Understanding ‘resource’ conflicts in Papua New Guinea

Abstract: Papua New Guinea, with its heavy dependence on natural resources, limited economic development in the past two decades, poor record of governance and high‐profile separatist conflicts such as the Bougainville civil war, appears to be an exemplar of the ‘Resource Curse’ theory – the notion that natural resources actively undermine economic development. Using a number of examples from a range of scales, this paper argues that what appear to be ‘resource’ conflicts in Papua New Guinea are actually better conceived as conflicts around identity and social relationships. The very different conceptualisation of natural resources in most Melanesian societies – as elements of the social world as much as any external environmental sphere – means that resources become a conduit for local social and political agendas and tensions to be expressed. The nature of traditional conflict in Melanesian societies is discussed as a guide to the better management and resolution of what appear to be ‘resource’ conflicts in Papua New Guinea.     

Tree crop smallholders,capitalism, and adat: Studies in Riau Province1, Indonesia

Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which traditional techniques and practices remain current among a sub‐set of Indonesian tree crop smallholders. Village‐based studies of independent oil palm and rubber smallholders in Riau (Sumatra) indicate that bio‐diverse ‘jungle rubber’ and multi‐cropping techniques still exist, but primarily as components of farmers’ coping strategies under low commodity prices. A further strategy, seeking income from non‐agrarian sources, notably ‘illegal’ logging and land sales to migrants, partially fits Rigg's ‘deagrarianisation’ thesis, though his suggestion that the farm household has become a mere ‘shell’ is not substantiated. The lack of full legalisation of tenure constrains full capitalist development but does not impede land sales. Land seizures during the Suharto period reduced belief in the efficacy of customary (adat) law, though adat has retained importance in dispute resolution and as a cultural framework. New structures of village governance following decentralisation have so far had minimal impact in either empowering villagers or dispossessing elites.     

Social movements,environment, and technology in Indonesia’s pulp and paper industry

This paper examines community, environmental, and human rights activists’ influence on adoption of environmentally-friendly technologies in Indonesia’s pulp and paper industry. The story begins with conflict over the development of an export pulp mill in North Sumatra in the 1980s and continues with the adoption of environmental technologies in Indonesia’s pulp and paper industry in the 1990s. Organising around a number of specific events associated with pulp industry development, activists drew attention to the industry which led to a strengthening of government environmental regulation and enforcement, and hastened the adoption of cleaner production technologies.     

Molecular marker-assisted selection for development of common bean lines resistant to angular leaf spot

The objective of this work was to develop homozygous common bean lines carrying angular leaf spot resistance genes derived from the cultivars ‘Mexico 54’, ‘MAR 2’ and ‘BAT 332’ through marker‐assisted selection. Molecular markers SCAR OPN02₈₉₀, RAPD OPE04₅₀₀ and OPAO12₉₅₀ linked to the resistance genes of ‘Mexico 54’, ‘MAR 2’ and ‘BAT 332’, respectively, were used in segregating backcross‐derived populations to selection. DNA fingerprinting was used to select homozygous BC₂F₃ and BC₁F₃ resistant plants genetically closer to the recurrent parent. Two homozygous BC₂F_2:3 and two and five BC₁F_2:3 families derived from ‘Ruda’ vs. ‘Mexico 54’ (RM), ‘MAR 2’ (RMA) and ‘BAT 332’ (RB) crosses were selected, respectively. After only one (RMA, RB) or two backcrosses (RM), five and eight BC₁F₃ lines derived from RMA and RB, respectively, and seven BC₂F₃ lines derived from RM, with 14.9–16.6, 16.9–18.6 and 9.3–11.1% of relative genetic distances to the recurrent parent were selected. This is the first report of lines resistant to angular leaf spot carrying genes of the cultivars ‘Mexico 54’, ‘MAR 2’ and ‘BAT 332’ developed with the aid of molecular markers.     

Researching ‘sustainable consumption’ in Asia‐Pacific cities

Abstract: Asia‐Pacific cities are experiencing substantial environmental problems, which require innovative policy approaches. One newly emergent policy strand is that of ‘sustainable consumption’. This approach aims to reduce environmental degradation by encouraging all consumers to adopt more environmentally friendly modes of behaviour, especially those living in congested and environmentally degraded urban areas. Although a promising initiative, significant conceptual and practical problems exist with sustainable consumption's current policy framework. However, rather than abandon the idea completely, consumption should become central to researching environmental issues in Asia‐Pacific cities. Here, a ‘political ecology’ approach frames all forms of consumption as revealing political, economic and cultural practices and modes of distributions that give rise to current unsustainable outcomes. Through in‐depth examinations of current forms of consumption, this approach aims to offer a challenging perspective for future research into Asia‐Pacific urban environmental problems.     

