黑龙江省西部草地土壤无机磷的形态

本文通过牧场试验，探讨了黑龙江省西部草地土壤无机磷形态，结果表明，四种草地土壤均以Ｃａ－Ｐ为主，约占无机磷总量的６０％左右，Ｏ－Ｐ含量少于Ｆｅ－Ｐ和Ａｌ－Ｐ．草甸黑钙土无机磷总量最高，Ｃａ２－Ｐ、Ｃａ８－Ｐ和Ａｌ－Ｐ都是草甸黑钙土重要的贮磷库；草甸风沙土无机磷总量最低，但Ｃａ８－Ｐ含量相对较高；草甸碱土无机磷总量、Ｃａ２－Ｐ和Ａｌ－Ｐ含量显著高于碱化草甸土．向草甸碱土和碱化草甸土施磷酸二铵能显著增加土壤无机磷的总量，尤其显著提高土壤中Ｃａ８－Ｐ和Ａｌ－Ｐ含量．     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土磷素积累与形态分异的影响

通过红壤性水稻土１９ａ肥料长期定位试验,结果表明,不施磷处理的土壤磷素处于耗竭状态,耕层土壤会磷含量持续下降,但耕层以下土层的全磷尚未耗损;连年施磷的土壤耕层全磷含量提高,提高的幅度呈现明显量级关系。在本试验条件下,土壤中各组分无机磷含量以Ｆｅ－Ｐ和Ｏ－Ｐ为主体,各占土壤无机磷总量的４４．６３％和３１．２７％;其次是Ａｌ－Ｐ和Ｃａ１０－Ｐ,分别占１１．８７％和８．０１％,Ｃａ２－Ｐ占３．５２％;Ｃａ８－Ｐ只有当土壤无机磷达到一定丰度和供磷强度时才存在,对水稻磷素营养的贡献无实际意义。各组分无机磷对水稻的有效性以Ｃａ－Ｐ〉Ａｌ－Ｐ〉Ｆｅ－Ｐ〉Ｏ－Ｐ〉Ｃａ１０－Ｐ;而对水稻磷素营养的贡献则以Ｆｅ－Ｐ〉Ｏ－Ｐ〉Ａｌ－Ｐ〉Ｃａ２－Ｐ〉Ｃａ１０－Ｐ;长期耗磷或施磷、土壤各组分无机磷减少或增加量的排列顺序与土壤中各组分无机     

应用^32P研究水溶性磷在石灰性土壤中的形态转化及其有效性

＾３２Ｐ示踪试验表明，加入石灰性土壤中的水溶性磷最初主要转化成Ｃａ２－Ｐ，Ｃａ８－Ｐ次之，随着时间的推移，Ｃａ２－Ｐ不断减少，Ｃａ８－Ｐ和Ｆｅ－Ｐ有所增加，Ａｌ－Ｐ在一周前后已达到平衡，从比活度看，Ｃａ２－Ｐ有效性最高，是石灰性土壤中的速效磷源，Ｃａ８－Ｐ，Ａｌ－Ｐ，Ｆｅ－Ｐ的有效性接近，是土壤中的缓效磷源。     

有机肥对石灰性土壤无机磷组分的影响

研究了３种有机肥料对土壤无机磷组分的影响，其中猪粪能显著提高土壤中Ｃａ２－Ｐ、Ｃａ８－Ｐ、Ａｌ－Ｐ和Ｆｅ－Ｐ的含量，紫云英及稻草的作用明显低于猪粪，３种有机肥料对Ｃａ１０－Ｐ的影响都很小。     

旱作农田石灰性土壤磷素形态,转化与施肥

本文针对近年来人们十分关注的石灰性土壤磷的固定问题，对石灰性土壤磷素形态转化、有效性及其与施肥的关系进行了研究。结果表明，石灰性土壤中Ｃａ２－Ｐ是最为有效的磷源，其次分别为Ｃａ８－Ｐ、ＡＬ－Ｐ和Ｆｅ－Ｐ，为缓效磷源，Ｃａ１０－Ｐ和闭蓄态磷则为无效态磷；磷肥施入石灰性土壤后，绝大部分转化为缓效态Ｃａ８－Ｐ，同时有一定量的Ａｌ－Ｐ和Ｆｅ－Ｐ生成，而Ｃａ－Ｐ体系中，基本不存在Ｃａ８－Ｐ进一步向无效态Ｃａ     

