饲料油菜与玉米秸秆混合青贮品质研究

以盛花期刈割收获的饲料油菜（Brassica napus）与玉米秸秆（Zea mays）为原料,按不同比例混贮,通过青贮发酵及营养品质分析,探讨二者混贮的适宜配比。结果表明：饲料油菜单贮的干物质（DM）含量较低,玉米秸秆单贮的营养品质较差,均不宜单独调制青贮饲料;混贮处理后的粗蛋白（CP）、粗脂肪（EE）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、粗灰分（Ash）含量均介于饲料油菜与玉米秸秆单贮之间,营养品质均得到明显改善,达到提高青贮品质的目的;饲料油菜与玉米秸秆7：3混贮处理的CP、EE含量显著高于玉米秸秆单贮与其它混贮处理,pH值、ADF与NDF含量显著低于玉米秸秆单贮与其它混贮处理（P<0.05）;在V-Score青贮发酵品质评价体系中,饲料油菜单贮的得分最高,达到优秀,混合青贮中以7：3、5：5的处理得分较高。通过综合比较分析,以饲料油菜与玉米秸秆7：3的混贮处理品质较好,可作为饲料油菜与玉米秸秆混合青贮配比方案。     

苎麻与水稻/玉米秸秆混合青贮饲用价值评价

以青刈苎麻(Boehmeria nivea)与玉米(Zea mays)、水稻(Oryza sativa)秸秆为原料,调制鲜苎麻∶玉米秸∶水稻秸重量比分别为1∶1∶0(ZY)、1∶0∶1(ZD)、2∶1∶1(ZH)、1∶1∶1(ZL)及苎麻∶蔗糖重量比为99∶1(ZT)的混合青贮饲料,并以全苎麻青贮为对照(ZQ),通过感官评定和营养品质分析,探讨苎麻混合青贮的可行性及其饲用价值。结果表明:1)苎麻可单独调制青贮饲料,并可降低中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)含量,显著提高干物质摄入量(dry matter intake,DMI)和相对饲料价值(relative feed value,RFV),但造成23.6%的粗蛋白(crude protein,CP)损失,且因pH高、饲料质地差,导致发酵品质较低;2)单独添加外源糖分(蔗糖)可减少CP损失但整体饲用价值下降;3)添加玉米、水稻秸秆可显著减少CP损失、提高青贮饲料发酵品质、均衡养分结构,但提高NDF、ADF含量,整体降低饲用价值;4)苎麻与水稻秸秆混贮饲用价值优于与玉米秸秆混贮,但苎麻与玉米秸秆混贮对保存CP效果更为明显;5)苎麻、水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆三类原料混合青贮劣于苎麻与其中一类秸秆混合效果。本研究认为与鲜苎麻混合青贮是挖掘南方青粗草料饲用价值的有效途径,但需针对NDF、ADF含量调控进行深入研究。     

苜蓿与玉米混贮质量研究

以玉米与苜蓿为原料,按不同比例混贮;通过发酵品质和营养成分分析,找出二者混贮的适宜配比。结果表明: 1)各混贮处理发酵品质较苜蓿单贮均得到改善,达到优质青贮的目的; 2)玉米与苜蓿3∶7混贮处理CP和Ash含量高于玉米单贮,低于苜蓿单贮,差异显著(P＜0.05),而NDF和ADF含量低于玉米单贮,高于苜蓿单贮,差异显著(P＜0.05);3)玉米与苜蓿5∶5、7∶3混贮处理pH值较苜蓿单贮显著降低(P＜0.05);各混贮处理乳酸占总酸百分比均达到60%以上,乙酸、丙酸占总酸百分比较苜蓿单贮降低,丁酸产生较少; 4)苜蓿青贮后乳酸菌数达到10⁸ cfu/g FM,玉米青贮前后乳酸菌数差异不明显,青贮后各处理大肠杆菌数明显下降。7∶3混贮处理发酵品质最佳。     

