黄土高原中小流域土壤侵蚀快速评估方法研究——以杏子河流域为例

以杏子河流域为例 ,利用RS与GIS相结合的技术手段 ,快速提取流域下垫面覆盖信息和地形信息 ,在对土壤侵蚀评价因子进行合理筛选以后 ,参照国家土壤侵蚀分级分类指标 ,利用ERADS图像处理软件提供的专家分类器 ,实现对土壤侵蚀强度及其空间差异的快速、精确评估 ,并利用水文站的观测数据进行了验证     

区域土壤侵蚀遥感抽样调查方法

土壤侵蚀是全球性环境问题,土壤侵蚀调查是水土保持规划和生态文明建设的科学基础。为了完善土壤侵蚀抽样调查方法,快速、精准地估算土壤侵蚀实际速率,对基于高分辨率遥感影像进行目视解译,提取高精度土地利用和水土保持措施信息的方法进行了研究。基于现代地理信息科学,充分利用虚拟地球及其提供的公开高分辨率遥感数据资源,考虑土壤侵蚀及其治理的时空特征,采用分层不等概系统空间抽样方法布设抽样单元,通过对公开高分辨率遥感影像的目视解译,完成泛第三极地区土地利用和水保措施的遥感抽样调查。研究实现了2万个抽样调查单元的解译,提取了土地利用和水土保持措施信息;基于CSLE模型完成了典型抽样调查单元的土壤流失速率计算,并对解译结果进行了精度和实用性分析。结果表明:基于公开高分辨率遥感影像、利用分层不等概系统空间抽样方法,可快速提取土地利用和水土保持措施信息,完成区域土壤侵蚀抽样调查。     

MODIS数据在土壤侵蚀动态监测中的应用--以湖北省为例

以动态监测湖北省土壤侵蚀为例，采用三要素（即植被覆盖度、地形坡度和土地利用）专家规则模型，应用MODIS遥感影像进行土壤侵蚀强度快速估测。首先，利用MODIS数据和植被指数模型提取省内的植被覆盖度信息；其次，利用人工解译的TM影像获取土地利用图；然后，利用DEM数据生成坡度图；最后，结合土壤侵蚀强度分级指标，将这3图叠加，判断和计算侵蚀强度等级，获得省内土壤侵蚀强度等级图。运用GIS技术，通过对2004年和2005年的土壤侵蚀强度等级图分析比较，从而实现动态监测。     

土壤侵蚀调查与制图方法的初步研究

讨论土壤侵蚀调查的目的、方法、内容和提交的成果。土壤侵蚀调查目的是研究土壤侵蚀类型及其区域差异,揭示发生发展规律,为水土保持及其规划服务。土壤侵蚀类型的划分应该科学性和生产性相结合,侵蚀方式、形态和强度相结合,用遥感资料为侵蚀调查提供大量的有用信息。以地形图作基础,遥感技术和地面调查结合是土壤侵蚀制图的有效手段,它快速、准确,节省人力、财力,能广泛应用。     

土壤侵蚀预测建模研究进展

 通过对土壤侵蚀预测及其模型的评述,提出了土壤侵蚀预测建模中存在的问题及对策。从目前已经建立的坡面、小流域和区域不同空间尺度上的土壤侵蚀预测模型可知,各空间尺度上指标的选择和模型的建立,均是独立进行的,相互之间缺乏有机的联系,不同空间尺度模型无法进行有效的信息交换。随着水土流失的治理已由点、小流域治理,进入了大规模连片集中治理的阶段,土壤侵蚀预测建模研究的重点,应转向不同空间尺度土壤侵蚀预测模型之间的关系与转换上来。通过建立不同空间尺度间土壤侵蚀预测转换模型,利用小尺度上实用的土壤侵蚀预测模型和数据,对区域水土流失进行定量预测与评价,具有重要的理论与实践意义。     

