不同镉耐性水稻非蛋白巯基及镉的亚细胞和分子分布

采用镉（Cd）耐性不同的水稻品种N07-6和N07-63,通过室内水培试验,比较了50 μmol·L-1Cd胁迫下水稻的非蛋白巯基（NPT）、Cd的亚细胞和分子分布的差异。结果表明,Cd处理后,两品种水稻植株Cd含量存在明显差异,N07-63根部向地上部转移的Cd显著少于N07-6。Cd胁迫诱导了两个品种NPT含量的增加,N07-63的增幅显著高于N07-6。Cd绝大部分分布在水稻的细胞壁和细胞可溶部分。N07-63茎叶和根部细胞壁结合的Cd占总Cd的比例高于N07-6,而细胞可溶部分Cd的比例低于N07-6。从Cd的分子分布来看,水稻茎叶细胞可溶部分的Cd一部分与大分子量蛋白质结合,其余大部分与植物螯合肽（PCs）结合,而根细胞可溶部分的Cd绝大部分与PCs络合,N07-63的Cd-PCs结合程度高于N07-6。由此说明,与N07-6相比,N07-63细胞壁对Cd的束缚和细胞可溶部分Cd-PCs的络合程度更高,Cd的毒害效应更小,向地上部转运的Cd更少。     

镉胁迫下水稻种子的萌芽生长及体内水解酶的活性变化

利用室内培养方法了不同镉离子浓度胁迫下水稻种子的萌芽状况。结果表明,在镉胁迫下,水稻种子萌芽力受挫,生长势削弱,直至完全失活,与种子体内淀粉酶,酸性磷酸酯酶这二种主要水解麦活性受镉的剂量抑制效应有关。     

富硅稻壳灰施用对土壤镉活性和不同品种水稻镉积累的影响

施硅（Si）可以有效减少水稻镉（Cd）积累,但稻壳灰（rice hull ash,RHA）作为一种广泛易得的富Si材料能否减控水稻Cd积累尚未清楚。为探究RHA对水稻Cd积累的影响,寻找一种可应用到田间的低成本富Si控Cd材料,该试验按土壤质量比分别添加0.2%、1.0%、4.0%的RHA,种植湘晚籼（低Cd积累品种）和玉针香（高Cd积累品种）两种水稻,探究RHA对两个水稻品种Cd积累的影响。结果显示,施加RHA提高了土壤Cd活性,促使铁锰氧化物结合态Cd向可交换态Cd和碳酸盐结合态Cd转换。RHA对水稻Cd积累的影响因水稻品种而异,施加RHA可抑制湘晚籼体内Cd转运,使秸秆Cd含量降低25%～44%,由白根至秸秆、节点I至节间I、节点I至旗叶的转移系数分别降低42%～48%、2%～55%、30%～70%;RHA对玉针香吸收与转运Cd则无抑制作用。该研究结果揭示了RHA对水稻Cd积累的差异影响,为减控水稻Cd吸收提供了一种低成本的富Si材料。     

外源镉和温度变化对不同品种水稻抽穗期光合特性的影响

探讨外源镉（Cd）和温度变化对水稻抽穗期光合特性的影响,为水稻生长过程中应对稻田土壤重金属污染和气候变暖的复合作用提供理论依据。通过添加外源Cd （0和2 mg/kg土）和模拟温度（白天/夜晚分别为30℃/25℃（CK）、33℃/28℃（T1）、36℃/31℃（T2））,研究外源Cd和温度变化对不同品种水稻（武运粳30号和新两优6号）抽穗期光合参数、荧光参数及其生物量的影响。结果表明,单一Cd处理显著降低了新两优6号的SPAD值,而单一增温处理则显著降低了武运粳30号的SPAD值（P<0.05）。虽然外源Cd和温度的复合作用未显著影响武运粳30号和新两优6号的净光合速率（P_n）,但Cd处理显著降低了两品种的P_n,而增温处理则显著影响了新两优6号的P_n;大部分Cd和温度处理下,新两优6号的SPAD值和P_n大于武运粳30号。Cd处理和增温处理均影响了水稻叶绿素诱导动力学曲线的形状,O、K、J和I点的荧光因处理的不同而具有一定差异。Cd处理和增温处理对水稻F_v/F_m和比活度参数的影响与水稻品种有关,Cd处理未显著影响运粳30号和新两优6号的F_v/F_m值,而增温处理则显著减少了武运粳30号的F_v/F_m值;新两优6号的比活度参数ABS/RC、DIo/RC、TRo/RC、ET0/RC在Cd处理下显著降低,而武运粳30号的比活度参数在增温处理下则显著增加（P<0.05）。Cd处理显著降低了新两优6号的茎叶生物量,而增温处理则显著降低了武运粳30号茎叶生物量,然而两者的复合作用对水稻茎叶和根生物量的影响因品种不用而具有差异,新两优6号的茎叶和根干物质量在大部分处理下大于武运粳30号。综上可知,Cd和增温处理通过影响水稻的光合参数和荧光参数,从而影响水稻的生物量,但影响程度因品种不同而具有差异,其中,武运粳30号对Cd具有较强的抗性而新两优6号对增温有较强的抗性。因此,在实际的田间管理中,应选择合适的水稻品种,以应对土壤Cd污染和温度升高对水稻生长的影响。     

