茶多酚诱导铜绿假单胞菌交叉耐受性研究

检测了亚致死浓度的茶多酚（Tea Polyphenols,TP）处理对铜绿假单胞菌交叉耐受性的诱导作用。铜绿假单胞菌暴露于1βmg·mL^-1茶多酚1βh后能够显著增强细菌对多种环境条件的耐受性,包括氧化剂（1βmmol·L^-1 H₂O₂）、高温（47℃）,及酸性溶液[磷酸缓冲液（pH4.0）、含有有机酸（60βmmol·L^-1柠檬酸、60βmmol·L^-1乳酸、80βmmol·L^-1乙酸）的磷酸缓冲液（pH4.0）]。另外,通过荧光定量RT-PCR技术分析了茶多酚诱导下铜绿假单胞菌胁迫相关基因的表达情况。研究发现,茶多酚能够显著诱导铜绿假单胞菌氧化胁迫相关基因katB、sodM、ohr、lexA和recN的表达,以及热激蛋白基因dnaK、groEL、htpG、grpE和groES的表达。这些胁迫相关基因的表达很可能在细菌交叉耐受性形成过程中起到重要作用。以上研究结果表明,虽然茶多酚作为天然食品添加剂具有较高的安全性,但在实际应用过程中应充分考虑茶多酚诱导细菌交叉耐受性所导致的潜在风险,以优化食品保鲜策略。     

不同酚类成分及其组合对P.aeruginosa PAO1的抑制效果研究

为研究茶叶酚类成分及其复方对P. aeruginosa PAO1的体外抑制作用,筛选出用药量最低的最佳抑菌组方,采用倍比稀释法结合刃天青显色测定5种酚类成分对P. aeruginosa PAO1的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）,并采用响应面法研究对P. aeruginosa PAO1具有较强抑制作用的最佳配伍。结果表明5种酚类成分对P. aeruginosa PAO1均有不同程度的抑制作用,5种茶叶活性成分对P. aeruginosa PAO1的抑菌性大小为：EGCG> TF60=ECG> EGC> EC。响应面分析结果表明,EGCG、EGC、ECG、TF60这4种酚类成分以1.0∶4.0∶4.81∶4.0的比例配伍时对P. aeruginosa PAO1具有最佳抑菌效果。     

转基因小麦根际土壤中荧光假单胞菌数量的变化

荧光假单胞菌(Psdeuomnoda fluoerncnet)是一种土壤中十分常见的细菌,广泛应用于生物防治,其数量变化能较准确地反映土壤环境的变化,因此在转基因小麦环境安全评价研究中可以将荧光假单胞菌的数量变化作为检测转基因小麦种植对整个根际土壤环境影响的指标之一。本研究选取荧光假单胞菌的蛋白编码基因gyrB作为靶标基因,设计特异性较好的引物,利用该引物建立了基于实时荧光定量PCR(RFQ-PCR)方法的转基因小麦根际土壤荧光假单胞菌数量的检测技术体系。结果显示,定量标准曲线相关系数达0.99以上,且呈现单一熔解曲线峰值。应用该体系对种植于河南新乡及江苏六合的转TaDREB4基因抗旱小麦(简称TB4)及其受体小麦济麦19根际土壤荧光假单胞菌进行检测,结果表明,各时期转基因小麦和非转基因小麦各生育期根际土壤中荧光假单胞菌的拷贝数无显著差异。说明TB4种植对根际土壤中的荧光假单胞菌数量无显著影响。     

昆虫病原线虫共生菌对小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌活性

为探索小麦根腐病和小麦赤霉病可持续控制的有效生防途径,以小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌作为供试真菌,评价了昆虫病原线虫共生菌及其毒素的抑菌活性,并对高毒力菌株抗逆性进行了初探。结果表明,供试的28个昆虫病原线虫共生菌发酵液和毒素均有一定的抑菌活性,其中,高毒力共生菌菌株SY5发酵液和毒素对小麦根腐病菌的抑菌率分别为56.05%和67.41%,对小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌率分别为82.41%和83.32%;菌株SY5发酵液经50℃处理60 min及18 W紫外灯照射120 min后对小麦根腐病菌的抑菌率无明显变化,但对小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌率有所下降;常温保存150 d,抑菌活性略有下降。说明共生菌菌株SY5对小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌抑菌活性显著,且具有一定的抗逆性,极具应用潜力。     