利用卫星遥感和GIS技术进行昭通地区土壤侵蚀调查研究

在分析了昭通地区土壤侵蚀成因和规律后,本研究选择了植被盖度和坡度作为确定土壤侵蚀等级的主导因子。利用1999年昭通地区TM卫星图像进行判读,提取植被盖度、土地类型和土地利用方式等信息;从地形图提取坡度信息;最后应用地理信息系统(GIS)的通用软件工具ARC/INFO7.11和AR-CVIEW3.2进行土壤侵蚀等级的空间分析,得到了土壤侵蚀等级空间分布图。根据土壤侵蚀等级图的统计分析结果对长防林(云南部分)实施后产生的生态效益尤其是土壤侵蚀的治理作出了科学评价。     

智能化土壤侵蚀遥感解译系统

从智能化土壤侵蚀遥感解译系统原理、系统总体结构、系统各模块结构和系统检验 4个方面阐述了智能化土壤侵蚀遥感解译系统的计算机实现过程和精度检验 ,认为通过遥感影像激发土壤侵蚀专家对区域土壤侵蚀因子及其土壤侵蚀信息的认识 ,并记录他们的知识数据 ,建立知识库 ,用于土壤侵蚀信息自动提取是一种新的科学、高效的土壤侵蚀信息提取方法     

中国土壤侵蚀环境背景数据库的设计与建立

综合分析影响土壤流失和保持的环境因子将是土壤侵蚀机理,土壤侵蚀定量评价及其时空特征研究的重要手段和途径,也是土壤侵蚀的水土保持基础信息工程建设的重要内容。做为区域土壤侵蚀快速调查的一部分,本研究对中国土壤侵蚀环境数据库的设计和建立进行了初步的讨论。并提出了今后研究中的几个问题。     

土壤侵蚀信息图谱的内涵与表达

在对地学信息图谱研究进展分析总结的基础上,阐述土壤侵蚀信息图谱的概念,及土壤侵蚀类型信息图谱、土壤侵蚀空间格局图谱和水土流失过程信息图谱3种基本类型的内涵,探讨土壤侵蚀信息图谱的构建过程,提出土壤侵蚀信息图谱的内容与表达方式,并对土壤侵蚀信息图谱的意义和发展进行展望。     

黄土高原小流域坝系建设存在的问题及建议

从小流域淤地坝建设中土壤侵蚀模数的应用、淤地坝对沟道侵蚀的系统影响、淤地坝的可持续利用、土壤侵蚀控制等方面分析了现行淤地坝规划、设计和施工中存在的问题和不足,并提出了加强对小流域土壤侵蚀快速评估方法研究及相关成果的推广应用、加强对淤地坝减蚀作用的机理及其对小流域侵蚀环境系统影响分析研究、研究和改进现行的淤地坝设计施工方案等建议。     

Application of spectral mixture modelling to the regional assessment of land degradation: A case study from basilicata,Italy

Mapping and monitoring of land degradation processes such as soil erosion has become an important task for both agricultural and environmental planners. The potential of using SPOT-HRV data for assessing the types of soil erosion and land degradation is obvious. The spectral information and the spatial resolution of the multispectral data allow a high accuracy in local mapping and rapid regional assessment. In Basilicata, southern Italy, spectral mixture modelling (end-member techniques) has been applied to extract relevant information for assessing soil erosion. This method allows an estimate of the proportion of surface cover types (end-members) within the pixel. From the data sets average spectral responses were extracted for growing vegetation, non-green sclerophylous vegetation mixed with dry grasses and bare soil. Using these spectra as end-members in the model, it was possible to decompose the spectral information of all pixels into the three surface components, giving the percentage cover of the three types within every pixel. Classification of the pixels according to the percentage of surface cover or bare soil allows an assessment of erosion or erosion risk.     