赤泥和有机肥对镉、铅在水稻中吸收分布的影响

通过大田正交试验,研究添加赤泥和有机肥对Cd、Pb在土壤-水稻系统中分布规律的影响。结果表明,添加赤泥或有机肥后,水稻根际土壤pH值升高0.36~1.90个单位,根际土壤中Cd、Pb含量分别降低2.73%~26.25%和7.15%~34.26%,糙米中Cd和Pb含量分别降低23.24%~55.90%和11.76%~29.41%,其中单施赤泥效果最好,其次是配施,单施有机肥最差。添加赤泥和有机肥后,水稻各器官中Cd和Pb含量显著降低,不同生育期Cd和Pb的贡献率明显改变,且添加量及施肥方式(单施、配施)也有显著影响。与CK相比,降Cd效果最好的是单施赤泥4 000 kg·hm~(-2),降幅为55.90%;降Pb效果最好的是赤泥(4 000 kg·hm~(-2))与有机肥(1 000 kg·hm~(-2))配施,降幅为29.41%。由于土壤中Cd(超标65倍)、Pb(超标7倍)污染程度较高,糙米中Cd、Pb含量仍超过食品污染物限量(GB 2762—2012)。因此,在重金属污染程度较高的稻田,仅通过添加土壤调理剂不能达到安全生产的目的。     

硫、硅对水稻体内NPT含量及镉亚细胞分布的影响

在4 mg kg~(-1)的镉污染条件下,设置不同的外源硫和硅供应水平,对辽星1号和沈农315两个品种的水稻进行了土培实验,在分蘖期对辽星1号水稻进行了亚细胞分析,观察在不同条件下重金属镉的亚细胞分布;并在分蘖期测定植株茎叶部分的非蛋白巯基(NPT)含量,研究不同硫硅配比对水稻吸收分配重金属的机理。结果表明,沈农315号水稻叶当中的NPT含量高于辽星1号,外源硫可以提升两个品种水稻叶中的NPT含量,增强对重金属的耐性,同时增加镉在包括液泡在内的细胞可溶部分的分布;施硅可以强化细胞壁,随着施硅量的提升,根茎叶细胞壁中的镉分布均显著提升,并且根细胞壁中的提升幅度大于茎,说明施硅不仅可钝化土壤中的镉,并且在植物体内,加强根细胞壁对镉的固化是硅增强植物体重金属抗性的主要途径。     

镉胁迫对两个水稻品种幼苗光合参数、可溶性糖和植株生长的影响

以较耐镉(武育粳3号,WYJ)和镉敏感(汕优63,SY63)的2个不同耐性水稻品种为材料,采用溶液培养试验,研究了镉处理(Cd.1.0和5.0mol/L)对水稻幼苗光合作用、可溶性糖和生长的影响。结果表明,镉胁迫下,水稻幼苗的光合作用显著地受到抑制。与不加镉的对照相比,随镉水平的提高水稻幼苗净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔限制值(Ls)逐步下降,尤其是在Cd.5.0mol/L处理下的植株,下降幅度武育粳3号显著小于汕优63。蒸腾效率(Te)也随镉浓度的增加而降低,但变化与净光合速率等不同,武育粳3号的下降速率要大于汕优63的。加镉处理使2个水稻品种幼苗叶片可溶性糖含量均显著升高,而叶绿素含量仅汕优63在Cd.5.0mol/L处理下与对照差异显著。加镉处理使汕优63根系生长(根长)显著受到抑制,而株高仅在Cd.5.0mol/L时显著降低。武育粳3号生长与对照差异不显著。本研究结果表明,随着镉处理水平的提高,镉对水稻幼苗的毒害作用增加,但是水稻对镉毒害的响应存在明显的基因型差异。     

