氮磷钾配比对甘蓝产量及养分吸收利用的影响

[目的]对兰州市甘蓝生产中的氮磷钾三要素与产量、养分吸收的关系进行研究,为该地区甘蓝科学栽培提供科学依据。[方法]以该区域主栽春茬品种"中甘21"为供试材料,设CK,NP,NK,PK,NPK 5个施肥处理。在甘蓝各生育阶段测量其生物量、养分含量,分析不同肥料配比对甘蓝各时期养分吸收速率、养分累积量以及最终产量的影响。[结果]"中甘21"的生物累积动态呈现S形曲线,生物量在苗期增加较小,结球后生长加快,至成熟期后生长速度减缓。氮肥对生物量的形成影响最大,其对甘蓝生物量的限制在整个生育期都存在,其次是钾肥和磷肥。不同肥料配比显著影响了甘蓝植株养分吸收速率和累积量。甘蓝对养分的吸收速率变化趋势一致,均表现为:结球—成熟莲座—结球苗期—莲座移栽—苗期。同时氮、磷、钾的吸收累积量随着甘蓝生长不断提高,其中氮、磷素的累积在结球期后提高明显,钾素的累积在莲座期后开始提高。甘蓝氮、磷、钾含量随着植株的生长逐渐增加,同时累积量不断提高。[结论]不同氮磷钾肥料配比显著影响甘蓝的生物质量和产量以及养分利用率,其中氮肥的影响最大,其次是磷肥和钾肥。     

不同肥力条件下添加黄腐酸对土壤细菌多样性、甘蓝养分吸收及产量的影响

为探究不同肥力条件下添加黄腐酸对土壤细菌多样性、甘蓝养分吸收和产量的影响,试验以甘蓝‘优贝特’品种为研究材料,共设置4个处理:施底肥+黄腐酸(H-FA)、施底肥(H-CK)、不施底肥+黄腐酸(L-FA)、不施底肥(L-CK),1株甘蓝总计施入黄腐酸30 mg。结果表明,黄腐酸的施用和肥力对土壤细菌的物种丰富度和群落多样性无显著影响,但添加黄腐酸提高了解磷细菌和促生细菌的相对丰度。施底肥条件下,添加黄腐酸能显著提高氮和磷的生理利用效率,H-FA处理氮和磷生理利用效率分别为(341.00 ± 8.34)和(2296.98±47.49)kg·kg-1,分别为H-CK处理的1.11和1.07倍。未施底肥条件下,添加黄腐酸后植株地上部氮、磷、钾积累量均高于对照。添加黄腐酸显著提高了甘蓝地上部和地下部鲜重,施底肥条件下,与对照相比分别增加了15.8% 和20.7%,未施底肥条件下,与对照相比分别增加了16.2% 和7.7%。因此,黄腐酸通过促进甘蓝根系生长,从而促进甘蓝产量的增加,添加黄腐酸是实现减肥不减产的有效措施。     

不同氮源与镁配施对甘蓝产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究不同氮源与镁配施对甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.)产量、品质和养分吸收的影响。试验在等氮条件下设4个氮源,分别为不施氮肥、100%铵态氮、50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮、100%硝态氮;设4个硫酸镁施用量,分别为0、75 kg·hm-2、150 kg·hm-2、300 kg·hm-2。结果表明,100%硝态氮与中量(150 kg·hm-2)镁配施处理的甘蓝产量比不施肥处理、100%铵态氮与中量镁配施处理和50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮与中量镁配施处理分别增产56.9%、14.7%和5.2%。施用100%硝态氮处理的甘蓝产量略高于50%硝态氮+50%铵态氮处理,比施用100%铵态氮处理和不施肥处理分别增产13.0%和44.2%。施用低量(75kg·hm-2)镁肥的甘蓝产量比不施镁肥增产9.3%,而增加镁肥用量对甘蓝产量没有显著影响。施用100%硝态氮、50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮和100%铵态氮处理的甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施氮肥处理分别增加84.4%、63.4%和6.9%。100%硝态氮与高量(300 kg·hm-2)镁肥配合施用的甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施肥处理、100%铵态氮与高量镁肥配施处理和50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮与高镁肥配施处理分别增加101.4%、82.3%和14.1%。施用高量镁肥处理甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施肥处理增加11.2%。随着硝态氮比例增加,甘蓝维生素C、还原糖、总氨基酸含量相应增加,镁肥施用量对甘蓝维生素C、还原糖、总氨基酸含量影响明显。随着硝态氮比例增加,甘蓝对磷、钾和钙吸收量显著增加;随着镁施用量增加,磷、钾和镁吸收量相应增加。不同氮源与镁肥相互作用对甘蓝维生素C含量,氮、磷、钾、钙和镁养分吸收均有明显的影响。本研究表明,50%硝态氮和50%铵态氮混合与适量镁肥配合施用,既能增加甘蓝产量,提高维生素C、还原糖和总氨基酸含量,又能减少硝酸盐含量,提高甘蓝品质。     

