Goat milk acceptance and promotion methods in Japan: The questionnaire survey to middle class households

A consumer questionnaire conducted with the purpose of ascertaining the acceptability of goat milk and related products in Japan was carried out on 345 guarantees of Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University in December 2006. 275 effective responses (79%) representing middle class urban households were returned. The results revealed that (1) 30% of respondents have experienced drinking goat milk and only 10% are aware of the current retail situation of goat milk and related products; (2) over 70% of goat milk drinkers raised goats by hand at some point in their past and their first experience drinking goat milk was in infancy; (3) those with experience in drinking goat milk expressed a vague evaluation and minimal understanding of drinking goat milk; (4) respondents who were inexperienced goat milk drinkers expressed a strong desire to taste and a weak desire to purchase goat milk; (5) respondents expressed low recognition regarding retailed goat milk products, but those who had already purchased goat milk products expressed a high evaluation and strong desire to purchase these products again; and (6) recognition of goat milk characteristics is low, but those with high recognition also rate goat milk highly. Goats are perceived as being 'mild and familiar.' It is necessary for those who manage goat husbandry to present goat milk and related product tasting opportunities to consumers. The key point is to make the functional differences between cow and goat milk clear and present the advantages of goat milk at the fore of this promotion. Goat milk should not be promoted merely as a drink that is similar to cow milk, but must be positioned as a functional drink or health food in order to expand the Japanese goat milk market.     

肉鸡肌肉品质的研究现状与趋势

鸡肉是人们食物结构中的重要肉食来源之一。但目前鸡肉产量的增加与肉品品质的下降的矛盾正成为人们关注的热点。本文综述了肉鸡肌肉品质概念、评价系统与方法、影响肌肉品质的因素,并对鸡肉品质研究方向进行了预测。     

Back-fat thickness as a primary index reflecting the yield and overall acceptance of pork meat

Predicting aspects of lean meat yield and eating quality of pork based on some particular carcass traits become increasingly important from an economic profitability point of view. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between the back-fat (BF) thickness with lean meat yield and meat quality traits of crossbred pigs. A total of 220 crossbred pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) ♀ × Duroc ♂] reared under identical conditions and harvested at 180 days old were slaughtered and screened for BF thickness. Four BF thickness groups: 12–15, 16–20, 21–25, and 26–30 mm were classified, and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles from these groups were used to analyze meat quality characteristics. Results showed that increasing BF thickness decreased the lean meat yield and loin lean area. Increasing BF thickness up to 26–30 mm increased intramuscular fat content and pH of LD muscles. The LD muscles of the thicker BF (21–30 mm) groups received significantly higher flavor, juiciness, and overall acceptability scores than those of the thinner back-fat (12–20 mm) groups. Overall, when all the pre-harvest factors are kept the same, BF thickness could be considered as a primary index for predicting lean meat yield, and the minimal back-fat thickness of 21–30 mm is required to improve the overall acceptability of pork meat.     

广西丰肉型新品系黑山羊产肉性能与肉品质指标特性研究

以6月龄和12月龄广西本地黑山羊为对照,研究广西丰肉型新品系黑山羊的产肉性能和肉品质,综合测定和分析其屠宰性能、肉质、化学成分和风味影响因子。结果表明:6月龄和12月龄广西丰肉型新品系黑山羊与广西本地黑山羊两者相比较,胴体重、屠宰率、净肉率、胴体净肉率、眼肌面积指标差异极显著(P<0.01),且前者大于后者;肌肉中肉质的肉色和大理石纹指标差异极显著(P<0.01),前者大于后者;嫩度剪切值差异显著(P<0.05,6月龄)和极显著(P<0.01,12月龄),前者小于后者;化学成分方面,粗蛋白、脂肪和磷测定指标两者差异显著(P<0.05),且前者大于后者;粗纤维指标两者差异显著(P<0.05),前者小于后者;风味影响因子方面,氨基酸总量、谷氨酸两者差异极显著(P<0.01),前者大于后者,其余种类氨基酸含量(除12月龄试验羊甘氨酸含量外)两者差异不显著(P>0.05);脂肪酸中饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量两者差异显著(P<0.05),前者大于后者;胆固醇含量两者差异不显著(P>0.05),但均低于羊生产学推荐值;硫胺素和肌苷酸两者相比差异显著(P<0.05),前者大于后者。综合以上测定结果可以得出,广西丰肉型新品系黑山羊产肉性能高,营养成分全面,可提供丰富的蛋白质、氨基酸;且肉质鲜嫩多汁,膻味小,口感好,风味独特;其羊肉中胆固醇含量低,富含不饱和脂肪酸。广西丰肉型新品系黑山羊是适合南方地区生产高端黑山羊的首选品种,开发潜力巨大。     

四川肉山羊产品的市场分析

本文对我省肉山羊产品价格的历史和现状、产品的国际国内市场进行了分析,提出了我省在加入WTO后应采取的对策.     