添加秸秆对土壤矿质氮量、微生物氮量和氮总矿化速率的影响

采用室内恒温培养法,研究了在乌沙土上添加15N标记秸秆后,秸秆15N在矿质氮、微生物氮和土壤不同组分中的分配情况,并应用氮同位素库稀释法测定了秸秆在乌沙土上的氮总矿化速率。结果表明:将秸秆添加到土壤后,微生物氮量显著增加,而土壤矿质氮量在14天时迅速下降。随着秸秆的分解,秸秆15N进入矿质氮库和微生物氮库,矿质15N在第7 d时最高,占到添加秸秆15N的6.7%,微生物15N在第14 d最高,占到添加秸秆15N的18.1%,随后矿质15N和微生物15N量都下降。56 d时,仍有50.8%的秸秆氮没有分解掉,5.4%的秸秆15N进入土壤53μm~2 mm组分,15.5%进入2~53μm组分,14.6%进入小于2μm组分,有13.6%的秸秆氮损失掉。在培养开始时,乌沙土的氮总矿化速率为2.81 mg kg-1d-1,秸秆在乌沙土上的氮总矿化速率分别为2.50 mg kg-1d-1。     

磷胁迫下蔗糖对水稻苗期根适应性和磷酸转运蛋白基因表达的影响

磷是植物生长和发育中最重要的必须元素之一。尽管土壤中磷资源很丰富,但大部分磷是以植物不能吸收利用的固定态和有机态存在,特别是以酸性土壤为主的南方稻田,水稻缺磷现象非常严重。理解和掌握水稻对低磷的适应机制有助于利用分子手段培育磷高效利用水稻品种。为阐明蔗糖提高水稻耐低磷的机制,本研究对水稻幼苗进行不同磷、糖处理,分析水稻幼苗在不同磷糖配比培养基中的根系结构、无机磷、酸性磷酸酶活性的变化,并利用定量RT-PCR技术分析水稻磷酸转运蛋白基因(OsPT)和酸性磷酸酶基因(OsSAP1)的表达。试验设2个磷浓度:无磷和85 mg·L?1KH2PO4,2个蔗糖浓度:无糖和3%蔗糖,正交设计。结果表明,在低磷胁迫时添加蔗糖,能使水稻幼苗的根总长度、总根数、根冠比显著增加,根分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性降低,但水稻体内的磷酸转运酶活性提高。11个与磷具有高度亲和力的磷酸转运酶的表达发生了改变,其中根优势表达的4个基因OsPT2、OsPT3、OsPT4、OsPT6对磷、糖的影响最为敏感,暗示了蔗糖是通过调节磷转运蛋白维持磷的吸收和平衡。增加根系的蔗糖分配能够提高水稻幼苗对磷胁迫的耐受性。     

用绿色荧光蛋白基因（gfp）标记产酸克雷伯氏菌SG—11研究其在水稻苗期根部的定殖

本研究以自水稻根面分离的产酸克雷伯氏菌SG－11为出发菌株，分别用携带gfp和nifH-gfp的质粒转化SG－11进行基因标记，得到了转化子SG－11A和SG－11B。对两转化子的生长曲线和质粒稳定性进行了测定，在LB培养基中，SG－11的倍增时间为0.815h，对数期是3.20－5.28h，样品各点与其曲线的相关系数R^2=0.9975;SG-11A的倍增时间为1.02h，对数期是3.27－5.37h，R^2=0.9987，在无选择压力的条件下，连续传80代时质粒的保存率为0％。在K中这培养基中，SG－11的倍增时间为1.159h，对数期是2.50-4.92h，相关系数R^2=0.9922;SG-11B的倍增时间为1.163h，对数期是2.50－4.92h，相关系数R^2＝0.9698，连续转100代时质粒的保存率为65.6%。激光共聚焦显微镜观察结果表明：在试管限菌培养条件下，SG－11A主要定殖在水稻根部的伸长区和根毛区，并且在次生根形成处有菌团存在，在水稻根通气组织的细胞间隙和维管束导管内发现了SG－11A，在根的伸长区只是偶尔观察到了表达nifH-gfp的SG－11B。砂培条件下，在水稻根伸长区观察到了少量SG－11A的定殖，未检测到SG－11B。稻田土盆栽实验中，在水稻的根部既未检测到SG－11A也未检测到SG－11B。     