深松对玉米产量和养分吸收的影响

为了研究深松对我国玉米主产区产量、养分吸收利用以及土壤养分分布的影响,于2011—2014年在我国东北、华北以及西北地区的9个试验站进行深松改土与常规旋耕对比的联网试验。结果表明,相比于传统耕作,3个区域深松均表现出了增产趋势,产量增加的中值为5.8%,其中,东北和西北区域的增产幅度高于华北区域,而东北区域秋季深松增产的变异低于春季深松。相比于常规旋耕,深松对玉米植株地上部氮和磷的吸收有显著的促进作用,在东北、西北和华北区域深松处理的地上部吸氮量和吸磷量均有所增加,中值分别为24%,5%和10%以及17%,8%和19%。深松处理增加了东北和西北区域土壤表层(0—15cm)和亚表层(15—25cm)的有效磷含量,而在华北区域没有趋势性变化。     

钾对苎麻养分吸收及产量品质影响

通过四种不同钾肥施用量的田间小区试验，配合室内植株养分测定，纤维品质分析，研究了钾对萱麻养分吸收及纤维产量品的影响，结果表明：施钾能促进苎麻对钾的吸收，调节中、后期在麻器官中的分配增加麻皮、麻骨的分配比例；适量的钾也能促进氮的吸收，对磷吸收的作用不明显；增施钾肥能明显搞苎麻纤维产量，增加原纤维素含量，降低含胶量，增加单纤维支数。     

不同施钾水平对土壤速效钾含量和三七养分吸收及产量的影响

选取二年生三七[Panax notoginseng(Burk.)F.H.Chen]作试验材料,通过田间试验研究了不同施钾(K2O)水平(0、337.5、450、675、1 012.5 kg/hm2)对土壤速效钾、三七养分吸收、钾肥利用效率及产量的影响。结果表明,不同施钾水平下土壤速效钾含量随生育期推进逐渐降低;与K0相比,施用钾肥显著提高了土壤速效钾含量(P0.05),土壤速效钾含量随施钾用量增加而增加;三七根部氮、磷、钾吸收量随着生长不断增大,施钾可明显提高三七各部位主要生育期氮、磷和钾吸收量,随着钾肥施用量的增加,三七地上部、根部氮、磷、钾吸收量先升高后降低,以K3处理吸收量最高;钾素偏生产力随着施钾水平的提高而显著下降(P0.05);不同施钾水平下三七株高、叶长、叶宽、茎粗和不同部位生物量均随生育期推进逐渐增加,施钾可以促进三七生长发育,显著提高三七产量(P0.05),施钾处理较K0处理增产6.90%~17.17%,其中,K3处理产量最高,K4处理次之。综合三七生长发育,养分吸收、钾肥利用效率与产量,本试验条件下,要实现三七高产高效以K3处理的施钾量(675 kg/hm2)为宜。     