磷石膏农用机理及利用途径的研究初报

本通过室内培养试验和田间小区试验探索了磷石膏农用的机理及其利用的途径。室内培养试验过程中，土壤ｐＨ值、碳酸氢根含量下降明显，土壤速效磷水平有明显的提高。田间试验表明，磷石膏在降低土壤中ＨＣＯ３＾－、ＣＯ３＾２－及Ｃｌ＾－、Ｎａ＾＋含量的同时，提高了Ｃａ＾２＋、ＳＯ４＾２－的含量。以磷石膏为主的水稻壮苗剂对水稻秧苗生长有明显的促进作用。在石灰性土壤地区，改良盐碱土、生产调酸壮苗剂及研制改土肥是磷石     

中酸性土壤无要磷形态及生物学有效性

在黄棕壤和棕红壤上施用磷肥,经三年室内温润条件下培养,用石灰性土壤无机磷分极方法测定各形态磷含量,各形态磷增量的分配比例表明,Ｆｅ－Ｐ居首位,其次为Ａｌ－Ｐ为Ｏ－Ｐ,三级Ｃａ－Ｐ之和在２０％以下,经培养的土壤种植黑麦草,其生物量和吸磷量与各形态磷量的关系除Ｃａ１０－Ｐ外,均达到极显著水准。     

安徽省土壤无机磷组分状况及施肥对土壤磷素的影响

采用石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法，研究了安徽省不同类型土壤无机磷组分含量状况、土壤无机磷组分在土壤剖面中的含量分布以及施用磷肥对土壤无机磷组分含量的影响，结果表明：安徽省土壤无机磷含量高低排序为菜园土〉潮土〉水稻土砂姜黑土〉黄褐土〉黄棕壤〉红壤〉紫色土；土壤无机磷含量的地域分布特征明显，皖北地区土壤无机磷含量明显高于皖南地区。石灰性土壤无机磷组分以Ca—P为主，占土壤无机磷总量的60％左右，其次为O-P，而Fe—P和Al～P含量较少；酸性土壤无机磷组分以O-P为主，占土壤无机磷总量的50％左右，其次为Fe—P和Al—P，Ca—P相对含量小于10％。菜园土无机磷积累特别明显，特别是积累了较多的Ca2—P和Ca8-P。水稻土无机磷组成变化较大，其含量主要取决于水稻土的成土母质。在菜园土的土壤剖面中，上部土层磷素积累明显，菜园土0～20cm土层中无机磷含量与60～80cm土层的比值为4．12，其他类型土壤表土层也有无机磷积累现象。施用磷肥可以明显提高土壤无机磷含量，在作物生长前期，施用的磷主要转化为生物有效性较高的Ca2-,Ca8-P,Al-P和Fe—P，在作物生长后期，O—P和Ca10—P才出现积累。     

风沙土酿酒葡萄基地磷表资源特征与生物有效性

应用化学分析,吸附试验和生物诊断方法,系统研究了风沙土壤磷的有效性和利用率。结果表明：土壤磷素活性高低的顺序为：紧沙土〉轻沙土〉沙土,无机磷盐是风沙区植物所能利用的土壤磷素的主要磷形态,且Ｃａ－Ｐ所占的比例最大。磷固定强弱的顺序为：紧沙土〉轻沙土〉沙土,对各处理土壤进行无机磷形态分级测定表明,磷肥施入土壤以后,在相当长的时间里主要是向Ｃａ２－Ｐ、Ｃａ８－Ｐ转化,Ａｌ－Ｐ和Ｆｅ－Ｐ也有不同程度的积累     