苜蓿与直穗鹅观草混贮发酵品质研究

以苜蓿(Medicago sativa)与直穗鹅观草（Roegneria turczaninovi）为原料,按不同比例混贮,通过分析发酵品质和营养成分,优化混合青贮比例。结果表明,苜蓿青贮后干物质（DM）和中性洗涤纤维（NDF）含量增加,粗蛋白（CP）、 酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、可溶性碳水化合物（WSC）含量降低,直穗鹅观草青贮后DM、NDF、CP及ADF含量增加,粗脂肪（EE）和WSC降低;混贮处理CP和Ca含量显著高于直穗鹅观草单贮,而显著低于苜蓿单贮,DM、NDF、ADF含量显著低于直穗鹅观草单贮;随直穗鹅观草在混贮比例中的提高,pH值呈降低趋势,混贮中乳酸占总酸含量居于两种牧草单贮之间,苜蓿与直穗鹅观草3∶7混贮乙酸含量占总酸含量显著高于其他处理（P＜0.05）,为33.9%,混贮处理丁酸产生较少;苜蓿与直穗鹅观草混贮氨态氮占总氮含量显著低于苜蓿单贮（P＜0.05）,且显著高于直穗鹅观草单贮（P＜0.05）;青贮后各处理乳酸菌数达到106 cfu/g（以鲜物质为基础）,较青贮前提高,各混贮处理乳酸菌和霉菌数高于两种牧草单贮;直穗鹅观草单贮发酵品质评分为97分,且氨态氮含量较低,为最佳处理。     

多种秸杆发酵菌青贮玉米秸杆的对比试验研究

[目的]为探讨青贮用多种微生物发酵菌剂对玉米秸秆青贮品质的影响.[方法]本研究应用DPS数据统计软件分析评价了7种青贮用微生物发酵菌剂处理玉米秸秆后的各营养成分,以及与饲用品质相关性状.[结果]表明不同微生物菌剂处理组间秸秆水分(MC)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、可溶性糖(WSC)、粗纤维(CF)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗蛋白(CP)等含量的差异均达极显著水平(P＜0.01),而与饲用品质相关的4个性状变异程度不同,以可溶性糖(WSC)含量变异系数最大.而以利用sila-Max200、郑州益加益、西安新天地等3种微生物发酵菌剂处理后的玉米秸秆饲料可溶性糖(WSC)含量高而酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、粗纤维(CF)含量降低.[结论]sila-Max200、郑州益加益、西安新天地等3种秸秆青贮用微生物发酵菌剂是最优发酵菌剂,适宜在玉米秸秆开发利用生产中大面积推广.     

饲用油菜与不同秸秆按不同水分含量混贮品质研究

为研究饲用油菜（F）分别与玉米秸秆（C）及水稻秸秆(R)混贮的品质，选择初花期的饲用油菜，分别与玉米秸秆及水稻秸秆进行混合，设为FC组和FR组，每组3个水分处理（55%、65%和75%)，每个处理6个重复。结果表明：（1） FC和FR组青贮60 d后，65%组的粗蛋白质（CP）、粗脂肪（EE）含量下降幅度最小，粗灰分（Ash）增加幅度最小，中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、pH下降幅度最大，营养成分流失最少，采食率、消化率更高。（2）在FC、FR两组中，65%组乙酸（AA）、丙酸（PA）含量显著低于75%组（P ＜ 0.05），65%组NH3-N、丁酸（BA）含量显著低于55%组及75%组，V-Score评分最高，FC组V-Score评分高于FR组。综上，饲用油菜分别与玉米秸秆及水稻秸秆混贮时，水分控制在65%时发酵品质最好，并且饲用油菜与玉米秸秆混贮品质优于饲用油菜与水稻秸秆。 [关键词] 饲用油菜|玉米秸秆|水稻秸秆|混贮     

