贵州喀斯特山地灌丛香叶树群落及种群结构的初步研究

以贵州省现在的喀斯特山地灌丛香叶树植物群落为对象，分析了该群落的结构和组成、种群的生态位宽度及其分布格局，群落所处的小生境状况以及封山育林后群落的演替；结果表明，群落中有较丰富的物种多样性指数和均匀度，而香叶树种群有较宽的生态位宽度；由于喀斯特小生境的严酷性，土面零星，土层浅薄，石漠化比例大，植物种群主要以集群分布和无性繁殖来适应这种小生境；采取封山育林是恢复该地区森林植被的重要途径之一。     

退化喀斯特森林自然恢复评价研究

在研究贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区退化喀斯特森林自然恢复过程中群落组成、结构、功能的基础上,提出了退化群落恢复潜力度、恢复度和恢复速度3个评价指标和计算方法,分析了退化群落在自然恢复过程中群落高度、盖度、实生株/总株数、组成结构、显著度、生物量等特征指标的恢复潜力度、恢复度和恢复速度的变化,并进行综合评价。结果表明低一级演替阶段群落向相邻更高一级演替阶段群落恢复的潜力度最高,群落自然恢复是由低级阶段向高级阶段顺序替代过程;早期阶段恢复潜力度较高、恢复度低、速度慢,中期阶段恢复潜力度高、恢复度中等、速度快,后期阶段恢复潜力度低、恢复度高、速度慢。群落整体恢复速度低于群落各特征指标恢复速度。在群落各特征指标中,群落高度、盖度、实生株/总株数、组成结构、显著度的恢复速度高于生物量恢复速度,即群落结构恢复快于群落功能恢复。群落自然恢复对策的变化是由早期更新对策向中期结构调整对策至后期结构功能协调完善对策更替。退化喀斯特森林自然恢复40～50年可有较为正常的组成、外貌和结构,但要达到功能完全恢复则需时很长。     

退化喀斯特森林自然恢复评价研究

在研究贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区退化喀斯特森林自然恢复过程中群落组成、结构、功能的基础上,提出了退化群落恢复潜力度、恢复度和恢复速度３个评价指标和计算方法,分析了退化群落在自然恢复过程中群落高度、盖度、实生株／总株数、组成结构、显著度、生物量等特征指标的恢复潜力度、恢复度和恢复速度的变化,并进行综合评价。结果表明：低一级演替阶段群落向相邻更高一级演替阶段群落恢复的潜力度最高,群落自然恢复是由低级阶段     

喀斯特山地珍稀濒危植物掌叶木种群结构与分布格局研究

掌叶木为国家一级重点保护珍稀濒危植物。为了解掌叶木种群结构与及空间分布格局特征,本文以贵州省茂兰自然保护区喀斯特森林中的掌叶木种群为研究对象,采用群落生态学研究方法对掌叶木种群进行调查,并对该种群的小生境状况、起源方式、种群的结构和分布格局进行分析。结果表明:掌叶木以萌生方式为主,以石缝为其主要的小生境,种群空间分布主要呈集群型分布,种群幼龄木株数比例少而中、老龄木株数多、树高级不连续,从总体上看种群结构不连续,呈衰退型趋势。     

贵州贞丰县兴北喀斯特森林植被的调查分析

以贵州省贞丰县兴北镇板围村现存的喀斯特植物群落为对象，分析了其群落的结构和组成、优势种群的生态位宽度及其分布格局、群落所处的小生境状况以及封山育林后群落的演替及动态，结果表明，该地区喀斯特小生境严酷，土壤分布零星且浅薄而石漠化比例大，现存植物种群则主要以集群分布和无性繁殖策略来适应这种小生境，因此为避免其进一步遭受破坏和继续退化，采取封山育林的方式是该地区恢复森林植被的重要途径之一。     

桂西南喀斯特植被群落特征研究

采用"空间代替时间"方法建立退化群落自然恢复演替系列,以"最优分割法"划分群落演替阶段,对广西西南部喀斯特植被群落特征进行了研究。研究表明森林群落在群落结构上分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层3个层次,乔木层树木高度多在20 m以下,胸径在12 cm以下个体可达89.85%;灌木层个体高度一般不超过2 m,以乔木层幼苗幼树居多;草本层高度在0.5 m以下。草本、灌木群落所处生境比较恶劣,多为耐旱耐瘠薄单优群落,物种组成单一,群落高度3 m以下。群落生物多样性总体呈上升趋势,而均匀度呈下降趋势。Simpson指数在演替初期为0.76左右;演替中期上升为0.81~0.94;而演替后期下降为0.73~0.94。Shannon-Wiener指数由演替初期的1.59上升到演替中期的2.01~3.47,到演替后期下降为1.31~2.67。群落均匀度指数JD在演替初期为0.029~0.095;到演替中期下降为0.016~0.059;在演替后期群落均匀度上升到0.06以上。研究区域植被群落特征与经典演替理论群落特征变化有所不同,但与生态系统在适度干扰下多样性较高的适度干扰理论相一致,说明桂西南喀斯特生态系统经常受到外界干扰。     