南海诸岛土壤的地球化学特征及其生物有效性

南海诸岛主要由三类土壤组成，即富磷岩性均腐土，盐成土和新成土。这些土壤均发育于具有强石灰性的生物碎屑沉积物之上。富磷岩性均腐土的元素含量与母质相比，Ｐ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｂａ、Ｃｄ等元素含量较高，且随成土时间的增加，其含量有增加的趋势，而Ｍｇ、Ｃａ、Ｓｒ、Ｂ、Ｖ、Ｐｂ、Ｍｏ等元素含量较低，随成土时间的增加逐渐降低。新成土和盐成土除Ｐ和Ｎａ元素含量较高外，其余元素均接近母质。南海诸岛独特的生物气候、母质等     

Effect of Submergence on Iron Transformation and Phosphorus Availability in Calcareous Soils

A thermostatic incubation experiment was carried out to estimate the effects of flooding periods,stalk application and P addition of Fe transformation and P availability in calcareous soils.Submergence increased amorphous Fe,especially in the case of stalk application.The newly formed amorphous Fe with a great surface area played an important role in Psorption;and submergence also stimulated the dissolution of inorganic P,thus increasing the availability of soil P in calcareous soils.Meanwhile,a part of soluble P was absorbed and fixed again on the surface of newly formed amorphous Fe,thus resulting in a decrease of P availability.Soil rapidly available P increased after 150-day incubation.There existed significantly negative correlations between soil amorphous Fe content and soil Fe-P and rapidly available P contents.Submerged conditions promoted the transformation of inorganic P added toward Fe-P in calcareous soils,especially in the case of stalk application.     

干湿交替过程中水稻土铁形态和磷吸附解吸的变化

采用室内培养试验 ,经过连续 3次淹水 落干处理 ,研究了干湿交替过程中土壤中氧化铁形态的变化以及对土壤磷吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明 ,淹水使土壤中结晶态氧化铁含量明显减少 ,无定形氧化铁和土壤对磷的吸附量急剧增加 ,磷解吸下降 ;落干则使之发生相反的变化。土壤中的无定形氧化铁含量与土壤对磷的吸附之间存在着密切的相关关系。因此 ,淹水 落干过程中无定形氧化铁的变化是影响水稻田磷有效性的一个主导因子。     

Evaluation of preflooding effects on iron extractability and phytoavailability in highly calcareous soil in containers

Previous pot cropping and laboratory incubation experiments were consistent with field observations showing that temporary flooding before cropping can increase the availability of soil Fe to plants. To study the effect of temporary flooding on changes in soil Fe phytoavailability we used 24 highly calcareous, Fe chlorosis–inducing soils to carry out a pot experiment where peanut and chickpea were successively grown after flooding for 30 d. At the end of the cropping experiment, the preflooded soil samples exhibited higher concentrations of acid oxalate‐, citrate/ascorbate‐ and diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Fe (Fe_ox, Fe_ca, and Fe_DTPA, respectively) than the control (nonflooded) samples. Also, Fe_ox and Fe_ca exhibited no change by effect of reflooding of the cropped soils or three wetting–drying cycles in freeze‐dried slurries of soils previously incubated anaerobically for several weeks. Leaf chlorophyll concentration (LCC) in both peanut and chickpea was greatly increased by preflooding. The best predictor for LCC was Fe_ox, followed by Fe_ca and Fe_DTPA. The LCC–soil Fe relationships found suggest that the Fe species extracted by oxalate and citrate/ascorbate from preflooded soils were more phytoavailable than those extracted from control soils. However, the increased phytoavailability of extractable Fe forms was seemingly limited to the first crop (peanut). Flooding dramatically increased Fe_DTPA; however, high Fe_DTPA levels did not result in high LCC values, particularly in the second crop. Therefore, this test is a poor predictor of the severity of Fe chlorosis in preflooded soils.     