香鳞毛蕨提取液对镰孢菌抑菌活性的研究

采用香鳞毛蕨提取液对4种镰孢菌(Fusarium culmorum、F.avenaceum、F.sambucinum、F.solami var.coeruleum(Sacc.)Booth)进行体外抑菌试验,对不同提取物抑菌活性进行研究。结果表明,香鳞毛蕨总间苯三酚提取液和总黄酮提取液对4种镰孢菌均有一定的抑制作用,且抑制效果存在一定差异;高浓度提取液对镰孢菌的抑制作用显著高于低浓度提取液的抑制作用;总间苯三酚提取液对不同镰孢菌的抑制效果显著优于总黄酮提取液。研究证明香鳞毛蕨总间苯三酚提取液和总黄酮提取液具有抑制镰孢菌活性与开发无公害植物源杀菌剂的潜力。     

3种分子量的壳聚糖对香蕉枯萎病病原菌室内抑菌活性测定

以香蕉枯萎病病原菌的6个菌株为试验材料，测定3种不同分子量的壳聚糖对香蕉枯萎病病原菌的抑菌活性。结果表明，3种不同分子量的壳聚糖对香蕉枯萎病菌有一定的抑制作用，对香蕉枯萎病菌的菌落形态、菌丝生长和孢子萌发等均有一定的影响。高分子量的抑菌效果优于低分子量的抑菌效果，其中C-290k的抑制效果最好，浓度为1 000 mg/L时对R1-248菌株的抑菌率达90.27％。     

假臭草和九里香甲醇提取液对橡胶树白粉病菌抑菌活性的测定

为筛选防治橡胶树白粉病安全有效的植物源杀菌剂,采用孢子萌发抑制法测定22种植物甲醇提取液对橡胶树白粉病菌孢子的抑菌活性.结果表明,假臭草和九里香提取液浓度在0.1 g/mL时,对橡胶树白粉病菌孢子的萌发抑制率分别为43.98％和47.62％,极显著优于其它植物和对照.进一步测定假臭草和九里香提取液的EC50和EC75值,以及其盆栽试验的防治效果与橡胶树叶片丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性.结果表明,假臭草和九里香对病原菌孢子的EG50值分别为0.26 g/mL和0.20 g/mL,EC75值分别为1.12 g/mL和0.99 g/mL.假臭草和九里香提取液浓度在EC75值时,防病效果分别为20.00％和18.67％,显著高于对照.假臭草和九里香提取液处理后,橡胶树叶片的MDA含量极显著低于对照,CAT、SOD和PAL活性则显著或极显著高于对照.由此可见,假臭草和九里香提取液不仅能抑制病原菌的萌发和生长,而且能提高橡胶树的抗病性.     

小檗碱对不同茶树炭疽菌的抑菌活性及作用机制

为研究小檗碱在茶炭疽菌（Colletotrichum）引起的茶树叶部病害防治中的应用前景,以松针炭疽菌（C. fioriniae）、喀斯特炭疽菌（C. karstii）、重庆炭疽菌（C. chongqingense）、山茶炭疽菌（C. camelliae）和胶孢炭疽菌（C. gloeosporioides）5种不同茶炭疽菌为研究对象,研究了小檗碱对不同炭疽菌的抑菌活性,并比较了其抑菌活性差异。研究结果表明,小檗碱对C. camelliae和C. chongqinggense的抑制效果最好,在质量浓度为12 mg·mL^-1时达到100%抑菌率,其次是C. gloeosporioides、C. karstii和C. fioriniae,其抑菌中浓度（Concentration for 50% of maximal effect,EC₅₀）分别为2.828、3.288、4.164、4.778、5.104 mg·mL^-1。显微镜镜检发现,小檗碱对5种炭疽菌的菌丝和分生孢子均存在明显影响,随小檗碱浓度的增加,部分菌丝出现不规则膨大现象,分生孢子形态也出现扭曲变形;生物活性检测发现,小檗碱处理后,不同炭疽菌的细胞结构均出现不同程度损伤,细胞膜的通透性增大、细胞氧化应激反应增强。研究结果明确了小檗碱对茶树炭疽菌的抑菌活性及应用前景,为炭疽菌引起的茶树病害的防治提供了新的途径及理论依据。     