Effects of crossbreeding indigenous Hair Goat with Saanen on carcass measurements and meat quality of kids under an intensive production system

The aim of study was to investigate the effect of genotype on carcass measurements and meat quality characteristics of purebred Hair Goat, Saanen × Hair Goat (F₁ and B₁) kids under an intensive production system. In total, 24 kids were slaughtered at the age of approximately 133 days. Kids were fattened for 56 days immediately after weaning. Hot carcass weights were 6.78, 7.61 and 7.02 kg and dressing percentages were 49.71, 49.27 and 48.78%, respectively ( P  > 0.05). Differences between genotypes for carcass measurements and indexes were not significant. Effect of genotype on pH measurements, drip loss, water holding capacity, cooking loss and Warner Bratzler shear force values were not significant. Meat lightness values at 0 h, 1 h and 1 day after cutting were higher in crossbred kids than Hair Goat kids ( P  < 0.05). Redness value was significantly higher in meat samples of Hair goat kids at 0 h, 1 h and 1 day measurements ( P  < 0.05). Kid genotype had no significant effect on meat sensory characteristics, except tenderness. Panelists gave lower scores for meat tenderness to F₁ and B₁ crosses compared to purebred Hair Goat kids. In conclusion, higher meat lightness values of crossbred kids, at particularly B₁ level, might have a positive effect on the consumer choices.     

不同因素对羊奶干酪出品率和感官品质的影响

为提高羊奶干酪的出品率和感官品质,以关中奶山羊奶为原料,研究了原料乳浓度、凝乳酶、杀菌条件、酸化条件和氯化钙对羊奶干酪出品率和感官品质的影响。结果表明,原料乳浓度较高,凝乳酶选用羔羊凝乳酶,杀菌条件63℃,30min,酸化pH6.4,氯化钙添加量0.01%-0.02%时干酪出品率较高、感官品质较好。     

凉山州肉用山羊产业发展战略探讨

分析了凉山州目前肉用山羊生产现状及有利条件对山羊产地发展的影响,并提出相应的优质肉用山羊发展措施.     

辽宁绒山羊育肥羯羊的羊肉营养特性研究

选择24只辽宁绒山羊羯羊,年龄10月龄,初始体重37.21±0.45 kg。试验动物分成3组,1组、2组为试验组,3组为对照组。研究育肥羯羊羊肉常规营养指标、各类脂肪酸和氨基酸含量。结果表明：试验1、2组粗脂肪显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;试验1组粗灰分显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。在脂肪酸方面,试验1组总体上高于对照组或与对照组持平。试验1组C8：0、C14：1、C16：1、C22：1n9均显著（P＜0.05）高于对照组;试验1、2组C18：1n9c、脂肪酸总量、SFA、MUFA、CLA均极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）。在氨基酸方面,对照组各氨基酸和总氨基酸总体上高于2个试验组;而试验1组又略高于试验2组。在必需氨基酸中,试验2组苏氨酸显著（P＜0.05）高于对照组,试验1组氨基酸评分、E/T和E/N均高于对照组。因此,高能高蛋白日粮育肥羯羊可使羊肉粗脂肪含量、不饱和脂肪酸和总脂肪酸含量极显著增加,对羊肉必需氨基酸含量和构成比例有改善作用。     

成都麻羊和波尔山羊乳蛋白组分的研究

用SDS—PAGE在还原条件下分析了成都麻羊和波尔山羊脱脂乳蛋白及乳清蛋白的组成。结果显示 ,两种山羊乳蛋白含量分别为 44 2± 3 4g/L和 45 9± 2 4g/L。脱脂乳蛋白包括α—乳清蛋白、β—乳球蛋白、酪蛋白、免疫球蛋白、血清白蛋白等组分 ,酪蛋白的相对含量在 70 %以上。在 β—乳球蛋白与酪蛋白之间存在较多的未定性蛋白区带 ,其带型和每条带的相对含量有明显的个体差异。实验还对乳清蛋白主要组分的相对含量进行了扫描测定     