The effect of soil flooding on the transformation of Fe oxides and the adsorption/desorption behavior of phosphate

As repeatedly reported, soil flooding improves the availability of P to rice. This is in contrast with an increased P sorption in paddy soils. The effects of soil flooding on the transformation of Fe oxides and the adsorption/desorption of P of two paddy soils of Zhejiang Province in Southeast‐China were studied in anaerobic incubation experiments (submerging with water in N₂ atmosphere). Soil flooding significantly increased oxalate‐extractable Fe (Fe_ox), mainly at the expense of dithionite‐soluble Fe (Fe_DCB), as well as oxalate‐extractable P (P_ox), but decreased the ratio of P_ox/Fe_ox. Flooding largely increased both, P adsorption and the maximum P adsorption capacity. The majority of newly sorbed P in the soils was P_ox, but also more newly retained P was found to be not extractable by oxalate. Flooding also changed the characteristics of P desorption in the soils. Due to a decrease of the saturation index of the P sorption capacity, P adsorbed by flooded soils was much less desorbable than that from non‐flooded soils. There are obviously significant differences in the nature of both, the Fe_ox and P_ox fractions under non‐flooded and flooded conditions. The degree of the changes in Fe_ox, P_ox, P adsorption and P desorption by flooding depended on the contents of amorphous and total Fe oxides in non‐flooded soils. Our results confirm that the adsorption and desorption behavior of P in paddy soils is largely controlled by the transformation of the Fe oxides. The reasons of the often‐reported improved P availability to rice induced by flooding, in spite of the unfavorable effect on P desorbability, are discussed.     

Immobilization of Zinc Fertilizer in Flooded Soils Monitored by Adapted DTPA Soil Test

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a persistent problem in flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.). Severe Zn deficiency causes loss of grain yield, and rice grains with low Zn content contribute to human nutritional Zn deficiencies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction method for use with reduced soils and to assess differences in plant availability of native and fertilizer Zn from oxidized and reduced soils. The DTPA‐extractable Zn decreased by 60% through time after flooding when the extraction was done on field‐moist soil but remained at original levels when air‐dried prior to extraction. In a pot experiment with one calcareous and one noncalcareous soil, moist‐soil DTPA‐extractable Zn and plant Zn uptake both decreased after flooding compared with the oxidized soil treatment for both soils. In the flooded treatment of the calcareous soil, both plant and soil Zn concentrations were equal to or less than critical deficiency levels even after fertilization with 50 kg Zn ha^?1. We concluded that Zn availability measurements for rice at low redox potentials should be made on reduced soil rather than air‐dry soil and that applied Zn fertilizer may become unavailable to plants after flooding.     

Increasing phosphorus fertilizer value of recycled iron phosphates by prolonged flooding and organic matter addition

Iron (Fe) minerals are commonly used to remove phosphorus (P) from waste streams, producing P-loaded Fe(III) oxides or Fe(II) phosphate minerals (e.g., vivianite). These minerals may be used as fertilizers to enhance P circularity if solubilized in soil. Here, we tested the P fertilizer value of recycled Fe phosphates (FePs) in a pot trial and in an incubation experiment, hypothesizing that P release from FePs is possible under Fe(III)-reducing conditions. First, a pot trial was set up with rice (Oryza sativa) in all combinations of soil flooding or not, three P-deficient soils (acid, neutral, and calcareous), and six FePs (three Fe(III)Ps and three Fe(II)Ps) referenced to triple superphosphate (TSP) or zero amendments. Shoot P uptake responded to TSP application in all treatments but only marginally to FePs. The redox potential did not decrease to -200 mV by flooding for a brief period (13 d) during the pot trial. A longer incubation experiment (60 d) was performed, including a treatment of glutamate addition to stimulate reductive conditions, and P availability was assessed with CaCl₂ extraction of soils. Glutamate addition and/or longer incubation lowered soil redox potential to < -100 mV. On the longer term, Fe(III) minerals released P, and adequate P was reached in the calcareous soil and in the neutral soil amended with Fe(III)P-sludge. It can be concluded that prolonged soil flooding and organic matter addition can enhance the P fertilizer efficiency of FePs. Additionally, application of FeP in powder form may enhance P availability.     