Difference in selenium accumulation in shoots of two rice cultivars

Two japonica rice （Oryza sativa L.） cultivars, Xiushui 48 and S. Andrea, differing in their ability to accumulate Se in the grain （as high as a three-fold difference）, were compared for selenium （Se） accumulation in their shoots when their growth media was supplied with different forms of Se. Results indicated that when treated with 0.25μmol L^-1 Na2SeO3, Xiushui 48 accumulation of Se in the shoots was significantly more rapid （P〈0.05） than S. Andrea, probably because of greater Se uptake and transport in Xiushui 48. Xiushui 48 rice seedlings had a higher shoot-Se accumulation rate and absorbed selenocysteine （Se-Cys） more rapidly than S. Andrea seedlings. However, when treated with Se as 0.25μmol L^-1 selenomethionine （Se-Met）, the S. Andrea seedlings＇ accumulation rate was significantly greater （P〈0.05） than that of Xiushui 48. Possibly, the high Se accumulation rate of Xiushui 48 seedling shoots compared to S. Andrea shoots was the result of a higher capacity of Xiushui 48 to transform selenite to organic Se compounds and a higher selenite uptake rate.     

Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities are not directly involveded in the silicon‐mediated alleviation of ferrous iron toxicity in rice

Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the soil and can alleviate several abiotic stresses in many plant species. However, the mechanisms involved in alleviating ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) toxicity by Si are still largely unknown, and no study has investigated the role of Si on the Fe²⁺‐induced oxidative stress and antioxidant system in rice. Four cultivars of Asian and African rice (Oryza sativa L. and Oryza glaberrima Steud) were grown for 4 weeks under hydroponic conditions with or without Fe²⁺ (250 mg Fe²⁺ L^?1) and with or without Si (250 mg SiO₂ L^?1). The plants that were treated with Fe²⁺ suffered Fe²⁺ toxicity, and Si helped to alleviate the toxicity symptoms. The bronzing index and the Fe concentration in the foliar tissue increased in the presence of Fe²⁺ but decreased significantly with the application of 250 mg SiO₂ L^?1. The concentration of malonyldialdehyde, that is commonly used as an indicator of oxidative stress, increased in the foliar tissue in the presence of 250 mg Fe²⁺ L^?1 in the nutrient solution. The application of 250 mg SiO₂ L^?1 in the plant nutrient solution treated with Fe²⁺ considerably limited the increase of malonyldialdehyde. However, no significant effect of Si application on the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) and non‐enzymatic antioxidants (total ascorbate, reduced ascorbate, oxidized ascorbate, and the ratio of the reduced to oxidized forms) was observed in the rice plants that were grown in the presence of Fe²⁺. These results suggest that Si does not act directly on the antioxidant defense system of rice but reduces the plant Fe²⁺ concentration, which reduces the oxidative stress.     

钼对冬小麦不同品种过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响

低温诱导缺钼现象已得到了一些实验的证实。低温下很多植物易受冷害袭击的一个关键原因是冷胁迫下活性氧（Active oxygen species，AOS；Reactive oxygen species，ROS）的产生及其对植物细胞的直接伤害。过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶是植物体内主要保护酶类，对清除植物体活性氧，减轻活性氧的细胞伤害，提高植物抗寒性起着重要作用。在冬季低温寒害袭击时，筛选获得的钼高效冬小麦品种97003几乎未出现可见缺钼症状，而钼低效品种97014出现严重缺钼症状。推测其过氧化物酶与过氧化氢酶的活性高低与低温缺钼下冬小麦缺钼症状的出现及轻重有关。通过测定不同时期不同冬小麦品种过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性的变化，探讨冬小麦不同品种低温期缺钼症状显著差异原因，揭示低温诱导缺钼的可能机理。     

Evaluation of catalase and peroxidase activity as indicators of Fe and Mn nutrition for soybean

The influence of Fe and Mn supply on plant growth, Fe and Mn uptake and catalase and peroxidase activities of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cv. Williams was studied. Plants were grown in nutrient solutions until the second trifoliate stage under growth chamber conditions. Growth was depressed by the lowest Mn (0.0 ppm) and Fe (0.25 ppm) levels, and also by Mn in excess (5.0 ppm). The levels of Fe and Mn, and the interaction FexMn affected Mn and Fe uptake. Peroxidase activity was greatest at the highest Mn concentration at each Fe treatment level. On the other hand, catalase activity increased with Fe supply but no relation was observed with leaf Fe concentration. The interferences observed on both indicators make the use of these metalloenzymes difficult to appraise Fe nutritional status.     