Mission possible? Chinese provincial congress deputies’ involvement in an environmental dispute in Guangdong

Abstract: Despite its rubber‐stamp image, the involvement of China’s unicameral legislature (People’s Congress, PC) in the country’s environmental governance has become more visible in recent years. Using an environmental dispute taking place in the county‐city of Sihui, Guangdong Province as a case study, this paper examines how the congress deputies at the provincial level were involved in the domestic environmental controversy, which comprised a landmark congressional inquiry into the provincial environmental authorities. Through dissecting the practice and behaviour of the Guangdong Provincial PC and its deputies in relation to the environmental dispute settlement, the paper recognises the inquiry as an achievement test, and unravels the political and institutional roots of China’s environmental governance from a congressional perspective.     

福建花生品种系谱及其性状演变分析

为了给花生新品种选育和引种工作提供依据,分析了福建省建国以来审定（认定、鉴定）的33个花生品种系谱及其产量等性状的演变。结果表明：福建花生育成品种共涉及45个亲本,其中22个来自福建省,24个亲本是育成品种,‘狮头企’、‘粤油92’、‘汕油523’和‘泉花10号’、‘泉花327’是福建花生品种的骨干亲本,品种的亲缘关系主要来自于广东。系统育种是福建1951-1980年主要的育种方法,1991年以来杂交育种成为花生育种的主要方法。随着花生品种的更换,产量水平不断提高,其中百果重、百仁重逐渐提高对花生产量起了重要作用。脂肪含量有随着时间而略有提高的趋势,蛋白质含量变化与之相反。植株高度逐渐降低,耐肥抗倒能力提高,适于密植。总分枝数略有降低,而结果枝数变化不大。     

Frontline reporting,ethos and perception: Media challenges in the South Pacific

Abstract: The Melanesian sub‐region of the South Pacific, in particular, has been branded by some political analysts as an ‘arc of instability’ because of upheavals such as coups (Fiji), ethnic conflict (Solomon Islands), paramilitary revolts (Vanuatu), and secessionist rebellion and civil war (Bougainville‐Papua New Guinea and the Southern Highlands). Simplistic notions and prejudices about the region pose challenges for journalists attempting to report with depth, context and analytical skill. Pressures and dilemmas for the news media continue to gain momentum in the South Pacific, often from a cultural as well as socio‐political dimension. While the media in some countries is refreshingly outspoken and courageous, in others it has a trend towards self‐censorship. This article critiques coverage in the region and some of the problems in an age of globalisation and preoccupation with security. It also sketches the challenges for media education designed to contest images of the region beyond ‘coups, conflicts and contraband’.     

Poetry and Pacific studies: notes from the field

After many years at the University of the South Pacific (where this paper was written), William Clarke is currently a Visiting Fellow in Resource Management in the Asia-Pacific Project at the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra. Following a brief review of the place of oral poetry and song in Pacific Island societies, aspects of contemporary life are examined through the words of present-day Pacific poets. Topics examined include tourism, land issues, cultural identity and authenticity, the place of women in Pacific societies, corruption, environmental issues, population growth and urbanisation. A central theme of the discussion is that the poetic voice can heighten our attention towards and understandings of people’s lives and feelings.     

播种期对广东省晚稻产量及生育期的影响

为了研究出广东省5个典型稻作生态区晚稻最佳播种期,明确气候变化对近年来新育成并大面积推广晚稻品种产量的影响。2009年晚季,在韶关、肇庆、广州、汕头、湛江等5个代表性地点对超级杂交稻天优998、超级常规稻玉香油占及杂交稻天优428进行了分期播种试验,结果表明：播种期对广东晚稻产量及其构成因素的影响具有一定的地域性差异,其中,5个地点高产播种期分别为7月2日（B）、7月16日（D）、7月16日（D）、7月23日（E）、7月9日（C）。通过分析晚稻产量及其构成因素与温度、降雨、光照等气候生态因子的相互关系、构建逐步回归方程,结果表明,返青期至拔节期较低的日均最高气温、较低的日均最低气温、较高的日均气温及较高的积温,孕穗期至齐穗期较高的日均气温、较低的平均日照时数,以及齐穗后20天至收割期较大的累积日照时数,有利提高晚稻产量。     