大豆疫霉菌诱导的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶与寄主抗病性的关系

为明确-1,3-葡聚糖酶与大豆抗大豆疫霉根腐病的关系,分别测定了具有不同抗性的3个大豆品种的真叶和第1片复叶被大豆疫霉菌侵染后β-1,3-匍聚精酶的活性,并分析其与抗病性的关系.侵染大豆真叶和第1片复叶后备品种的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性均明显升高.接种大豆真叶后抗病品种48 h出现酶活性高峰,酶活性增加105.9%;中感晶种和感病品种72 h出现酶活性高峰,酶活性增加量分别为66.3%和65.7%.接种大豆复叶后酶活性的变化与真叶反应一致.说明β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性与大豆品种的抗病性呈正相关,抗病品种较感病品种酶活性峰值出现早,酶活性增加量高.对酶的部分性质的研究结果表明:酶的最适反应温度为55℃,最适反应pH为5.0,在55℃以下,pH 4.5～7.5范匍内酶活性较稳定.Ca2+、Mn2+、K+、Al3+对酶均有激活作用,Mg2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Fe3+、Fe2+、Hg2+、Ba2+对酶有抑制作用.抑菌试验表明,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶粗酶液对大豆疫霉菌的菌丝生长和游动孢子萌发有明显的抑制作用.     

茶鲜叶挥发物组分及对茶树病原菌的熏蒸抑制作用

为明确茶鲜叶中的挥发物组分及其与茶树主要病原菌之间的关系,利用HS-SPME-GC-MS法萃取分析茶鲜叶挥发物组分,并以茶褐枯病菌、茶云纹叶枯病菌、茶炭疽病菌、茶轮斑病菌为目标菌,测定茶鲜叶主要挥发物单体组分对病原菌的熏蒸抑制作用.结果显示,从茶鲜叶挥发物中分离到28个组分,鉴定出其中19个组分,占挥发物总量的94.4...     

Discovery of Marine Natural Products as Promising Antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of the most intractable Gram-negative bacteria, has become a public health threat due to its outer polysaccharide layer, efflux transporter system, and high level of biofilm formation, all of which contribute to multi-drug resistance. Even though it is a pathogen of the highest concern, the status of the antibiotic development pipeline is unsatisfactory. In this review, we summarize marine natural products (MNPs) isolated from marine plants, animals, and microorganisms which possess unique structures and promising antibiotic activities against P. aeruginosa. In the last decade, nearly 80 such MNPs, ranging from polyketides to alkaloids, peptides, and terpenoids, have been discovered. Representative compounds exhibited impressive in vitro anti-P. aeruginosa activities with MIC values in the single-digit nanomolar range and in vivo efficacy in infectious mouse models. For some of the compounds, the preliminary structure-activity-relationship (SAR) and anti-bacterial mechanisms of selected compounds were introduced. Compounds that can disrupt biofilm formation or membrane integrity displayed potent inhibition of multi-resistant clinical P. aeruginosa isolates and could be considered as lead compounds for future development. Challenges on how to translate hits into useful candidates for clinical development are also proposed and discussed.     

Seaweed Extracts: A Promising Source of Antibiofilm Agents with Distinct Mechanisms of Action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The organization of bacteria in biofilms is one of the adaptive resistance mechanisms providing increased protection against conventional treatments. Thus, the search for new antibiofilm agents for medical purposes, especially of natural origin, is currently the object of much attention. The objective of the study presented here was to explore the potential of extracts derived from three seaweeds: the green Ulva lactuca, the brown Stypocaulon scoparium, and the red Pterocladiella capillacea, in terms of their antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa. After preparation of extracts by successive maceration in various solvents, their antibiofilm activity was evaluated on biofilm formation and on mature biofilms. Their inhibition and eradication abilities were determined using two complementary methods: crystal violet staining and quantification of adherent bacteria. The effect of active extracts on biofilm morphology was also investigated by epifluorescence microscopy. Results revealed a promising antibiofilm activity of two extracts (cyclohexane and ethyl acetate) derived from the green alga by exhibiting a distinct mechanism of action, which was supported by microscopic analyses. The ethyl acetate extract was further explored for its interaction with tobramycin and colistin. Interestingly, this extract showed a promising synergistic effect with tobramycin. First analyses of the chemical composition of extracts by GC–MS allowed for the identification of several molecules. Their implication in the interesting antibiofilm activity is discussed. These findings suggest the ability of the green alga U. lactuca to offer a promising source of bioactive candidates that could have both a preventive and a curative effect in the treatment of biofilms.     