不同品种辣木全氮的动态变化特征研究

为了解不同品种辣木氮的动态变化规律,对西双版纳不同树龄的多油辣木、狭瓣辣木和‘PKM1’辣木叶、茎、枝中全氮含量及氮的生物累积量年动态变化特征进行比较研究。结果表明,辣木氮含量及氮生物累积量随品种、树龄、时间而变化。辣木全氮含量呈现:叶茎枝,14年树龄3年树龄,随时间变化逐渐降低。叶中全氮含量呈现:多油辣木‘PKM1’辣木狭瓣辣木;茎中全氮含量呈现:‘PKM1’辣木和狭瓣辣木高于多油辣木;枝中辣木氮含量受品种、树龄的影响而呈现不同差异。辣木全氮累积量呈现:枝叶茎,狭瓣辣木和多油辣木最高,‘PKM1’辣木最低。     

Partial characterization of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities in blackberry fruits

A partial characterization of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in blackberry fruits is described. Two cultivars of blackberry (Wild and Thornless) were analyzed for POD and PPO activities. Stable and highly active POD and PPO extracts were obtained using insoluble poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and Triton X-100 in 0.05 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.5, buffer. Blackberry POD and PPO activities have a pH optimum of 6.5, in a reaction mixture of 0.2 M sodium phosphate. Optimal POD activity was found with 3% o-dianisidine. Maximum PPO activity was found with catechol (catecholase activity) followed by 4-methylcatechol. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of blackberry extracts under non-denaturing conditions resolved in various bands. In the POD extracts of Wild fruits, there was only one band with a mobility of 0.12. In the Thornless POD extracts there were three well-resolved bands, with R(f) values of 0.63, 0.36, and 0.09. Both the Wild and Thornless blackberry cultivars produced a single band of PPO, with R(f) values of 0.1 for Wild and 0.06 for Thornless.     

Phenoloxidase and peroxidase activities in Sphagnum-dominated peatland in a warming climate

Peatlands still suffer from the scarcity of available data about the characterization and the response to climate forcing of the main oxidative enzymes that occur over the seasons. In the present study, phenoloxidase and peroxidase activities were examined in Sphagnum lawns along a narrow fen-bog gradient under experimental elevated temperatures. We showed that peroxidase activities from Sphagnum mosses were 1000-fold higher than those of phenoloxidases irrespective of seasons and sampling areas. Peroxidase activities increased (+30%) with the rise of air temperatures (an average of 1 °C), while warming did not alter phenoloxidase activities. These results suggest that the monitoring of peroxidase activities in peatlands may represent a suitable and forward indicator of the impact of climate warming on carbon cycle in peatlands.     

不同类型水稻种质氮素营养效率的变异分析

采用田间试验,在常规氮素管理下,以氮素吸收效率(NAE)、利用效率(NUE)和收获指数(NHI)为衡量指标,分析了国内外607份不同类型水稻种质氮素营养效率的变异状况。结果表明,水稻NAE、NUE和NHI存在显著的基因型差异,以NHI为最大和NAE为最小。不同类型水稻间的NAE、NUE和NHI未达显著差异,但籼型杂交稻NAE、NUE和NHI的变异小于常规籼稻和常规粳稻。相关分析表明,水稻NAE与NUE、NHI呈极显著负相关,NUE与NHI间无显著相关;水稻NUE和NHI与单株产量存在极显著的正相关,NAE与单株产量无显著相关。频数分析可知,常规籼稻NAE、NUE及NHI和籼型杂交稻NUE的种质频数分布呈典型正态曲线,低、高效种质较少,中效种质众多;常规粳稻NAE、NUE和NHI种质的频数分布呈近似正态分布,略偏向低效;籼型杂交稻NAE的种质频数分布离散程度较高和高效种质较多,NHI的种质频数分布呈近似正态分布和略偏低效。籼型杂交稻的NAE、NUE和NHI差异小而分布较集中,常规粳稻最分散,常规籼稻居中。不同类型水稻的氮素营养效率的极差很大,可分为若干组,各组间差异显著。     

Studies on the metabolism in roots of lowland rice (Part 1) interrelationship be1ween roots and shoots in mineral nutrition of rice plant

There is no doubt that the life cycle of crop plants depends on two fundamental metabolic processes: photosynthesis and nutrient absorption. When these two important functions are considered in connection with morphology of crops, we can easily find out the differentiation of functions, that is, photosynthesis by green leaves and nutrient absorption by roots. In the past, a number of investigations have been made on these two functions of rice plants, the physiology of their leaves as photosynthetic organ has also been studied in detail. On the physiology of roots, however, knowledge which we have today is not as detailed as is deemed necessary.