record of pregnancy status pre-slaughter compared with actual pregnancy status post-slaughter and prevalence of gross genital tract abnormalities in New Zealand dairy cows

AIMS: To record the prevalence of gross abnormalities of the reproductive tract in culled New Zealand dairy cows, to determine how accurately farmers classify the pregnancy status of their animals and to establish if this was influenced by method of pregnancy diagnosis. METHODS: The reproductive tracts from 1134 cull dairy cows were examined after slaughter and evisceration for the presence of gross abnormalities, ovarian activity and pregnancy at a commercial abattoir. The farmers that had submitted these animals for slaughter were surveyed for information about the farm and herd from which each cow was derived and to establish whether the farmer believed each cow to be pregnant or not. The method that had been used to determine pregnancy status was recorded for each animal. RESULTS: Gross abnormalities were evident in 5.7% of reproductive tracts. Ovarian activity (presence of follicles 5 mm diameter and/or a corpus luteum) was apparent in 88% of non-pregnant cows. Pregnancy was detected in 39% of cows, of which 2.3% carried twins. The pregnancy status evident at slaughter varied from that reported by farmers in 7.0% of the 954 cows for which farmers were able to provide information. Of the cows that had been examined by palpation or ultrasound per rectum prior to slaughter, 10.3% that were recorded as non-pregnant by farmers were pregnant, and 3.2% of those recorded as pregnant were not. Of the cows that had not been examined, 3.8% of those recorded as nonpregnant by farmers were pregnant while 10.4% of those recorded as pregnant were not. There was no apparent association between gross genital tract abnormalities or ovarian activity and the misclassification of pregnancy status. Amongst cows that were pregnant at slaughter the foetus was significantly smaller in cows that had been recorded as 'not pregnant' after palpation or ultrasound examination than in cows that had been recorded as 'not pregnant' on the basis of farmer observation only. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of gross abnormalities of the reproductive tract was comparable to that reported in similar studies overseas. Farmer observation as a method of pregnancy detection overestimates pregnancy rate. Pregnancy status may be misclassified or misrecorded following palpation or ultrasound examination of cattle per rectum. Accurate classification of pregnancy status is dependent on the method and timing of pregnancy diagnosis and on minimising errors of diagnosis, cow identification and recording.     

不同养殖模式下饲喂包被赖氨酸对奶牛生产性能的影响

试验采用随机分组试验设计,选择规模化养殖模式、园区式奶农合作组织养殖模式下的2个奶牛场,每个奶牛场选择80头健康的泌乳奶牛,按照产奶胎次、体重、泌乳阶段和产奶量相近原则随机分为2组,每组40头,就试验组饲粮中添加25g/（头·d）过瘤胃赖氨酸（RPLys）对奶牛产乳量及乳成分的影响进行研究。试验结果发现,经过饲喂之后,试验组与对照组相比,产奶量有显著提高（P〈0.05）。两种模式下乳蛋白和乳脂肪含量均有提高趋势,但是试验组与对照组没有显著差异（P〉0.05）。乳糖、非脂乳固体两个指标略有提高,但差异不显著（P〉0.05）。规模化和园区式的试验组相对于对照组每天每头奶牛的净增利润分别为1.80元和0.52元。     

高寒地区秋、冬季荷斯坦奶牛补饲优质饲料对采食量、泌乳性能和乳房炎发病率的影响

[目的]旨在研究高寒地区荷斯坦奶牛优化补饲方案的推广价值。[方法]实验选取A、B牧场无临床型乳房炎健康泌乳牛为研究对象,将两座实验牧场奶牛,分别各自分为实验组和对照组。实验组饲喂优质补饲日粮,对照组饲喂传统日粮,实验牛只每天放牧5 h。实验期为60 d,10 d为预饲期,50 d为实验期。[结果]A、B牧场实验组补饲的日粮干物质采食量分别为15.77、16.11 kg/d,明显高于对照组（14.02、14.47 kg/d）。A牧场实验组单产为16.89 kg/d,对照组单产为12.25 kg/d,差异显著（P〈0.05）;B牧场实验组单产为17.22 kg/d,对照组单产为13.21 kg/d,同样差异显著（P〈0.05）;同时A牧场与B牧场实验组的单产在与2014同期相比时同样差异显著（P〈0.05）。A牧场每千克奶饲料成本降低0.26元,与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）,B牧场降低0.13元。A牧场实验组的牛奶乳脂率和乳蛋白含量明显高于对照组,分别为3.95%和3.28%,和2014年同期相比分别增长了0.29%和0.22%;B牧场实验组牛奶乳脂率和乳蛋白含量虽然低于对照组,但也达到了4.08%和3.15%。A牧场实验组牛奶体细胞数（39.14万个/m L）比对照组体细胞数（60.54万个/m L）低21.40万个/m L。临床型乳房炎患病牛的比例,实验组低于对照组近2.67%。[结论]高寒地区荷斯坦奶牛可实行优化补饲方案,且能够提高企业和养殖户的经济效益,具有较好的推广价值。     