Studies of nitrogen immobilization and mineralization in calcareous soils—II: Mineralization of immobilized nitrogen from soil fractions of different particle size and density

¹⁵NO^?₃ was immobilized in a calcareous sandy soil and a calcareous clay soil each incubated with glucose and wheat straw. Net mineralization of organic-¹⁵N was more rapid in the sandy soil, irrespective of C amendment, and in soils amended with glucose. Intermittent drying and wetting of soils during incubation stimulated mineralization of ¹⁵N-labelled and native soil organic-N in all treatments. The availability (percentage mineralization) of recently-immobilized ¹⁵N consistently exceeded that of the native soil N. Ratios of the availability of labelled and unlabelled N were similar in the sandy and clay soils but varied according to C amendment, drying and wetting cycle and incubation period.Changes in the distribution of immobilized N amongst soil extracts and soil fractions of different particle size and density were determined during periods of net N mineralization. In straw-amended soils, the organic-¹⁵N of a light fraction, sp.gr. < 1.59, decomposed relatively rapidly during the late mineralization period. Decreases of organic ¹⁵N of the fine clay fraction were also recorded. In glucose-amended soils, net N mineralization was accompanied by significant decreases in the concentrations of organic-¹⁵N of the silt and fine clay fractions.Drying and rewetting of soils hastened or magnified changes occurring in the organic-¹⁵N of soil fractions, but qualitatively, the pattern of change was similar to that observed with soils incubated under uniformly-moist conditions.The percentage distribution of labelled and unlabelled N suggested that in the long term, the silt fraction will accumulate an increasing proportion of the more stable nitrogenous residues.     

Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung des pflanzenverfügbaren Phosphats in Thüringer Carbonatböden

Investigations on the characterization of plant available phosphate in Thuringian calcareous soils Phosphate availability in Thuringian calcareous soils and its characterization by CAL‒, NaHCO₃-, H₂O- and CaCl₂-soil tests was investigated in laboratory and pot experiments. Soil CaCO₃ contents > 10% increase the pH value of CAL solution and thus decrease phosphate extractability. The increase of pH also causes an inadequate assessment of plant available phosphate by H₂O- and CaCl₂-soil tests. The CAL soluble P content of the soil corrected by the pH value of the extraction solution was most suitable for the forecast of P uptake of corn in a pot trial. From both parameters P availability indices for calcareous soils can be calculated which are comparable with those in soils containing < 5% CaCO₃. The equation, which still has to be verified in field experiments, reads as CAL-P_corrected = CAL-P_measured · (1 + 0.83·〈pH-value_{CAL solution} — 4.1〉).     

合成磷源在石灰性潮土中的有效性及氮肥形态对其的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法研究了几种人工合成磷源在两种质地土壤中的有效性及不同氮肥形态对它们有效性影响的机理。研究结果表明 :几种合成磷酸盐在轻壤质和轻粘质潮土中的生物有效性的大小顺序分别为 :磷酸二钙 (DCP) >磷酸八钙 (OCP) >磷酸铝 (Al P) >磷酸铁 (Fe P) >氟磷灰石 (FA)和DCP >Al P >OCP >Fe P >FA。几种人工合成磷源在两种质地土壤中的有效性与土壤中相应形态无机磷的有效性相一致。它们在轻粘质潮土中的生物有效性明显受氮肥形态的影响。配施NH 4 N和CO(NH2 ) 2 时 ,Al P和FA的有效性比配施NO-3 N明显提高。配施NO-3 N可以明显提高Fe P的有效性。它们在配施不同氮肥形态下的生物有效性与不同氮肥形态处理下的根际pH变化密切相关。     

盆栽和田间条件下土壤15N标记肥料氮的转化

利用¹⁵N在盆栽条件下研究了铵的矿物固定作用对肥料氮在三种土壤中转化的影响.结果表明,红壤性水稻土不固定肥料铵,但在白土和夹沙土中,56-77%的肥料氮被土壤矿物所固定,这些“新固定”的固定态铵的有效性很高,其中90%以上在30-50天内即被水稻所吸收,或者为微生物所利用转变为生物固定态氮.生物固定态氮对当季作物的有效性远较“新固定”的固定态铵的低.田间微区试验的结果还表明,甚至第二、三季作物吸收的残留肥料氮中,20-86%的氮也系来自固定态铵.作者认为,对具有较强固铵能力的土壤来说,只有了解铵的矿物固定作用,才能正确了解肥料氮的其它转化过程.