金线莲乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌性能研究

用乙醇作为溶剂,提取出金线莲中的有效抑菌物质,采用二倍稀释法确定金线莲乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(Minimal inhibition concentration,MIC)为5.000 mg/m L;并经介质pH、热处理和紫外线处理提取物,发现其抑菌圈直径在pH9.0和30℃下最大;分析金线莲乙醇提取物对供试菌蛋白质和还原糖的利用能力,表明金线莲乙醇提取物通过减弱蛋白质和还原糖的代谢来抑制细菌的生长繁殖。     

糖胶树花次生代谢产物及其抗细菌活性

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取糖胶树花挥发油,通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对挥发油进行成分分析,采用薄层层析——生物自显影法测定糖胶树花乙酸乙酯层提取物对供试细菌的抑制活性。结果表明,糖胶树花挥发油得率为0.018%,通过GC-MS分析,从中鉴定出20个成分,占挥发油总量的97.53%,其主要成分为2-莰烯(23.30%),芳樟醇(23.09%),(-)-4-萜品醇(10.54%)。糖胶树花乙酸乙酯层提取物对大肠杆菌表现出较强的抑制活性,其次为黄瓜角斑病菌,对其他供试细菌未表现出抑制活性。     

Phloroglucinol-Gold and -Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibiofilm and Antivirulence Activities towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1

With the advancement of nanotechnology, several nanoparticles have been synthesized as antimicrobial agents by utilizing biologically derived materials. In most cases, the materials used for the synthesis of nanoparticles from natural sources are extracts. Natural extracts contain a wide range of bioactive components, making it difficult to pinpoint the exact component responsible for nanoparticle synthesis. Furthermore, the bioactive component present in the extract changes according to numerous environmental factors. As a result, the current work intended to synthesize gold (AuNPs) and zinc oxide (ZnONPs) nanoparticles using pure phloroglucinol (PG). The synthesized PG-AuNPs and PG-ZnONPs were characterized using a UV–Vis absorption spectrophotometer, FTIR, DLS, FE-TEM, zeta potential, EDS, and energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction. The characterized PG-AuNPs and PG-ZnONPs have been employed to combat the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa is recognized as one of the most prevalent pathogens responsible for the common cause of nosocomial infection in humans. Antimicrobial resistance in P. aeruginosa has been linked to the development of recalcitrant phenotypic characteristics, such as biofilm, which has been identified as one of the major obstacles to antimicrobial therapy. Furthermore, P. aeruginosa generates various virulence factors that are a major cause of chronic infection. These PG-AuNPs and PG-ZnONPs significantly inhibit early stage biofilm and eradicate mature biofilm. Furthermore, these NPs reduce P. aeruginosa virulence factors such as pyoverdine, pyocyanin, protease, rhamnolipid, and hemolytic capabilities. In addition, these NPs significantly reduce P. aeruginosa swarming, swimming, and twitching motility. PG-AuNPs and PG-ZnONPs can be used as control agents for infections caused by the biofilm-forming human pathogenic bacterium P. aeruginosa.     

Synthesis,Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Cross-Linked Chitosan-Glutaraldehyde

This present study deals with synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde. Results from this study indicated that cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde markedly inhibited the growth of antibiotic-resistant Burkholderia cepacia complex regardless of bacterial species and incubation time while bacterial growth was unaffected by solid chitosan. Furthermore, high temperature treated cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde showed strong antibacterial activity against the selected strain 0901 although the inhibitory effects varied with different temperatures. In addition, physical-chemical and structural characterization revealed that the cross-linking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde resulted in a rougher surface morphology, a characteristic Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) band at 1559 cm⁻¹, a specific X-ray diffraction peak centered at 2θ = 15°, a lower contents of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, and a higher stability of glucose units compared to chitosan based on scanning electron microscopic observation, FTIR spectra, X-ray diffraction pattern, as well as elemental and thermo gravimetric analysis. Overall, this study indicated that cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde is promising to be developed as a new antibacterial drug.     