Hypoxanthine enhances the cured meat taste

We evaluated the enhancement of cured meat taste during maturation by sensory analysis. We focused on the heat‐stable sarcoplasmic fraction (HSSF) to identify the factors related to cured meat taste. Because the dry matter of HSSF contained more than 30% nitrogen, nitrogen compounds such as free amino acids, small peptides and adenosine triphosphate‐related compounds seemed to be the important components of HSSF. The samples cured with HSSF for 2 h exhibited the same taste profile as ones cured without HSSF for 168 h. Therefore, the changes in the amount and fractions of nitrogen compounds were examined in HSSF during incubation from 0 to 168 h. The concentration of hypoxanthine (Hx) gradually increased, while inosine‐5′‐monophosphate decreased during the incubation. The samples cured with pickles containing various concentrations of Hx were subjected to sensory analysis. The addition of Hx, in a dose‐dependent fashion, enhanced cured meat taste by maturation for 2 h. It was concluded that Hx is essential for the enhancement of cured meat taste.     

云岭黑山羊与波云F1代山羊的育肥及肉质性能的研究

通过对9月龄波×师F₁代、波×文F₁代、波×楚F₁代、师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊、楚雄黑山羊进行育肥和屠宰试验,结果表明,在放牧＋补饲条件下,波×师F₁代、波×文F₁代和波×楚F₁代羊的平均日增重(分别为137.2、133.1和132.3 g)明显高于师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊和楚雄黑山羊的平均日增重（分别为103.6、102.3和101.6 g）,且差异极显著;在全放牧条件下,波×师F₁代、波×文F₁代和波×楚F₁代羊的平均日增重(分别为74.2、72.1和73.5 g)也高于师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊和楚雄黑山羊的平均日增重（分别为48.7、47.8和46.1 g）,差异极显著（P<0.01）;对放牧＋补饲育肥条件下的波×师F₁代、波×文F₁代、波×楚F₁代、师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊、楚雄黑山羊每组随机抽取6只做屠宰测定,师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊、楚雄黑山羊的屠宰率、净肉率、眼肌面积等都低于波×师F₁代、波×文F₁代、波×楚F₁代羊,差异显著（P<0.05）。羊肉品味评定综合口感差异不显著（P＞0.05）,表明各波杂F₁代羊肉的品质与云岭黑山羊羊肉的品质近似。     

安徽白山羊的体性状和肉用性能测定

对安徽白山羊的体性状和肉用性能进行了测定.公羊4,6,8,12月龄的平均体高分别为42.10,46.35,47.66和55.65 cm;母羊4,6,8月龄和成年的平均体高分别为40.08,43.76,45.90和63.30 cm;羯羊48.30cm.公羊4,6,8,12月龄的平均体长分别为44.24,49.22,50.75和65.00cm;母羊4,6,8月龄和成年的平均体长分别为41.91,46.28,50.06和67.2cm;羯羊45.70 cm.公羊4,6,8,12月龄的平均胸围分别为50.08,52.98,56.04和65.00 cm;母羊4,6,8,12月龄的平均胸围分别为45.74,49.5,53.33和74.00 cm;羯羊50.00cm.公羊4,6,8,12月龄的平均管围分别为6.48,6.78,6.85和7.20 cm;母羊4,6,8月龄和成年时的平均管围分别为6.10,6.36,6.61 cm和7.80 cm;羯羊6.78 cm;公羊4,6,8,12月龄的平均宰前体重分别为9.36,12.51,14.59和18.10 kg;母羊4,6,8月龄、成年的平均宰前体重分别为7.73,9.67,12.40和26.50 kg;羯羊11.45 kg;12月龄公羊、成年母羊、羯羊的平均空体重分别为16.66,23.78,10.09kg.平均屠宰率(依宰前活重)12月龄公羊、成年母羊、羯羊的平均屠宰率(依宰前活重)分别为51.11%、49.06%、48.13%.12月龄公羊、成年母羊、羯羊的平均屠宰率(依空活重)分别为54.50%、54.67%、54.49%.12月龄公羊、成年母羊、羯羊的平均净肉率分别为34.31%、35.64%、33.50%.12月龄公羊、成年母羊、羯羊的平均肉骨比分别为1:2.10、1:2.70、1:2.85.12月龄公羊、成年母羊、羯羊的平均眼肌面积分别为8.40,8.05,2.96 cm2.     

