不同温度下豆蚜在闽南饲用(印度)豇豆上的发育及试验种群生命表

为评估牧草、绿肥兼用草种闽南饲用(印度)豇豆(Vigna unguiculata)作为载体植物扩繁豆蚜(Aphis craccivora)的适合性,开展了不同温度下闽南饲用(印度)豇豆对豆蚜存活率、发育历期、繁殖力影响的研究,并构建了种群生命表。结果表明:在17~33℃,豆蚜的世代发育历期随温度的升高而缩短;21℃时豆蚜的产蚜量最高,为103.90只;净增殖率随温度升高而降低,33℃时最低(1.378),17℃最高(54.649);在17~33℃,内禀增长率在25℃时最大(0.338),33℃时最小(0.041);周限增长率在25℃时最高(1.403),33℃时最低(1.042);种群加倍时间在25℃时最低,为2.049 d。闽南饲用(印度)豇豆具备载体植物的潜力,对建立以闽南饲用(印度)豇豆为纽带的载体植物系统有一定的启发。     

不同温度条件下两种色型豌豆蚜的种群参数

为了明确温度对红色型和绿色型豌豆蚜种群动态变化的影响,在12~32℃ 6个温度条件下研究了2种色型豌豆蚜的生长发育、繁殖和生命表。结果显示: 2种色型豌豆蚜在32℃时,不能发育至成虫。2种色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率在12~20℃时均随着温度的增高而升高,在16和20℃,红色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率显著高于绿色型(P<0.05)。在24℃时,红色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率显著低于16和20℃时同色型(P<0.05),而绿色型豌豆蚜显著高于12~20℃时同色型,红色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率显著低于绿色型(P<0.05)。到28℃时,2种色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率均显著低于12~20℃时同色型。在12~24℃条件下,2种色型豌豆蚜的内禀增长率均随着温度的上升而增加,红色型豌豆蚜的内禀增长率与绿色型相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。在28℃,红色型豌豆蚜的内禀增长率显著低于绿色型豌豆蚜(P<0.05)。表明红色型豌豆蚜在较低温度条件下适应性较强,而绿色型豌豆蚜更适合较高温度。     

温度对苜蓿蚜试验种群参数的影响

研究了在15,20和25℃的恒温条件下,苜蓿蚜的发育、存活、寿命和繁殖情况,组建了不同温度下苜蓿蚜试验种群的生命表,分析了温度对其种群参数的影响规律。结果表明,3个温度下该蚜虫均能发育,存活和繁殖;平均世代历期随温度升高而缩短,15℃时为18．77d,25℃时为10．31d;成虫寿命在15℃时最长（12．33d）;在25℃下,若蚜发育历期最短,内禀增长力最高。     

不同抗生素对高梁蚜生长发育的影响

为了明确不同抗生素对高粱蚜(Melanaphis sacchari)生长发育的影响,本研究选择了10种抗生素(盐酸土霉素、利福平、四环素、硫酸卡那霉素、阿莫西林、阿奇霉素、罗红霉素、庆大霉素、头孢霉素、盐酸林可霉素)采用浸根法处理高粱苗,然后将高粱蚜接至不同抗生素处理后的高粱叶片上进行生命表实验,记录高粱蚜的发育历期、产蚜量、生殖期、生殖力,并计算高粱蚜的各项生命参数。结果表明,经过盐酸土霉素、利福平、四环素、罗红霉素处理过的叶片上的高粱蚜的若蚜期与对照相比显著延长(P0.05);经过硫酸卡那霉素、阿莫西林、阿奇霉素、庆大霉素、头孢霉素处理过的叶片上的高粱蚜的若蚜期显著短于对照(P0.05);经盐酸土霉素、利福平、四环素、庆大霉素处理的叶片上的高粱蚜的生殖力显著低于对照(P0.05)。盐酸土霉素、利福平、四环素处理高粱植株后,高粱蚜的内禀增长率显著低于对照(P0.05)。以上结果说明盐酸土霉素、利福平、四环素的作用延长了高粱蚜的若蚜期,缩短了生殖期,降低了高粱蚜的生殖力,且高粱蚜内禀增长率和净增殖率也显著降低,因此盐酸土霉素、利福平、四环素能够抑制高粱蚜的生长发育。     

应用生命参数评价不同桑树品种对朱砂叶螨的抗性

在温度(28±1)℃、相对湿度75%±10%、光照16 L∶8 D条件下,应用生命表技术研究了朱砂叶螨在4个桑树品种上的种群生命表参数。结果表明,种群生命表的内禀增长率、净增殖率、周限增长率和种群倍增时间等参数在4个桑树品种上都存在显著差异,其中朱砂叶螨在湖桑32号和摘桑13号的内禀增长率分别为0.386 0±0.002 7和0.385 3±0.003 4,显著高于在新疆白桑(0.350 9±0.003 6)和瓜瓢桑(0.348 2±0.006 4)的内禀增长率,表明新疆白桑和瓜瓢桑对朱砂叶螨的抗性较强。研究结果对桑树抗虫品种筛选和害虫的综合防治具有一定的指导意义。     

桑白蚧实验种群生命表

本文根据试验所得数据,组建了桑白蚧实验种群生命表,并绘制“l_x”曲线.结果表明桑白蚧实验种群在25℃下,种群趋势指数和内禀增长能力最大(I=15.3,T_m=0.04571);实验种群前期存活率低,在35℃下桑白蚧仅能发育至—龄若虫;各发育阶段经过时间随温度升高而缩短;在该种群的理论稳定年龄组配中,未成熟期占90％左右,而成虫仅占10％左右.     

