Dietary fish oil and flaxseed oil suppress inflammation and immunity in cats

Type-I interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that have non-specific antiviral activity, participating mostly in innate defense mechanisms. Their administration has been proposed to treat several viral and immunomediated diseases as an immunomodulatory therapy. Due to its availability, recombinant human interferon-alpha (rHuIFN-α) has been studied in relation to feline retrovirosis, both in vitro and in vivo. However, IFNs are species-specific and antibodies have been shown to develop in response to the high rHuIFN-α doses necessary for an effective therapy. A recombinant feline IFN has been developed, which has been characterized as interferon-omega (rFeIFN-ω), designed to overcome these problems. Nonetheless, very few studies have been undertaken to evaluate its efficacy in cats naturally infected with FIV or FeLV. In an initial study, we here demonstrated that rFeIFN-ω can dramatically improve the clinical condition of infected cats, and induce improvement of hematologic parameters. Minor changes or no change was observed for hypergammaglobulinemia, CD4/CD8 ratio, proviral load, viremia and RT activity, suggesting that the overall effect of IFN was on innate immunity. More studies are needed in order to better understand its in vivo mechanisms.     

油乳剂疫苗中硬脂酸铝含量与油相水相比例关系研究

进行了鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、产蛋下降综合征三联油乳剂疫苗生产中降低油相比例的试验.当油乳剂疫苗的油相中硬脂酸铝含量分别为2%、1%、0.5%,对应的油相:水相分别为3:1、2:1和1:1时进行的乳化试验结果表明:随着油相中硬脂酸铝含量降低,油相和水相的比例相应降低,呈正比例关系.当油相中硬脂酸铝含量与油/水比分别为2%和3:1、1%和2:1、0.5%和1:1时,制备的油苗质量均达到了国家标准.     

不同金柑品种果皮精油含量与油胞密度及果实形态的关系

为研究金柑果皮精油含量与油胞密度及果实形态的关系,对21个金柑种质资源的果实大小、果皮质量、油胞密度、精油含量、单果油胞数目和精油总量进行了观察测定。研究表明,油胞密度在不同金柑品种间达到近十倍的差异,在141~1035个/cm2之间,果皮精油含量在0.54%~2.3%之间,品种间油胞密度和精油含量都存在极显著差异。单果油胞数目和精油总量分别在2474~17320个和2.23~120.51mg之间,不同品种间相差很大。相关分析表明,油胞密度和精油含量与果实横径、表面积和果皮质量呈显著负相关,而单果油胞数目和精油总量与果实横径、纵径、表面积、果皮质量呈显著正相关,但精油含量和油胞密度间并无明显相关性。     

A double-blind comparison of olive oil and a combination of evening primrose oil and fish oil in the management of canine atopy.

A randomised double-blind parallel study lasting eight weeks was used to assess the effects of olive oil in a group of atopic dogs whose clinical signs were well controlled by dietary supplementation with a combination of evening primrose oil and fish oil. Nine of the 11 dogs which continued to receive this combination were considered unchanged at the conclusion of the study, whereas eight of the 10 dogs switched to olive oil had deteriorated. The mean plasma concentration of dihomogammalinolenic acid, a precursor of potentially antiinflammatory mediators, was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the olive oil-treated group at the end of the study. There were no significant differences between the mean plasma linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acid concentrations in the two groups. These findings suggest that olive oil is not an effective therapeutic agent in the control of canine atopy.     

肉桂油和牛至油及其主要成分对体外瘤胃发酵和甲烷产生的影响

采用压力读取式体外产气法,研究了肉桂油、牛至油及其主要成分肉桂醛、香芹酚在0(对照组)、50、200、500、750 mg/L 5个水平下添加对瘤胃甲烷产量、氨氮浓度、各挥发酸浓度等指标的影响。结果表明,添加植物挥发油及其主要单体时,瘤胃甲烷和总挥发性脂肪酸产量随添加浓度的增加而降低,但高浓度添加(500,750 mg/L)时,显著抑制瘤胃发酵。添加50 mg/L的牛至油和肉桂油可分别降低甲烷13.3%和21.2%,而对总挥发性脂肪酸影响较小。200 mg/L挥发油添加降低了氨氮浓度和乙丙酸比,但也显著降低了总挥发性脂肪酸。牛至油和肉桂油对瘤胃发酵的影响与其主要成分肉桂醛、香芹酚具有相似趋势,但香芹酚和肉桂醛对瘤胃发酵的抑制作用强于牛至油和肉桂油;挥发油及其主要组分的添加水平是影响其作用效果的重要因素。     