陕西奶山羊生产现状与发展前景

本文分析了陕西省奶山羊生产现状、产业优势与发展前景,奶山羊在陕西有一定的群体规模,生产技术有保障,羊奶加工企业兴旺,养殖前景广阔,具有将奶山羊做大做强的条件,结合实施"一村一品"工程,奶山羊产业有望发展成为农民增收的主导产业。     

Live weights at slaughter significantly affect the meat quality and flavor components of pork meat

One‐hundred‐twenty crossbred pigs finished at 175–185 days of age were used to investigate the effects of live weights at slaughter on the meat quality, volatile flavor compounds, and sensory attributes of pork meat. Based on the live weights at slaughter, three weight groups (n = 36 per group) were classified as follows: light weight (LW: 100 kg), medium weight (MW: 110 kg), and heavy weight (HW: 120 kg). After slaughter, longissimus dorsi muscle samples were taken and used for the analyses of aforementioned parameters. The HW group had higher fat content and water holding capacity compared to the LW or MW group (p < 0.05). The HW group also showed higher levels for majority of unsaturated fatty acids and total polyunsaturated fatty acids than the LW group (p < 0.05). The slaughter weight significantly affected the amounts of 11 among the 47 flavor compounds identified. Significantly higher amounts of fatty acids oxidation‐derived flavor compounds (aldehydes) were found in the HW group than in the other groups. Noticeably, increasing slaughter weight was associated with higher sensorial scores for flavor, juiciness, and acceptance scores (p < 0.05). Based on the obtained results, 120 kg body weight is recommended as the market weight for this commercial breed without compromising the meat quality.     

羊乳及其制品的脱膻技术与市场现状

近年来,随着牛奶问题的不断出现,越来越多的学者和消费者开始关注羊奶,其营养价值也被越来越多的人所认可.为了对羊奶有更深的认识,本文主要是对羊奶的营养保健优势,羊奶膻味的去除方法,羊奶各类产品及羊奶的发展前景等方面进行了阐述和探讨.     

尧山白山羊肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解河南省尧山白山羊肠道寄生虫感染情况,本试验采用离心沉淀法、卢戈氏碘液染色法、饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法对河南省鲁山县某羊场尧山白山羊的63份新鲜粪便样品进行检查。结果共查出17种肠道寄生虫,总感染率为98.4%,分别为艾美耳球虫(9种)、隐孢子虫、贾第虫、阿米巴原虫、圆线虫、细颈线虫、鞭虫、莫尼茨绦虫和吸虫,其中以球虫感染率最高,为95.2%。对检出球虫进行种类鉴定,发现9种艾美耳属球虫,多呈混合感染,最多可达5种。结果表明,该品种羊肠道寄生虫较为普遍,且存在人兽共患寄生虫,应加强其综合防控措施。     

Effects of pre-slaughter nutritional condition on intramuscular collagen solubility, pyridinoline cross-links and meat tenderness in aged goats

Effects of preslaughter nutritional condition on intramuscular collagen characteristics were studied, in order to clarify the potential of intensive feeding to aged animals in improving meat tenderness. Ten castrated male goats were assigned into one of two groups: one group was allowed ad libitum access to a concentrate diet (total digestible nutrients 70%, crude protein 15%) and Italian ryegrass hay (ADLIB‐group), and the other group was fed a restricted amount of their diet (concentrate diet 0.5% of bodyweight/day; hay 1.5% of bodyweight/day) to maintain their bodyweight (MAIN‐group). After 3 months of the experimental period, goats were slaughtered and meat samples were obtained immediately. Goats in ADLIB‐group had lower total and insoluble collagen concentrations, higher fat concentrations and collagen solubility than those in MAIN‐group, but soluble collagen concentrations of muscles were similar for both groups. Goats in ADLIB‐group had lower pyridinoline concentrations than those in MAIN‐group, in all muscles, but the differences of pyridinoline concentration between the groups were not statistically significant. Warner‐Bratzler shear force values of Longissimus and Biceps femoris muscles were lower in ADLIB‐group than in MAIN‐group. The increase of meat tenderness by preslaughter intensive feeding seemed to be associated with the increase in intramuscular fat deposition and high collagen solubility, and pyridinoline cross‐link appeared to be one of the factors related to collagen solubility.