朱砂叶螨在桑品种育71-1上的实验种群生命参数研究

应用Jackknife技术,研究了朱砂叶螨在桑树品种育71-1上的种群动态,并用Weibull模型对种群存活特征进行了分析。结果表明:在(26±1)℃,RH85%,L∶D=16∶8的光照条件下,朱砂叶螨内禀增长率为0.3442±0.0041,净增殖率为40.5015±2.5840,周限增长率为1.4108±0.0058,世代平均周期为10.7598±0.1182,种群倍增时间为2.0135±0.0241,存活率曲线表现为DeeveyⅠ型。     

不同温度下苜蓿叶象甲实验种群生命表研究

为了研究温度对苜蓿叶象甲(Hypera postica Gyllenhal)种群动态的影响,组建了其在18℃,22℃,26℃,30℃下的实验种群生命表。结果表明:18~30℃范围内,苜蓿叶象甲发育速率随温度的升高而加快,并符合Logistic模型。苜蓿叶象甲的卵、幼虫、前蛹、蛹及产卵前期成虫的发育起点温度分别为8.82,10.47,8.60,11.91和9.53℃,有效积温分别为99.38,143.80,48.63,55.71和140.15℃·d,完成整个世代需要的有效积温为480.96℃·d。实验温度条件下其生存曲线呈A型,26℃时世代存活率及单雌产卵量最高,分别为47.6%,847.7粒。苜蓿叶象甲世代存活率(S)、种群趋势指数(I)与温度(t)间均呈抛物线关系,其生长发育繁殖的最适温区为25~27℃。     

两种色型豌豆蚜生物学特征对不同大豆品种的响应

研究"汾豆牧绿2号"、"南夏豆25"、"南黑豆20"和"南豆5号"4种大豆品种对红绿两种色型豌豆蚜生物学特征的影响,旨在为大豆品种的抗性评价及其豌豆蚜危害的综合防治提供理论依据。在光周期10Light∶14Dark、温度(23±1)℃,湿度60%±10%,光照强度212μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)的人工气候箱条件下,组建了两种色型豌豆蚜取食不同大豆品种,测定豌豆蚜龄期、发育历期、体重差、相对日均体重增长率等生物学参数。结果表明:1)红色型豌豆蚜发育历期和相对日均增长率均存在寄主的显著效应,"南夏豆25"组的发育历期所需时间最长(8.30 d),"南黑豆20"组最短(7.29 d);相对日均增长率"南夏豆25"最低,比"汾豆牧绿2号"、"南黑豆20"和"南豆5号"分别减小31.25%、25.00%和12.50%;若虫存活率"南黑豆20"上最高;喜食品种依次为"南黑豆20""汾豆牧绿2号""南豆5号""南夏豆25"。2)绿色型豌豆蚜在各龄期、发育历期和相对日均增长率均差异显著,在"南豆5号"上发育历期所需时间最长(8.84 d),在"南夏豆25"上最短(7.81 d);相对日均体重增长率"南豆5号"上最低,比"汾豆牧绿2号"、"南夏豆25"和"南黑豆20"分别减小6.25%、25.00%和12.5.0%;若虫存活率"南黑豆20"上最高;喜食品种依次为"南夏豆25""南黑豆20""汾豆牧绿2号""南豆5号"。综上,两种色型豌豆蚜生长发育与不同大豆品种相关,且红色和绿色型豌豆蚜对不同大豆品种反应均不相同。     

吡虫啉、阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯亚致死剂量对绿色型豌豆蚜发育及繁殖的影响

为了了解吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯不同亚致死剂量对绿色型豌豆蚜实验种群参数的影响,阐明绿色型豌豆蚜发育及繁殖与亚致死剂量的关系,并为豌豆蚜的综合防治提供理论依据。在22~24℃,光照周期L∶D=16 h∶8 h,相对湿度(RH)70%~80%条件下,采用带虫浸叶法确定吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯对绿色型豌豆蚜的亚致死剂量,通过叶碟饲养,记录其发育历期、产蚜量和寿命。结果表明,吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯LC₂₀、LC₁₀分别处理成蚜后,成蚜平均寿命和平均产蚜量均显著低于对照(P<0.05),其中阿维菌素LC₂₀处理平均寿命最短为3.34 d,高效氯氰菊酯LC₂₀处理平均产蚜量最低为14.30头;F₁代除3龄历期无显著差异外(P>0.05),其余各龄期历期变化规律不明显,但成虫期、存活率、平均产蚜量、净增殖率及平均世代周期均表现为LC₁₀大于LC₂₀,在阿维菌素LC₁₀下,F₁代成蚜寿命、成蚜平均产蚜量、净增殖率及平均世代周期达到最大值且均大于对照,分别为9.76,77.76,65.32,12.41。表明吡虫啉,阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯不同亚致死剂量处理成蚜后,对其寿命和繁殖力均起到抑制作用,但对F₁代影响表现为大部分生物学参数随亚致死剂量降低而升高。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.