水洗生物炭配施化肥对水稻产量及养分吸收的影响

【目的】生物炭对水稻产量和养分吸收有良好的作用,本文研究生物炭水洗与否对其效果的影响,为生物炭的高效利用提供支持。【方法】采用盆栽试验,以竹炭和经去离子水冲洗后的竹炭为材料,在不施化肥和配施化肥两种条件下,研究了竹炭和水洗竹炭对水稻土壤理化性质、水稻秸秆和籽粒产量及N、P、K养分吸收的影响。【结果】竹炭经水洗后p H和K含量显著降低,C、N、P、S、Ca、Na和Mg含量,比表面积(BET),总孔容以及平均颗粒大小均没有显著变化。与不施肥对照相比,竹炭和水洗竹炭单施处理均显著提高土壤p H、有机碳、速效钾,且两种处理之间土壤速效钾差异显著;单施竹炭和水洗竹炭分别显著提高水稻秸秆产量12.7%和15.6%,水洗竹炭处理还显著提高水稻籽粒产量15.7%,水洗与不水洗之间没有显著差异;与化肥对照相比,竹炭和水洗竹炭配施化肥均显著提高土壤全氮,水洗竹炭配施化肥还显著提高土壤速效磷;竹炭和水洗竹炭处理分别显著提高水稻秸秆产量18.7%和33.1%,提高水稻籽粒产量16.7%和18.4%。在水稻养分吸收方面,竹炭和水洗竹炭单施显著提高秸秆氮素和钾素的吸收,水洗竹炭单施还显著提高籽粒氮素的吸收,但二者之间差异不显著;与化肥配合施用,竹炭和水洗竹炭均显著提高水稻秸秆和籽粒氮素和钾素的吸收,水洗竹炭显著提高籽粒磷素吸收,且水洗竹炭促进水稻秸秆和籽粒中氮素吸收的效果优于竹炭,但竹炭促进秸秆钾素吸收效果显著优于水洗竹炭,这可能与经水洗后竹炭钾素含量显著降低有关。【结论】竹炭和水洗竹炭单独施用和与肥料配施均可显著提高水稻的产量和对养分的吸收。二者相比,水洗提高了竹炭增加水稻氮素利用率和产量的效果,但降低了其补钾能力。从环保、减氮增效以及节约水资源角度考虑,实际生产中应慎重考虑是否对生物炭进行水洗。     

不同施氮水平对加工番茄养分吸收、分配及产量的影响

根据供试土壤的养分状况,通过2年不同施氮水平的田间小区试验,2007年设施N 0、135、270、405 kg/hm2四个水平,2008年设施N0、150、300、450 kg/hm2四个水平,在加工番茄的主要生育期,测定植株生物量和不同器官氮、磷、钾含量,并结合成熟期产量,研究不同施氮水平对加工番茄养分吸收、分配及产量的影响。结果表明,加工番茄对氮、钾需求量远大于磷;加工番茄干物质及氮、磷、钾养分的积累动态均呈"S"型增长;施氮可以极大地促进加工番茄植株对氮、磷、钾的吸收,各施氮处理比不施氮处理多吸收氮75.8%～189.2%,多吸收磷49.4%～162.7%,多吸收钾60.7%～176.8%;在一定的施氮范围内,吸收氮、磷、钾的量随施氮量增加而增加;植株吸收的养分最终50%以上都聚集在果实中;在施用磷、钾肥的基础上合理施用氮肥可以显著提高加工番茄的经济产量,2007和2008年增产分别达43.8%和114.3%;过量施氮可造成加工番茄贪青晚熟,但可以通过后期合理增施氮肥,作为解决加工番茄采收期短、加工紧张问题的一个辅助措施。     

不同施氮量对甜瓜养分吸收、分配、利用及产量的影响

通过田间膜下滴灌栽培,研究不同氮素水平对甜瓜养分吸收、 分配及产量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥显著提高了甜瓜的氮、 磷、 钾的积累量,特别是显著提高了甜瓜后期氮、 磷、 钾的积累量。在施P2O5 140 kg/hm2、 K2O 150 kg/hm2 的基础上施N 225 kg/hm2,甜瓜的养分吸收量和产量均为最高,各施氮处理甜瓜氮肥利用率在11%~29%之间,且随施氮量的增加而降低。甜瓜对钾的吸收量最高,氮次之,磷最少,表明甜瓜是喜钾作物。     

施钾对扬麦158等小麦品种的养分吸收与生物产量的影响

采用田间试验、室内分析与数理统计相结合的方法研究了不同施钾水平对扬麦158在不同生育期体内的氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）含量、吸收量及干物质积累量的影响，还比较了同一施肥水平下，扬麦158等7个品种的养分吸收差异。结果表明，拔节-孕穗阶段是小麦养分吸收和生物产量积累的最快时期。不同生育阶段除含磷量较为稳定外，氮、钾变幅大，因此，在制定施肥方案时，应重视氮、钾的合理配合，以满足小麦“高产、优质、高效”生产的营养需要。     

低盐基土壤K、Ca、Mg的交互作用对水稻生长与养分吸收的影响

本文研究了我国南方的低盐基土壤施用Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ对水稻生长,养分迁移和养分吸收的影响,结果表明,在低盐基土壤ＮＰ基础上施Ｋ,随Ｋ用量增加到一定量,水稻生长受阻,生长量和产量下降的趋势。ＮＰＫ肥基础上施Ｍｇ生长量随之增加;ＮＰＫ肥基础上Ｃａ,Ｍｇ一起补给,产生协同作用,使水稻生长量明显增加。阳离子交换树脂模拟试验表明,Ｋ－Ｍｇ、Ｋ－Ｃａ和Ｍｇ－Ｃａ在养分向根迁移过程中即存在正的交互作用。盆载试验表明     

