CO2浓度升高对不同秋眠型苜蓿内源激素含量的影响

为探讨CO_2浓度升高对不同秋眠型苜蓿(Medicago sativa)内源激素含量的影响,以3个不同秋眠型苜蓿品种为材料,设计3个不同的CO_2浓度梯度(700、550μmol·mol~(-1)和正常大气CO_2浓度350μmol·mol~(-1)),对苜蓿的4个生育期进行处理,测定各期叶片中内源激素含量。结果表明,CO_2浓度越高叶片中生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)含量越高,脱落酸(ABA)含量越低。整个生育期内高CO_2浓度处理有利于提高苜蓿的IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA的比值,解除休眠,保持生长。初花期和盛花期时,高CO_2浓度处理对苜蓿的内源激素有显著影响(P0.05)。高CO_2浓度处理对半秋眠苜蓿的生长发育最为有利,其次为非秋眠型苜蓿,此外,高CO_2浓度处理能减弱秋眠型苜蓿的秋眠性,延长其生长周期。     

CO2浓度升高对不同秋眠类型苜蓿生长发育的影响

为了分析3种秋眠类型苜蓿(Medicago sativa)(秋眠型苜蓿Maverick、半秋眠型苜蓿ABI700和极非秋眠型苜蓿UC-1465)在不同CO_2浓度下的生长发育情况,本研究运用人工气候箱和开顶式气室动态观测了3种秋眠类型苜蓿的种子发芽特性、生长发育和产量大小。主要结果:1)550、700μmol·mol-1 CO_2浓度处理能显著提高3种秋眠类型苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数(P0.05),缩短平均发芽天数(P0.05)。其中550μmol·mol~(-1)浓度处理下苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽势最高。2)高CO_2浓度促进3种秋眠类型苜蓿生育期提前3~6d,且CO_2浓度越高生育期越提前。3)高CO_2浓度能显著促进3种秋眠类型苜蓿株高、叶面积和单株干重增加(P0.05)。高CO_2浓度处理后UC-1465的单株鲜重比Maverick高19.33%~21.76%,比ABI700高12.74%~13.11%;单株干重比Maverick高14.85%~26.77%,比ABI700高12.31%~14.58%,高CO_2浓度处理后极非秋眠型苜蓿UC-1465生长优势进一步提高。4)CO_2浓度对苜蓿茎粗无显著影响(P0.05),但促进秋眠型苜蓿Maverick、半秋眠型苜蓿ABI700茎粗增大。上述结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势、株高、叶面积、生物量等对CO_2的响应存在浓度效应。可以预测,未来大气CO_2浓度升高的对苜蓿生长有一定的促进作用,具有一定的应用潜力。     

3种秋眠类型苜蓿对不同CO2浓度的生理响应

利用开顶式气室(open-top chamber,OTC)研究了3种秋眠类型苜蓿(Medicago sativa)(秋眠型苜蓿Maverick、半秋眠型苜蓿ABI700和极非秋眠型苜蓿UC-1465)在700、550和350μmol·mol-1(CK)3种CO_2浓度处理下整个生育期的生理变化。结果表明,整个生育期CO_2浓度越高,苜蓿叶绿素和可溶性糖含量越高。700和550μmol·mol-1处理下,3种秋眠类型的苜蓿平均叶绿素含量较对照平均分别提高了约11.49%和6.00%,可溶性糖含量平均分别提高了约52.01%和38.82%。CO_2浓度升高能够降低苜蓿的丙二醛含量,700和550μmol·mol-1处理下,丙二醛含量较照平均分别下降了约18.20%和17.93%。盛花期时,CO_2浓度升高对脯氨酸合成量有显著的正效应(P0.05),其余时间呈抑制状态。综合来说,CO_2浓度升高在初花期时对苜蓿各生理指标均有显著影响(P0.05)。高CO_2浓度处理下,极非秋眠型苜蓿UC-1465的叶绿素累计合成量高于秋眠型苜蓿Maverick和半秋眠型苜蓿ABI700,而高CO_2浓度大大促进了秋眠型苜蓿Maverick、半秋眠型苜蓿Maverick合成可溶性糖、降低丙二醛,有利于增强其缓解胁迫以及渗透调节能力。     

光周期对不同秋眠型苜蓿SOD、POD活性的影响

短日照是导致苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)秋眠的主要环境因子,同时也可能是苜蓿生长的一种逆境。本文研究了光周期对不同秋眠型苜蓿超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性的影响,以及两种抗氧化物酶活性与苜蓿秋眠性的关系,为进一步研究秋眠性的生理机制奠定基础。结果表明:无论是秋眠型苜蓿Vernal,半秋眠型苜蓿CW502,还是非秋眠型苜蓿CUF101,其叶片中SOD和POD的活性均呈现出8h光照最高,12h次之,16h最低的趋势,暗示SOD、POD的活性与长日照苜蓿的光周期有关,短日照可提高SOD、POD的活性;在同一光周期下,不同秋眠类型苜蓿品种之间并未在SOD活性上表现出规律性,而POD活性则有随着秋眠性增强而增强的趋势;在同一苜蓿品种中POD活性多随生长期延长而升高。     