GIS‐based rapid assessment of erosion risk in a small catchment in the wet/dry tropics of Australia

Assessing the impact of various land uses on catchment erosion processes commonly requires in‐depth research, monitoring and field data collection, as well as the implementation of sophisticated modelling techniques. This paper describes the evaluation of a geographic information system (GIS)‐based rapid erosion assessment method, which allows the user to quickly acquire and evaluate existing data to assist in the planning of more detailed monitoring and modelling programmes. The rapid erosion assessment method is based on a simplified version of the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), and allows the rapid parameterization of the model from widely available land unit and elevation datasets. The rapid erosion assessment method is evaluated through the investigation of the effects of elevation data resolution on erosion predictions and field data validation. The use of raster digital elevation model (DEM)‐derived data, as opposed to vector land unit relief data, was found to greatly improve the validity of the rapid erosion assessment method. Field validation of the approach, involving the comparison of predicted soil loss ratios with adjusted in‐stream sediment yields on a subcatchment basis, indicated that with decreasing data resolution, the results are increasingly overestimated for larger catchments and underestimated for smaller catchments. However, the rapid erosion assessment method proved to be a valuable tool that is highly useful as an initial step in the planning of more detailed erosion assessments. Copyright © 2001 Commonwealth of Australia.     

区域水土流失快速调查研究初报

现代空间技术和基于ＧＩＳ的土壤侵蚀定量评价预报技术,使区域土流失快速调查成为可能。建立水充失基础数据库,利用遥感技术快速调查和定期更新评价因子,开发空间型土壤流失评价模型系统,     

基于GIS和RS的土地利用与土壤侵蚀关系研究——以冀北地区为例

 冀北地区土壤侵蚀以水蚀和风蚀为主,根据水利部颁布的《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》(1997),参考有关学者提出的土壤风蚀强度分级指标,构建研究区土壤侵蚀强度的分级指标。运用GIS和RS技术,提取土地利用、坡度、植被覆盖度、土壤质地等信息,通过GIS空间叠加分析,得出冀北地区土壤侵蚀强度分级图,详细研究土壤侵蚀强度的空间分布特征;进一步与土地利用图叠加,分析不同土壤侵蚀强度下的土地利用特征和不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀状况。     

基于DEM的抚仙湖流域土壤侵蚀综合分析

利用研究区地形图制作数字高程模型（DEM）,并由DEM提取坡度、坡向图,与土地利用类型、土壤侵蚀强度和抚仙湖历年水质（透明度、TN、TP平均值）等专题信息叠置,提取水土保持专题信息,并对提取结果进行应用分析,以确定抚仙湖流域不同土地利用类型和地形因子与侵蚀类型及侵蚀过程的关系。研究结果表明:抚仙湖的水质和流域的土地利用状况相关,抚仙湖流域土壤侵蚀方式具有明显的垂直分带性,土壤侵蚀强度受到土壤类型和植被覆盖状况的影响。不同坡向的侵蚀强度有明显差异,同时坡度不同是引起土壤侵蚀类型差异的主要因素。     

陇东黄土高原土壤侵蚀变化定量遥感监测——以黄土高原水保二期世行贷款庆城项目区为例

基于SPOT和TM融合遥感影像和GIS技术,采用通用土壤流失方程RUSLE作为评价模型,计算了庆城项目区土壤侵蚀量,并结合土壤侵蚀强度分级标准,生成流域土壤侵蚀强度等级图。结果表明,项目区年平均输沙模数为7058 t/km~2,侵蚀级别属强度。研究区62．2%的泥沙来自于占流域面积仅24．8%的极强度和剧烈侵蚀区域。经分析,项目区25°以上的坡度土壤平均侵蚀量大于10168t/km~2,是水土流失治理的关键。     

The nature of soil erosion and possible conservation strategies in Ntabelanga area,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

Soil erosion is a major land degradation problem in South Africa (SA) that has economic, social and environmental implications due to both on-site and off-site effects. High rates of soil erosion by water are causing rapid sedimentation of water bodies, ultimately leading to water crisis in SA. Lots of financial and human resources are channelled towards controlling of soil erosion but unfortunately with little success. The level of soil erosion in a particular area is governed by the site properties. Therefore, it is inappropriate to generalize data on soil erosion at a large-scale spatial context. The literature on soil erosion in SA classifies Eastern Cape Province as a high-erosion-potential area using data collected at a large-scale spatial context. Collecting soil erosion data at a large spatial scale ignores site-specific properties that could influence soil erosion and has resulted in failure of many traditional soil erosion control measures applied in the province. Moreover, scientific principles underlying the processes and mechanisms of soil erosion in highly erodible soils are missing in SA. This review was to find effective soil erosion control measures by having an insight on what happens during soil erosion and how soil erosion occurs in Ntabelanga. The literature suggested that erosion in Ntabelanga could be influenced by both the erosivity and erodibility factors though the erodibility factors being more influential. Soil permeability contrast between the horizons could be influencing the rate and nature of soil erosion. To mitigate the impact of soil erosion in Ntabelanga, efforts should aim to improve the vertical flow capacity in the B horizon. Clay spreading, clay delving, addition of gypsum, deep ploughing and mulching could aid the water permeability problems of the subsurface horizons. However for effective soil management and control option, detailed studies of specific site properties are needed. The generated information can assist in formulating soil erosion policies and erosion control strategies in the Ntabelanga area and SA at large.     