FERTILIZER RATE EFFECTS ON FORAGE YIELD STABILITY AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF MIDLAND BERMUDAGRASS

Our objectives were to document effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer rates on forage yields and uptake of N, P, and K by Midland bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] on a Minco fine, sandy loam in southern Oklahoma. After six years of this long-term experiment, forage yield responses to fertilization were mixed and depended on year. Stability analysis indicated forage yields responded positively to N fertilization during favorable weather conditions but negatively during poor weather conditions. Application of 112 kg N ha^?1 provided the best yield stability and mean annual forage yield among treatments, 11.5 Mg ha^?1, across years. In years with near-average weather conditions, uptake of N, P, and K increased linearly with N application rate. Limited water holding capacity of the soil and high soil P and K may have contributed to the limited yield responses to fertilization in this semi-arid environment.     

NUTRIENT UPTAKE,SOIL AND PLANT NUTRIENT CONTENTS,AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF WHEAT PLANTS UNDER DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEMS AND VARIOUS IRRIGATION FREQUENCIES

The effects of seed bed shaping on nutrient variation in soil and plant under two different irrigation intervals were investigated on wheat (Triticum asetivum L.) plants with a split plot design in a field plot in Zahak Agricultural Research Station in Sistan province in 2005. Irrigations after 80 and 160 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan were used as main plots. Flat surface irrigation, single, triple, and 6-row beds with four replications were subplots. Total soil nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) were measured in a 30 cm depth top layer at five sampling times. Shoot samples were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na. Results showed that the 3-row and the 6-row beds with more frequent irrigation (shorter irrigation interval) increased soil solution sodium content in beds resulting in increased plant sodium absorption. With the 3-row and the 6-row beds, increased solution sodium concentration in soil increased solution ionic strength, dissolution of lime and hence soluble Ca and Mg. With the more frequent irrigation (shorter irrigation interval), only grain nitrogen and sodium contents were increased with no change in the absorption of other nutrients. The shoot N, P, and K uptake with more frequent irrigation (shorter irrigation interval) was greater, however the grain P and K uptakes were similar with the less frequent irrigation (longer irrigation interval), suggesting a lack of transfer from other tissues to grain. The transfer of nitrogen and all other major elements from other tissues to grain was greatest with single row bed with both irrigation intervals, suggesting grain yield might not have been affected by a greater N, P and K fertilizer application. A key to grain yield increase with a more frequent irrigation (shorter irrigation interval) might be using a limiting micronutrient, effective in major nutrients transfer to grain from the other plant tissues or a bed shaping method enhancing its uptake.     

DYNAMICS OF FABA BEAN GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH GRAIN YIELD

Growth parameters and nutrient uptake of faba bean with 12 different genotypes were studied at the end of four subsequent growth periods, viz. first vegetative (V1), second vegetative (V2), first reproductive (R1) and second reproductive (R2) periods for two years and correlated with final grain yield. All parameters including plant height, leaf number, leaf area index (LAI), above ground plant dry matter (DM) and root DM, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) uptake and concentration of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg showed different patterns with advancement of the growth period. All the mentioned parameters were fitted in either quadratic or linear equations. Significant correlations were found among nutrients, growth parameters and grain yield during different growth stages. On the basis of these experiments it was clear that nutrient uptake was directly related to biomass. In V2 and R1 biomass production was greatest resulting in high nutrient uptake. Among the growth parameters, biomass and LAI showed the highest significant correlation with grain yield. The findings especially models derived from two year data across twelve genotypes can be used for better fertilizer management of faba bean.     

INFLUENCE OF ALUMINUM ON MINERAL NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND ACCUMULATION IN URTICA PILULIFERA L.