低温胁迫对紫花苜蓿叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以经过抗寒锻炼的盆栽不同抗寒紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)品种为材料,分别在室温和低温处理后(-8℃)测定不同秋眠型紫花苜蓿品种的叶绿素荧光参数,分析低温对不同苜蓿品种的冷害指数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:在低温胁迫后非秋眠型Dona Ana和Pierce的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)显著降低,电子传递速率(ETR)减慢,实际光化学量子产量(Y)下降,叶片受低温胁迫较重;秋眠型Vernal和5246各荧光参数变化不大,而非秋眠型CUF101、极非秋眠型UC-1465非光化学淬灭(NPQ)值显著升高(P<0.05),其他的参数变化较小。低温胁迫很轻时,非光化学淬灭系数NPQ升高,说明耗散过剩的光能具有保护光合机构的作用。因此紫花苜蓿各荧光参数的变化与其抗寒特性密切相关。     

温度对不同秋眠型紫花苜蓿光敏色素和内源激素的影响

为探讨温度对不同秋眠型苜蓿(Medicago sativa)光敏色素表达量和内源激素含量的影响,以3个不同秋眠型紫花苜蓿品种为材料,设计5个不同的温度梯度(6,12,18,24和30℃)处理35d,测定叶片中光敏色素和植物激素的含量,分析温度与苜蓿秋眠的关系。结果表明:与半秋眠、非秋眠型苜蓿相比,秋眠型苜蓿Norseman(FD1)叶片中的PHYA表达量低,且有随着温度升高而升高的趋势;非秋眠品种CUF101(FD9)在低温(6℃)和较高温度(24和30℃)时PHYA表达量较低,12和18℃时含量较高;Dupuils(FD5)在各个温度条件下变化不大。温度对苜蓿品种Dupuils(FD5)和CUF101(FD9)中PHYB含量无规律性影响,但Norseman(FD1)从低温到高温的PHYB表达量呈明显的递减趋势,低温有利于PHYB基因的表达。在适合于苜蓿生长的温度条件下,叶片中GA3,ZR和IAA含量较高,低温(6℃)和高温(30℃)时上述生长激素含量下降。因此,苜蓿的秋眠性受温度影响,PHYA和PHYB对苜蓿的秋眠有调控作用,低温和高温不利于生长激素的合成。     

苜蓿秋眠型与其超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶关系的研究

为进一步研究苜蓿Medicago sativa秋眠性的生理机制,提高苜蓿的抗寒性和生产性能,研究了短日照（8 h光照/16 h黑暗）条件下,不同秋眠型对苜蓿超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性的影响。结果表明：苜蓿SOD、POD的活性随着秋眠性的增强而升高,呈现秋眠型苜蓿Vernal最高,半秋眠型苜蓿CW502次之,非秋眠型苜蓿CUF101最低的趋势;3种不同秋眠型苜蓿的SOD、POD活性均随着生长期的延长而升高。     

不同秋眠级苜蓿越冬前后叶片光合作用的比较研究

本文通过对苜蓿叶片光系统活性、光合速率及气孔的测定,研究了越冬前后不同秋眠级苜蓿光合作用的变化,探讨苜蓿秋眠级与抗寒性之间的关系,为苜蓿抗寒品种的选育提供理论基础。结果表明,苜蓿叶片的光合性能指数和最大光化学效率的日变化趋势均呈U型,且两品种间无显著性差异。这表明苜蓿叶片光系统Ⅱ在中午产生光抑制,下午随着光强的减弱光抑制减轻,光合活性恢复。苜蓿叶片光合速率日变化均呈三峰曲线。不同秋眠级苜蓿叶片气孔结构越冬前无显著差异;越冬中气孔皱缩变窄且准格尔苜蓿变化更显著;越冬后气孔逐渐恢复且准格尔苜蓿气孔恢复较快。这表明,秋眠级较低的苜蓿在越冬低温后气孔结构恢复较快,光合作用恢复较快,有较强的抗低温性。     

苜蓿幼苗生长特性对播期的响应及其与秋眠性的关系

为了研究不同环境条件下苜蓿幼苗生长特性与秋眠性的关系,试验选择不同秋眠级数的苜蓿品种在4个播期播种,测定了不同品种苜蓿幼苗的株高和生物量,分析了不同品种苜蓿株高、生物量与秋眠级数的相关性。结果表明:品种、播期以及它们的交互作用均对苜蓿幼苗的株高和生物量有极显著影响(P0.01);随着温度降低、日照时间减少等秋季环境条件的改变,苜蓿秋眠性开始表达,幼苗生长减慢;4个播期下苜蓿幼苗株高均与秋眠级数呈显著或极显著相关(P0.05或P0.01),除第2播期外其他播期的苜蓿幼苗生物量也与秋眠级数呈显著或极显著相关(P0.05或P0.01);8月28日播种的苜蓿幼苗株高、生物量与秋眠级数的相关系数较大,随着品种秋眠性增加,幼苗株高和生物量均显著减小。说明在秋季适宜时期播种可以对不同秋眠型的紫花苜蓿群体进行有效区分。     

北京地区不同秋眠级苜蓿品种生长动态比较

对不同苜蓿Medicago sativa品种生长动态的研究表明,不同秋眠级苜蓿达到某个生育期的早晚顺序是极非秋眠型、非秋眠型、半秋眠型、秋眠型。在一个生育期内,苜蓿自然高度的动态变化符合Logistic曲线,相关指数都在0.954 1以上,相关极显著。不同秋眠级苜蓿的快速生长期都处于相应的分枝期与现蕾期之间,生长量占总生长量的比例均超过50%。灰色关联度分析表明,不同秋眠级苜蓿的生长在自然条件下受空气温度、光照强度、相对湿度等气候因素影响,其影响程度排序为空气温度>光照强度>相对湿度。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.