喀斯特峡谷植被演替过程中的物种组成及多样性

采用空间代替时间的方式对花江喀斯特峡谷不同演替阶段的群落物种组成和多样性进行了研究.结果表明:裸地阶段是植被恢复的起始阶段,植物物种丰富度和物种多样性均为最低.随着演替的正向进行,物种多样性增加,群落结构逐渐复杂并在森林群落阶段形成较为稳定的结构.草本植物在草本群落阶段物种丰富度和生物多样性达到最高,随即开始下降.灌木的物种丰富度和多样性在灌木阶段达到最大并在森林阶段保持稳定.乔木的物种丰富度和物种多样性均随着演替的进行逐渐增加.退化喀斯特不同恢复阶段的植被群落具有较为明显的优势种,通常为2～3种.     

喀斯特石漠化地区不同植被群落的土壤有机碳变化

研究贵州中部喀斯特石漠化地区不同植被群落土壤和小生境土壤中有机碳的数量和质量变化.结果表明:喀斯特石漠化区阔叶林土壤有机总碳含量和腐殖酸碳含量明显高于灌木林、灌草丛和稀疏草丛,而土壤水溶性有机碳含量的变化则相反;喀斯特森林退化后,土壤有机碳的累积量减少、流失量增加;喀斯特小生境土壤有机总碳和腐殖酸碳含量存在明显的水平空间变异:石坑>石沟>石缝>石洞.主成分分析结果表明:喀斯特土壤有机碳变化的第1主要因子由植被类型决定,第2主要因子由小生境类型所决定.     

喀斯特高原峡谷区不同植被恢复阶段小气候变化特征

通过对花江喀斯特高原峡谷区不同演替阶段群落内光照强度、地表温度、土壤温度、湿度、土壤水分含量及空气CO2浓度变化特征和差异进行了实地小气候观测和统计分析。结果表明:在不同的演替阶段,小气候变化明显。裸地和草地阶段群落小气候变化剧烈;在灌木和乔林阶段,变化较平缓。表明从裸地群落阶到乔林群落阶段的恢复过程中,喀斯特高原峡谷区不同植被恢复阶段小气候变化逐渐趋于平稳,揭示乔林和灌木林群落对于小气候具有明显的改善作用。     

退化喀斯特森林自然恢复过程中群落动态研究

研究了贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区退化喀斯特森林自然恢复过程中群落的动态特征。群落组成结构变化体现于不同适应等级种组的变化 ,不同恢复阶段各种组的优势地位不同 ,草本群落阶段与草灌过渡阶段 ,灌丛灌木阶段与灌乔过渡阶段 ,常绿落叶阔叶林阶段与顶极群落阶段其居优势地位的种组分别为先锋种 ,次先锋种和过渡种 ,次顶极种和顶极种 ,种组替代规律是先锋种经次先锋种、过渡种最终被次顶极种和顶极种替代。随着退化喀斯特群落自然恢复 ,群落高度 (0 6～ 16 9m)、盖度 (0 2 9～ 0 79)、显著度 (0 872 0～2 1 8981cm2 ·m- 2 )逐渐提高 ,而密度早期增大之后逐渐降低 (36 32 8～ 5 6 116株·hm- 2 ,5 6 116～ 2 372株·hm- 2 ) ;物种数 (16～ 5 0 )、Shannon Wiener多样性指数 (0 99～ 4 72 )、均匀度 (0 77～ 0 83)升高而生态优势度 (0 16～ 0 0 5 )降低 ;群落生物量 (3 4 9～ 87 4 5t·hm- 2 )逐渐积累增大 ;萌生株数减少而实生株数增多 ,群落更新对策由早期阶段无性更新向后期阶段有性更新发展     

毛赤杨林演替趋势研究

以最近3次森林资源调查数据为基础,布设标准地进行典型调查,研究毛赤杨林演替规律,结果发现了草甸植被变为毛赤杨林;毛赤杨林变为白桦林;草甸植被变成毛赤杨林,继而又变成含有白桦或其幼苗、幼树的毛赤杨林;毛赤杨林演变为草甸植被4种毛赤杨林演替规律.文中对演替的原因进行了分析,提出毛赤杨林保护建议.     