Place,memory and identity: Imagining ‘New Asia’

Abstract: The rapid transformation of Asian societies and landscapes, especially since the mid‐1990s, has engendered much conjecture of the ‘Asian renaissance’ and the rise of a ‘New Asia’. This Special Edition of Asia Pacific Viewpoint explores the intersecting themes of ‘urban place’, ‘social memory’ and ‘cultural identity’ in the articulation of and contestation towards New Asia. Specifically, the six articles here offer various interpretations of New Asia – as tourism marketing tool, political vision and social identity – and the politics involved in urban, tourism and cultural development. From colonial hotels in key South‐East Asian cities to the historic waterfront of Singapore; from festivals and rituals in Hong Kong, Hoi An (Vietnam) and Penang (Malaysia) to the clash of cultural values in Manggarai (Indonesia), ‘selective remembering’ and ‘ideological forgetting’ are central to the construction of New Asian identities. Ultimately, this Special Edition hopes to provoke continuing discussions on the rhetoric of New Asia and its imaginative and contested geographies, sociologies and histories.     

Poor rural places in Papua New Guinea

Abstract: In the late 1960s, Harold Brookfield and Doreen Hart were ‘startled’ by the order of magnitude differences in incomes from village cash cropping in different parts of Papua New Guinea (PNG). This paper traces these differences, back into a pre‐colonial past and forward to the present and concludes, as Brookfield did in the 1960s, that severe environmental constraints, rather than market forces, are the primary cause of the pattern of spatial inequalities observable in PNG. Brookfield noted the existence of an ‘acute dilemma’ in 1960s development funding: should funds be invested where the returns will be highest, or where the need is greatest. This dilemma is as acute today as it was then. However, in the meantime, people from poor places are moving to better‐off places, seeking access to markets for their produce and health and education services for their families.     

播期对苏北盐碱地不同水稻品种生长发育进程及产量的影响

为了探究播期对苏北盐碱地环境下不同水稻品种的生长发育进程及产量的影响,本试验采用大田小区试验,调查和比较不同播期下‘南粳9108’和‘连粳11号’的生育期、干物质积累量、株高和产量等相关性状。结果表明：随播种时间推迟,‘南粳9108’和‘连粳11号’的全生育期变短;‘南粳9108’的拔节期、齐穗期和成熟期的干物质重呈减小趋势,‘连粳11号’呈先升后降趋势;播期对‘连粳11号’株高影响差异显著,且株高随播期推迟呈下降趋势;‘南粳9108’和‘连粳11号’的播种时间推迟,其有效穗、每穗粒数和产量呈下降趋势。‘南粳9108’在苏北盐碱地区的最佳播种时间为5月24日,‘连粳11号’为5月31日。     

播种期对玉米外观品质和营养品质的效应研究

为了研究播种期对玉米外观品质和营养品质的影响,分析这两类品质之间的相关性,探讨利用外观品质预测营养品质的可能性。在黄土高原山西省春播中晚熟玉米生态区田间自然条件下,以‘强盛49’和‘屯玉6号’为材料,借助现代图像处理技术获取外观品质,借助现代近红外技术获取营养品质。结果表明：播种期明显影响了玉米的外观品质,适期（第3期）播种的籽粒饱满度指数最高,提前或者推迟的时间越长,饱满度越差;容重的播期主效显著,呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在第4期;物质密度主要受品种影响。玉米营养品质受播种期的影响强烈,适期（第3期）播种的蛋白质含量明显高于其他播期;‘强盛49’的淀粉随播期出现递增趋势;‘强盛49’前3期播种的脂肪含量高于后3期,‘屯玉6号’变幅更大,但是却没有明显规律。粒长、籽粒面积、矩形度和单粒重与淀粉含量呈显著负相关;矩形度与脂肪含量呈极显著正相关。蛋白质含量与淀粉含量呈极显著负相关,与脂肪含量呈极显著正相关。因此,要想获得较高的籽粒品质,可以通过调节播期来实现。     