Farmer awareness of cow longevity and implications for decision-making at farm level

The aim of this study was to investigate if farmer awareness of longevity can explain why the longevity of dairy cows does not increase in Sweden, despite the fact that the genetic trend for longevity in Swedish dairy cattle is positive. In this study, farmers’ decisions were put in the forefront through a qualitative study with semi-structured interviews. The results showed that farmers seemed well aware of biological factors related to cow longevity, that they think the demands on dairy cows have increased over time and that they correlate the higher demands to shorter longevity. However, the farmers had not worked explicitly with longevity of their own herd. There are subjective management decisions behind a culling of a dairy cow, and the reporting of culling reasons does not mirror the farmer’s reasoning behind the decisions, which is a key factor determining longevity.     

不同品种牛乳营养成分含量及脂肪酸含量和组成测定比较研究

[目的] 比较中国荷斯坦奶牛、荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛乳中常规营养成分含量、矿物质元素含量及脂肪酸含量和组成的差异。[方法] 选取中国荷斯坦奶牛、荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛各6头,每头奶牛收集200 mL生鲜乳样品,利用乳成分分析仪测定乳中常规营养成分含量,通过原子吸收分光光度计测定乳中矿物质元素含量,应用气相色谱仪测定乳中脂肪酸含量和组成。采用统计学方法对不同品种牛乳中的营养成分含量及脂肪酸含量和组成进行比较。[结果] 中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中乳脂含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛,乳蛋白含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛;中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中乳钙含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛,乳锌含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛。中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中豆蔻酸含量显著（P<0.05）低于荷斯坦奶牛,油酸和亚油酸含量显著（P<0.05）高于西门塔尔牛;中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中饱和脂肪酸含量显著（P<0.05）低于西门塔尔牛,不饱和脂肪酸含量显著（P<0.05）高于西门塔尔牛。[结论] 中国荷斯坦奶牛乳中部分营养成分和矿物质元素含量接近或优于荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛,脂肪酸含量和组成与荷斯坦奶牛相近,脂肪酸组成优于西门塔尔牛。     

奶牛高产养殖技术要点分析

随着人民物质生活水平的不断提升,畜禽产品的需求量也在不断增大,奶牛产业作为畜牧业的重要组成部分,是农牧民增产、增收的重要途径。奶牛饲养过程中,泌乳量的多少直接影响奶牛养殖场（户）的经济效益,如何让奶牛充分发挥其泌乳性能一直是奶牛养殖过程中需要解决的问题。本文在阐述高产奶牛生产特点的基础上,从多个角度分析了奶牛高产养殖技术的要点,为奶牛养殖场（户）正确进行饲养和管理,充分发挥奶牛生产性能提供理论基础。     

Characteristics of Peri-urban Dairy Herds of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)

Peri-urban dairy cattle farms within 50 km of Bobo-Dioulasso were studied to assess herd type, disease incidence, management, feeding and breeding strategy. Out of 417 cattle farmers, 42% had dairy objectives and were studied. Among these peri-urban dairy farmers, 60% were settled, 36% semi-settled, and 4% transhumant. In total, they held 4558 dairy cows, of which 32% lactated during the study. The prevalence of mastitis (55%) increased (p<0.05) with herd size. Advanced strategies for supplementary feeding and breeding were most frequent in small herds (<30 cattle). None of the large herds (>60 cattle) had advanced breeding strategies. Bulls and cows were culled at younger ages in herds with better breeding strategy. Overall, this resulted in higher individual milk offtake in small herds (2.46 L/day) compared with large herds (1.25 L/day). Pure breeds were rarely used, and the presence of Bos taurus baoulé naturally selected for trypanotolerance was low. The prevalence of trypanosomosis (40%) in herds dominated by Bos indicus zebu and Méré (Zebu x Baoulé) is an argument for maintenance of biodiversity and selection of Baoulé for milk production.