林窗效应研究综述

森林群落常发生一些小规模的内源干扰,从而形成林窗。林窗的形成对推动森林群落的演替更新和生态系统发展至关重要。林窗面积的大小与树木的倒伏方式和林冠冠幅及大小有关。林窗面积及林窗内位置的不同,导致其小气候和土壤理化性质等环境因子发生改变,进而影响到林窗内树种更新和物种组成、林窗植被的物种多样性及其微生物和土壤动物的种类、数量等方面。未来林窗研究重点应该放在次生林和人工林的林窗效应,林窗对森林生态系统碳储量影响机制,林窗凋落物分解因子间的相互关系、作用机理和养分循环,不同树种的林窗与最适更新面积的关系,林窗的边缘效应,林窗的土壤动物和微生物动态及过程。     

Vegetation succession process induced by reforestation in erosion areas

Reforestation is one of the most important and efficient measures of water and soil conservation. Based on field investigations in the Shangyang Soil Conservation and Reforestation Station in Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China, we studied the variation in vegetation development, vegetation succession processes and soil erosion. The regional vegetation consists mainly of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forests (MEBF). The area was deforested and became a denuded hill area with extremely high soil erosion in the 1960s and 1970s. Then, the area was closed in order to allow recovery of the vegetation. Under natural conditions the vegetation development and succession processes were slow during which soil erosion and strong sunshine and evaporation slowed down the development of the vegetation. About 25 years later, the vegetation cover was still merely 35% or so. The dominant vegetation types were heliophilous herbage and shrubs which formed a poorly developed shrub-herbage community and erosion remained high. In contrast, reforestation with selected tree species dramatically speeded up the vegetation succession process. About 12 years after reforestation, vegetation cover of the Acacia auriculiformis plantations in the Shangyang Station was 90% and erosion was under control. After 23 years, understory vegetation, consisting of indigenous species, had developed in the plantations. The planted trees and naturally developing herbage, shrubs, bamboo, local trees and liana formed a complex vegetation community in three layers. It will take 60 years for the vegetation to succeed from bare land to a secondary growth forest under natural conditions. Reforestation may speed up the vegetation succession process. The time may be reduced to 20 years. Reforestation is the most effective measure of vegetation restoration and erosion control in this area. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(8): 2558–2565 [译自: 生态学报]     

Influence of volcanic activity on vegetation succession and growth environment on the hillslope of Sakurajima Volcano in southern Kyushu,Japan

This study was conducted in order to examine the influence of long-term volcanic activity on vegetative succession and growth on the slope of Sakurajima in southern Kyushu, Japan. We investigated the vegetation,depth of the volcanic ash layer, and dry density and p H of the surface soil at six places on the north-northwestern slope, 2.3–3.4 km from the Minami-dake crater, where a layer of pumice stone was deposited by the Taisho eruption in 1914. The height and diameter at breast height(DBH) of the trees increased with increasing distance from the Minami-dake crater, as did the number of individuals and species, and basal area. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index(H') demonstrates that vegetative succession is significantly affected by distance from the Minami-dake crater, as areas farther from the crater exhibited later seral stages. Comparison of the diversity index and species number of the crater region with that of the climax forest in Kagoshima indicates that vegetative growth alone cannot advance succession in the study area, as the local vegetative community is heavily influenced by the harsh environmental conditions associated with continual exposure to long-term volcanic activity. Seral stage, ash layer depth,dry density, and p H of the soil surface layer are governed by distance from the Minami-dake crater. The results of this study indicate that conditions for vegetative growth and succession improve with increasing distance from the source of constant volcanic activity. Thus, soil development is promoted by the acidification of the soil, which decreases the dry density and p H of the soil surface layer.The introduction of plant species resistant to volcanic ash and gas is recommended to promote soil development and improve the infiltration capacity of the soil.     

我国西南喀斯特森林生态系统生态化学计量学研究

喀斯特森林生态系统作为喀斯特生态系统的重要组成部分,其生态化学计量特征是喀斯特生态系统研究的热点。对比其他森林生态系统,我国西南喀斯特森林生态系统的植物具有较高的C含量和较低的N、P含量,植物生长一般会受到N、P的限制;凋落物和土壤N、P含量较高,不同植被类型土壤P含量有很大差异;随着植被正向演替的进行,土壤N含量和凋落物N、P含量有逐渐增加的趋势;喀斯特森林生态系统化学计量特征主要受到植物个体差异、气候、地形和人类活动的影响。文中系统总结了我国西南喀斯特森林生态系统的研究概况、生态化学计量特征、影响因素及研究方向,并针对我国西南喀斯特森林生态系统生态化学计量学研究亟待解决的科学问题从4个方面进行了研究展望。     