不同穗型水稻剑叶光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的研究

环境对光合作用影响可以通过叶绿素荧光的变化反应出来,农艺措施中以种植密度和施N量的变化对光合作用的影响尤为明显。本研究以不同穗型水稻品种（穗重型品种‘龙粳27’和穗数型品种‘龙粳25’）为材料,设4个密度处理和4个施肥时期处理,研究密度和氮肥运筹对不同穗型水稻光合指标及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,穗重型水稻‘龙粳27’的叶绿素含量、光合速率、光合功能期均显著高于穗数型品种‘龙粳25’。适当稀植和氮肥后移对水稻剑叶的光合特性有明显的促进作用,穗重型品种‘龙粳27’在D2 (29.7 cm×13.2 cm)密度处理下,穗数型品种‘龙粳25’在D3 (33 cm×9.9 cm)密度处理下,N肥后移会显著提高二者产量。     

高产优质杂交水稻新品种‘Ⅱ优936’选育

空间搭载诱变是一种育种新技术,中国科技工作者采用空间诱变先后创制和育成一批水稻新种质、新品种及杂交稻恢复系。此研究采用空间诱变与杂交育种相结合的手段,将恢复系明恢86干种子通过返回式卫星搭载后与台农67杂交,F2代再与CDR22复合杂交,培育出的新恢复系福恢936。用该恢复系与不育系Ⅱ-32A配组的高产优质三系杂交水稻新品种Ⅱ优936,在福建省2年区试中平均比对照汕优63增产达10.82%,米质主要指标达部颁优质米二级标准,稻瘟病抗性比对照汕优63强,2005年通过福建省农作物品种审定。本研究可成功地育出高产优质杂交水稻新品种。     

Population

The 1990s can be characterised as the decade of migration as far as New Zealand's 20th century population history is concerned. There was the largest decennial net migration gain this century, the largest annual net migration gain since 1875, the largest decennial numerical increase in population since the 1960s, and the largest influx of immigrants from countries in northeast Asia on record. This was a decade when migration flows both in and out of the country attracted considerable public and political comment. In the mid‐1990s it was the ‘Asian invasion’ that was the key migration‐related political issue; in the late 1990s it was the ‘Kiwi exodus’, especially to Australia, that was attracting attention both in New Zealand and Australia. A ‘blip’ in birth rates in the early 1990s also attracted considerable attention from demographers and policy analysts – a short‐lived increase associated with irregularities in New Zealand's population structure as well as the changing patterns of fertility evident in later child bearing. The decade also saw some significant changes in the ethnic composition of the population, as well as debates about socio‐economic ‘gaps’ between some of the major ethnic components.     

Farming

The continuation of the deregulated and restructured environment of the 1980s has produced differential impacts across different farming types and therefore varying results in different rural regions. There has been a major land use change away from traditional sheep farming to dairying on the flats and forestry on the steeper hills. Net farm profit during the 1990s has increased by 180 per cent on dairy farms but by only 97 per cent on sheep and beef farms. In one sense agriculture in New Zealand has become more ‘post‐productivist’ with a reduction in government support, a dramatic reduction in the number of farms, and an increase in farmland converted to urban and recreational uses such as farm tourism and golf course capitalism. But on the other hand New Zealand farmers still remain family rather than corporate, and they are firmly committed to increased production. Other challenges include pressure to deregulate the co‐operative and producer board system, and genetically modified food.     

中国粮食市场的供需结构、趋势及政策需求分析——基于ARIMA-GRNN模型的预测

在对粮食市场的供需结构和发展趋势进行分析的基础上,建立ARIMA-GRNN模型等对粮食供求的未来中短期趋势进行了预测。预测结果表明：中国粮食市场近期供给没有问题,但长期供求形势不容乐观。随着科技发展水平到达一定的程度,单产拉动型增产方式并不可持续;工业用粮将会大幅度增长,成为未来粮食消费的一个最主要部分。因此,未来粮食宏观调控的重点应从“供给侧”适当向“需求侧”转变,并要进一步注重调节粮食结构性问题。     

Tauponui a Tia: an interpretation of Maori landscape and land tenure

In the mid-1950s Professor R. Gerard Ward carried out his first significant research project as a graduate student in the ‘Taupo country’– a diverse volcanic landscape with a rich Maori history in the central North Island of New Zealand. This paper traces my own ‘journeys’ into the Taupo country and my association with the complexities of both historical and contemporary understandings and realities of Maori land tenure. I use several specific examples, and draw on a variety of experiences to argue that the ‘Taupo country’ cannot be understood without an appreciation of the enduring Maori values which still permeate society and land tenure in New Zealand’s ‘volcanic desert’ landscape. Despite legislative efforts to impose on Maori a title system derived from British property law, and all the subsequent pressures to assimilate, enduring Maori values intertwined with ancestry and identity cannot be ignored either in reconstructions of the history or in current planning for the future of the Taupo region.