向日葵秸秆与全株玉米混合青贮饲料品质评定

试验采用单因素试验设计,以向日葵秸秆与全株玉米为原料,以不同比例混贮,通过感官评定及青贮饲料品质分析,研究调制青贮饲料时二者较为适宜的混合比例.将向日葵秸秆和全株玉米分别按照0∶10,4∶6,5∶5,6∶4,7∶3,8∶2,9∶1和10∶0的重量比混合调制青贮饲料.结果表明,向日葵秸秆虽是菊科牧草,但青贮后能得到良好青贮饲料,青贮以异型乳酸发酵(hererolactic fermentation)为主;向日葵秸秆与全株玉米混合青贮后,4∶6混合处理组青贮饲料干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)和粗脂肪(EE)含量极显著高于而粗灰分(Ash)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)含量极显著低于向日葵秸秆青贮饲料(P＜0.01);各处理组青贮饲料pH值均低于4.0,各混合处理组青贮饲料乳酸占总酸的百分比(LA/TA)、丙酸占总酸的百分比(PA/TA)较向日葵秸秆青贮饲料提高,乙酸占总酸的百分比(AA/TA)较向日葵秸秆青贮饲料降低,丁酸占总酸的百分比(BA/TA)没有检测到,在混合处理组,除4∶6混合处理组外,其余处理组青贮饲料氨态氮占总氮的百分比(NH3-N/TN)均低于向日葵秸秆青贮饲料.由此得出,全株玉米与向日葵秸秆混贮能有效提高向日葵秸秆青贮饲料的青贮品质.     

哈尔滨地区不同品种玉米秸秆青贮营养分析

随着东北地区"粮改饲"政策的实施及畜牧业的发展,玉米秸秆青贮利用越来越普遍。为充分利用玉米秸秆,分别对哈尔滨地区种植的6个玉米品种(先玉335、东农253、德美亚3号、郑单958、利民33、高油115)的秸秆进行了青贮试验,探讨了不同品种玉米秸秆营养品质及青贮发酵品质的差异。结果表明:供试的6个玉米品种中,以东农253的营养价值最高;各品种玉米秸秆青贮后均能达到优良的发酵品质;不同品种玉米秸秆青贮后营养品质具有显著差异(P0. 05),东农253秸秆青贮后各项营养指标均最高;各品种玉米秸杆青贮后粗蛋白(CP)含量均显著降低(P0. 05),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗脂肪(EE)含量变化不显著;结合灰色关联度分析,表明东农253玉米秸秆青贮后营养价值最高,其中各项营养指标占干物质含量分别为CP 6. 93%,NDF60. 31%,ADF 35. 86%,EE 5. 43%。     

酒精清液发酵玉米秸秆、全株玉米青贮和玉米秸秆瘤胃降解率的研究

本试验旨在研究3种玉米秸秆的营养成分及瘤胃降解特性。首先测定玉米秸秆、全株玉米青贮及发酵秸秆的常规营养成分,然后采用尼龙袋法其干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的瘤胃消失率与瘤胃降解参数。结果表明:秸秆经酒精清液发酵后,其CP、EE含量显著高于玉米秸秆和玉米青贮(P<0.05),且NDF、ADF含量显著降低(P<0.05)。发酵玉米秸秆各种营养成分72 h瘤胃消失率均显著高于玉米秸秆(P<0.05),而DM、CP和ADF的72 h瘤胃消失率与全株玉米青贮水平相当,差异不显著(P>0.05)。发酵玉米秸秆DM、CP、NDF和ADF的有效降解率分别为46.93%、58.35%、36.41%和36.01%,显著高于玉米秸秆(P<0.05)。CP的有效降解率略低于全株玉米青贮;CP、NDF和ADF的潜在可降解部分(a+b)值显著高于玉米秸秆(P<0.05)。因此,经酒精清液发酵后,秸秆的营养价值得到明显改善,部分营养成分及瘤胃利用效率与全株玉米青贮相似。     

多花黑麦草与大豆秸秆混合青贮品质的研究

为充分利用西南地区的饲草资源,以多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)和大豆(Glycine max)秸秆为材料,研究其混合青贮饲料的营养品质,筛选出适宜的混贮比例.设不同比例多花黑麦草与大豆秸秆混贮,青贮42 d后测定青贮饲料的营养品质.结果表明:大豆秸秆与多花黑麦草混贮显著(P<0.05)提高了青贮原料干物质(DM)含量,添加大豆秸秆显著(P<0.05)降低了青贮原料的粗蛋白(CP)和可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)的损失率,显著(P<0.05)提高了酸性洗涤性纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤性纤维(NDF)的降解率;同时大豆秸秆与多花黑麦草混贮显著(P<0.05)降低了氨态氮/总氮(AN/TN)的值.从青贮品质及秸秆利用最大化的角度出发,建议多花黑麦草与大豆秸秆以8:2和7:3的比例混贮较为适宜.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.