Insights into the Influence of Signal Peptide on the Enzymatic Properties of Alginate Lyase AlyI1 with Removal Effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm

Most reports on signal peptides focus on their ability to affect the normal folding of proteins, thereby affecting their secreted expression, while few studies on its effects on enzymatic properties were published. Therefore, biochemical characterization and comparison of alginate lyase rALYI1/rALYI1-1 (rALYI1: without signal peptides; rALYI1-1:with signal peptides) were conducted in our study, and the results showed that the signal peptide affected the biochemical properties, especially in temperature and pH. rALYI1 (32.15 kDa) belonging to polysaccharide lyase family 7 was cloned from sea-cucumber-gut bacterium Tamlana sp. I1. The optimum temperature of both rALYI1 and rALYI1-1 was 40 °C, but the former had a wider optimum temperature range and better thermal stability. The optimum pH of rALYI1 and rALYI1-1 were 7.6 and 8.6, respectively. The former was more stable and acid resistant. Noticeably, rALYI1 was a salt-activated enzyme and displayed remarkable salt tolerance. Alginate, an essential polysaccharide in algae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, is composed of α-L-guluronate and β-D-mannuronate. It is also found in our study that rALYI1 is also effective in removing mature biofilms compared with controls. In conclusion, the signal peptide affects several biochemical properties of the enzyme, and alginate lyase rALYI1 may be an effective method for inhibiting biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.     

Marine-Derived Quorum-Sensing Inhibitory Activities Enhance the Antibacterial Efficacy of Tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bacterial epiphytes isolated from marine eukaryotes were screened for the production of quorum sensing inhibitory compounds (QSIs). Marine isolate KS8, identified as a Pseudoalteromonas sp., was found to display strong quorum sensing inhibitory (QSI) activity against acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-based reporter strains Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 and CV026. KS8 supernatant significantly reduced biofilm biomass during biofilm formation (−63%) and in pre-established, mature P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms (−33%). KS8 supernatant also caused a 0.97-log reduction (−89%) and a 2-log reduction (−99%) in PAO1 biofilm viable counts in the biofilm formation assay and the biofilm eradication assay respectively. The crude organic extract of KS8 had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mg/mL against PAO1 but no minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was observed over the concentration range tested (MBC > 16 mg/mL). Sub-MIC concentrations (1 mg/mL) of KS8 crude organic extract significantly reduced the quorum sensing (QS)-dependent production of both pyoverdin and pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa PAO1 without affecting growth. A combinatorial approach using tobramycin and the crude organic extract at 1 mg/mL against planktonic P. aeruginosa PAO1 was found to increase the efficacy of tobramycin ten-fold, decreasing the MIC from 0.75 to 0.075 µg/mL. These data support the validity of approaches combining conventional antibiotic therapy with non-antibiotic compounds to improve the efficacy of current treatments.     

金柑果皮精油超声波辅助提取工艺优化及其抑菌、抗氧化活性

采用响应面法对金柑果皮精油超声波辅助提取提取工艺条件进行优化,并对金柑果皮精油的抑菌和抗氧化活性进行评价。结果表明,金柑果皮精油超声波辅助提取的最佳工艺条件为:液料比27∶1 m L/g、超声时间1.25 h、超声波功率300 W。在此条件下,金柑果皮精油得率为2.24%,与理论预测值基本一致。金柑果皮精油对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、黑曲霉、酵母菌均有一定抑制作用,最小抑菌浓度分别为1.0%、0.5%、0.5%、0.5%、0.1%。抗氧化活性结果表明,金柑果皮精油对食用油脂的货架期有一定的延缓作用,具有一定的清除羟自由基、DPPH自由基的能力和总抗氧化能力。     

番石榴叶挥发油的抗菌性及优化提取研究

分别由酸疮痂链霉菌（Streptomyces acidiscabies, SA）、茄科雷尔氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum, RS）和胡萝卜软腐欧文氏菌（Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora Borgey, ECCB）引起的植物疮痂病、青枯病、软腐病是农作物生产中常见多发的细菌病害。番石榴叶挥发油由多种活性物质组成，具有广谱抗微生物活性。本研究旨在提取并配置番石榴叶挥发油抗菌液，针对酸疮痂链霉菌、茄科雷尔氏菌、胡萝卜软腐欧文氏菌等3种病原菌进行挥发油的抗性研究，为农作物病害生物防治储备资源。采用添加锂盐结合微波辅助水蒸馏法提取番石榴叶挥发油，通过滤纸片扩散法和最小抑制浓度（MIC）评价了番石榴叶挥发油对3种供试菌株的抗菌效果，单因素结合响应面试验优化提取工艺，采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）测定番石榴叶挥发油的化学成分。结果表明：番石榴叶挥发油对酸疮痂链霉菌、茄科雷尔氏菌、胡萝卜软腐欧文氏菌均表现出良好的抑制效果，抑菌圈直径范围为20.57～23.24 mm，抑菌率均达到60%以上，MIC值分别为3.13、1.56、3.13...