褐土与棕壤坡耕地细沟侵蚀发生的阶段性水沙变化

为深入探究辽西低山丘陵区坡耕地土壤侵蚀机理,以该区的典型土壤类型褐土和棕壤为研究对象,采用室内人工降雨模拟试验,研究3种坡度(5°,10°,15°)和3种降雨强度(40,60,80 mm/h)下细沟侵蚀发生的阶段性水沙变化过程。结果表明:褐土与棕壤坡面侵蚀过程可划分为3个阶段,即细沟侵蚀之前阶段、跌坎发育阶段和细沟侵蚀快速发育阶段;细沟侵蚀之前的面蚀阶段,同一坡度条件下,褐土与棕壤随雨强的增加,坡面流速呈增大趋势,而在同一雨强条件下,坡度对流速的影响并无明显规律;细沟侵蚀阶段,当坡度一定条件下,褐土与棕壤细沟内、细沟间的流速随雨强的增加而增大,当雨强一定时,褐土与棕壤随坡度的增加细沟间流速增加;细沟侵蚀阶段流速表现为细沟内流速坡面流速细沟间流速;细沟侵蚀快速发育阶段2种土壤产生的径流量占总径流量的80%以上,土壤侵蚀量占总侵蚀量均在70%以上,且棕壤对总体侵蚀量的贡献更稳定,更易发生细沟侵蚀。整场降雨的侵蚀方式是面蚀向细沟侵蚀的转变,坡面一旦发生侵蚀,细沟侵蚀对坡面总侵蚀的贡献更大。     

IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGE ON EROSION RISK: AN INTEGRATED REMOTE SENSING,GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AND MODELING METHODOLOGY

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of rapidly changing land use on erosion and sedimentation in a mixed land use watershed in the Ozark Highlands of the USA. The research combines a geographic information system‐based soil erosion modeling approach with land use change detection to quantify the influence of changing land use on erosion risk. Five land use/land cover maps were generated or acquired for a 20‐year period (1986 through 2006) at approximately 5‐year intervals to assess land use change and to predict a projected (2030) land use scenario for the West Fork White River watershed in Northwest Arkansas. The Unit Stream Power based Erosion/Deposition model was applied to the observed and predicted land use to assess the impact on erosion. Total erosion from urban areas was predicted to increase by a factor of six between 1986 and 2030 based on the projected 2030 land use. Results support previous reports of increased urbanization leading to increased soil erosion risk. This study highlights the interaction of changes in land use with soil erosion potential. Soil erosion risk on a landscape can be quantified by incorporating commonly available biophysical data with geographic information system and remote sensing, which could serve as a land/watershed management tool for the rapid assessment of the effects of environmental change on erosion risk. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土壤侵蚀模型研究进展

国内外土壤侵蚀模型的发展过程,可以大致划分为经验统计模型、物理过程模型与分布式模型三个阶段.就这三个阶段,介绍了国内外土壤侵蚀模型的研究成果.并将地理信息系统(GIS)在土壤侵蚀模型中的应用分为三类,一是以GIS为工具,利用GIS提取模型所需因子,然后按照模型要求利用GIS的图形运算和地图代数运算,最后得到计算结果.二是将GIS与土壤侵蚀模型作为两个不同的系统,考虑结合方法的问题.三是利用GIS开发新的模型或改善已有模型.