Pollutants can have detrimental effects on living organisms. They can cause toxicity, damaging cells, tissues and organs because of their high concentrations or activities. Plants provide a useful system for screening and monitoring environmental pollutants. Among pollutants, aluminum is considered as a primary growth limiting factor for plants resulting in decreased plant growth and development. Although considered to be a non-essential and highly toxic metal ion for growth and development, aluminum (Al) is easily absorbed by plants. Urticaceae family members have high nutrient requirements demonstrated by leaves containing high levels of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and nitrogen (N). Urtica pilulifera is one of the important traditional medicinal plants in Turkey. In this study, U. pilulifera was used as a bioindicator to investigate the possible differences in the absorption and accumulation of mineral nutrients at different levels of the Al exposure and examine the mineral nutrition composition of U. pilulifera under Al stress. Also, some growth parameters (leaf-stem fresh and dry weights, root dry weights, stem lengths and leaf surface area) were investigated. U. pilulifera seedlings were grown for two months in growth-room conditions and watered with spiked Hoagland solution, which contained 0, 100, and 200 μM aluminium chloride (AlCl₃). It was observed that macro- and micro-nutritional status of roots and leaves was altered by Al exposure. The concentrations of some macro- and micronutrients were reduced while concentrations of others were increased by excess of Al. Some macro- and micronutrients were increased at low level of Al whereas reductions were observed at high level of Al, and vice versa. The patterns were dependent on the macro- or micronutrient and the plant part.     

钾肥对大白菜产量形成和叶球品质的影响

通过田间试验研究了钾肥对大白菜产量形成和品质的影响。结果表明,增施钾肥能提高大白菜地上部的生物量和净菜率,显苦提高大白菜的叶球产量。叶球产量与其干物质积累量呈极显著正相关,r值为0.971(KCl)和0.985(K2SO4),表明干物质积累是叶球产量形成的基础。试验结果还表明,增施钾肥能有效地提高叶邦和软叶的粗白、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸及Vc含量,降低NO3-含量和减小叶球的邦叶比,明显地改善叶球品质。 钾肥的增产效率随其施用量的增加而逐渐下降。从经济效益分析,大白菜的适宜施钾量(K2O)在180～240kg/hm2之间,可作为生产上的参考依据。     

NAA对大白菜吸收和积累~(45)Ca的效应

用ＮＡＡ处理大白菜根部和叶部,对其吸收和转运＾４５Ｃａ的变化进行了研究。结果表明,不论根部施用ＮＡＡ或叶面喷洒ＮＡＡ均使大白菜根对＾４５Ｃａ的吸收增加,提高茎叶＾４５Ｃａ的积累,尤其心叶中＾４５Ｃａ的积累显提高,同是改变心叶＾４５Ｃａ分布,使心叶叶缘的＾４５Ｃａ积累明显增加,且根部施用效果比叶面喷洒效果更明显。     

氮肥对大白菜硝酸盐累积的影响及合理施用量研究

对宁夏灌淤旱耕人为土氮(N)肥与大白菜产量及菜体和土体中硝酸盐累积的关系进行了田间试验研究。结果表明,在设计范围内,银川平原复种大白菜的产量及净菜率与施N量成正比;施N肥增加大白菜硝酸盐含量;复种大白菜的最高产量施N量为448.5㎏/hm2,最佳产量施N量为427.5㎏/hm2;大白菜外叶硝酸盐含量高于内叶,内叶硝酸盐含量随施N肥量的增加而增加,外叶硝酸盐含量在高施N时,随生育期延长而增加;施用N肥明显增加土体各土层中的硝态N含量。     

土壤水分胁迫对小麦养分分配及产量的影响

在温室盆栽条件下研究了土壤水分胁迫对小麦养分分配及产量的影响。结果表明,随土壤水分胁迫加重,植株将吸收的氮、磷营养较多地分配于根中,在地上部中的比率少,最终分配至穗部的比率降低,磷素分配至根系高峰出现提早;水分胁迫越重,成熟期钾素分配至根系的比例越高,而最终分配至穗部的越低,从而导致氮、磷、钾肥利用效率和产量降低。由于轻度水分胁迫与对照在氮、磷、钾最终分配至穗部比率及产量上无显著差异,因而可以认为相对含水量60％为养分正常分配及获得高产的下限指标,可作为制定节水栽培措施的参考。     

硫对烤烟中镁吸收与积累的影响

通过液培试验研究了不同浓度硫（0.01、2、4、8、16和32mmol/L）处理对烤烟根、茎、叶及全株镁吸收及积累的影响。结果表明,2mmol/L处理显著提高了烤烟根系镁含量（0.6005%）,促进了镁的吸收与积累量,4～32mmol/L处理的镁含量、积累量及吸收速率随硫浓度增加而降低,且显著低于0.01mmol/L处...