滇西北亚高山地区黄背栎林植被演替过程中的林地土壤化学响应

探讨了滇西北亚高山地区黄背栎林植被演替过程中林地土壤化学性质的变化。研究结果表明:在该植物群落不同的植被演替阶段,其林地土壤的化学性质与之相响应。随着其植被的正向演替,林地土壤各项化学指标均向良性发展:土壤的pH值逐渐降低;土壤有机质、全N及水解N含量均呈上升趋势;速效K含量在演替顶极前期达最大含量,到演替顶极期有所下降;速效P含量在演替过程中有所变化,但随其植被演替的变化不明显,没有一定的规律性;林地上层土壤养分增加较之下层土壤增加率要大。该地区土壤化学性质变化与其群落的良性发展呈正相关。     

Influence of soil properties and burial depth on Persian oak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus brantii</Emphasis> Lindl.) establishment in different microhabitats resulting from traditional forest practices

In seasonally dry environments such as the Zagros woodlands (Iran), severe drought stress and lack of appropriate management practices can cause failure of oak afforestation or reforestation. We investigated the effect of soil properties and burial depth on Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) establishment in different microhabitats resulting from traditional forest practices. Four microhabitats that were based on forest structure were considered for oak acorn seeding: (1) inside old sprout clumps (ISPC); (2) under the canopy of tall trees (UCTT); (3) outside the canopy of tall trees and sprout clumps; and (4) near recent stumps or sprout clumps. Acorns were seeded at two depths (2 and 5 cm), and seedling survival and growth variables were recorded for 4 years, together with soil chemical and biological attributes. Stepwise discriminant analysis showed that a combination of total soil nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, available phosphorus and potassium, litter depth, microbial quotient, metabolic coefficient, substrate-induced respiration and earthworm abundance was the best variables to characterise the microhabitats. With the exception of pH, bulk density and soil texture, these variables were higher in UCTT and ISPC than in the other microhabitats. Seedling emergence and survival were greater at a seed depth of 5 cm than at 2 cm. Seedling height and shoot, root and leaf biomasses were higher in the UCTT microhabitat compared to the other microhabitats and correlated positively with soil nutrients contents and most of the soil biological variables but negatively with soil bulk density. This study emphasised the role of microhabitats in creating a “canopy effect” producing favourable physical, chemical and biological soil conditions. In particular, large oak trees form islands of fertility and therefore are of key importance for successful seedling establishment in forests subjected to intense human activities.     

Forest composition and structure during a 27-year period of observation in an untreated secondary lowland rainforest in southwestern Nigeria

Growth data taken over a 27-year period are used to examine development patterns in a lowland rain forest. All recorded species and families are examined for ingrowth, mortality, group behaviour and increment characteristics. Successional changes are also studied. Twelve of the 35 families present account for over 80% of the total number of trees and basal area. A diameter profile is described quantitatively. Mortality is higher than ingrowth and hence a progressive decrease in the total number of trees resulted as the stand aged. However, the total basal area increased indicating movement of trees into larger-diameter classes. There was a complete absence of first-generation succession species and a decrease in the total number of species as the stand aged. The forest structure progressed towards climax vegetation, while the relative positions of the species and families changed in time and space. Observed trends and tables should be useful to forest managers. Knowledge of the established patterns should aid modelers of forest growth and serve as reference materials for other researchers.     

喀斯特退化生态系统不同恢复阶段土壤质量研究

喀斯特环境由于其成土过程缓慢,土层浅薄,土被不连续,岩石裸露率高,渗漏性强,土壤持水量低,临时性干旱不时出现,水土易流失,因此缺土、缺水,生态系统极为脆弱[1～4].随着人为活动对资源需求的加剧,喀斯特生态系统更加恶化,不同程度地造成了水土流失、系统功能降低、生态平衡失调,严重影响社会、经济的可持续发展.     

太行山低质低效林判定标准

低质低效林是指进展演替的初期或逆行演替的结果,森林合理的结构尚未形成或遭到破坏,林木个体质量低劣,自然生态效益及社会经济效益低下的林分。判定低质低效林的依据是林分的结构、林木个体质量、密度和郁闭度、灌木林结构和功能。残次林是林分逆行演替的结果。劣质林主要是人为破坏加上萌生繁殖造成主干质量低劣。低密林是处于进展演替过程初期尚未达到一定密度或由于人为过量采伐致使密度降低,前者林木质量尚好,后者则为砍伐剩余的劣质林木。低灌林与低密林的形成类似也分两种情形,前者一般立地质量低劣,后者则由于由乔木或乔灌混交林退化而来,立地尚好,植被恢复容易。