Growth and carcass composition of broilers fed sunflower oil and olive oil

Sunflower and olive oils were fed at the same dietary inclusion levels to male broilers as a means of varying the dietary linoleic acid concentration while maintaining similar concentrations of total fat and total unsaturated fatty acids. The type of oil and the dietary supplementation level influenced growth rate, food utilisation and carcass composition. Birds grew faster and utilised food more efficiently when fed the sunflower oil and had higher concentrations of body fat. Increasing the level of supplementation with either oil decreased body fat content. The different responses to the two oils were not related to differences in dietary amino acid balance, ME: protein ratios or rates of food passage through the digestive tract.     

Effect of dietary Schizochytrium microalga oil and fish oil on plasma cholesterol level in rats

The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that the dietary oils with different content of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affect plasma lipid level in rats in a different degree. The diets with 6% of fish oil (FO) and Schizochytrium microalga oil (SchO; EPA+DHA content in the diets 9.5 + 12.3 and 2.6 + 29.5% of the sum of total fatty acids, respectively) were used; the diet with 6% of safflower oil (high content of n‐6 PUFA linoleic acid, 65.5%; EPA+DHA content 0.7 + 0.9%) was used as a control. The difference between FO and SchO was established only in the case of plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) level: plasma TAG of the FO‐fed rats did not differ from the control rats (p > 0.05), while SchO decreased (p < 0.05) plasma TAG to 46% of the control. On the other hand, FO and SchO decreased (p < 0.05) total plasma cholesterol (TC) in rats in the same extent, to 73% of the control. Regarding the underlying mechanisms for the TC decrease, both SchO and FO up‐regulated hepatic Insig‐1 gene (181 and 133% of the control; p < 0.05), which tended (p = 0.15 and p = 0.19 respectively) to decrease the amount of hepatic nSREBP‐2 protein (61 and 66% of the control). However, neither SchO nor FO influenced hepatic 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐CoA reductase gene expression (p > 0.05); SchO (but not FO) increased (p < 0.05) low‐density lipoprotein receptor mRNA in the liver. It was concluded that the decrease of total plasma cholesterol might be caused by an increased cholesterol uptake from plasma into the cells (in the case of SchO), but also by other (in the present study not tested) mechanisms.     

Thrombogenicity of dietary milkfat,fish oil and hydrogenated coconut oil in a pig model

Extract

Several indicators of thrombosis and thrombolysis were measured in four groups of 16 pigs fed for 10 weeks on either a low fat basal ration or rations containing 10% anhydrous milkfat (AMF), 10% fish oil (MaxEPA), or 10% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). At the end of the feeding period, pigs on the three test fat/oil rations were subjected to balloon angioplasty of both femoral arteries. Thrombus size at the site of injury was measured both morphometrically and using autologous blood platelets labelled with ⁹⁹Tc-HMPAO (technetium - “Deretec”).     

Thrombogenicity of dietary milkfat, fish oil and hydrogenated coconut oil in a pig model

Abstract Extract Several indicators of thrombosis and thrombolysis were measured in four groups of 16 pigs fed for 10 weeks on either a low fat basal ration or rations containing 10% anhydrous milkfat (AMF), 10% fish oil (MaxEPA), or 10% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). At the end of the feeding period, pigs on the three test fat/oil rations were subjected to balloon angioplasty of both femoral arteries. Thrombus size at the site of injury was measured both morphometrically and using autologous blood platelets labelled with (99)Tc-HMPAO (technetium - "Deretec").     

我国油料、食油市场形势分析

1我国油料市场供应情况我国是世界油料生产大国之一,主要油料作物包括大豆、油菜籽、花生等。新世纪初,我国3大主要油料产量超过4000万t,2004年达到4647万t,创历史最高水平。2004年以来,由于国     

The effect of dietary corn oil and fish oil supplementation in dogs with naturally occurring gingivitis

The aim of this randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled study was to evaluate if downregulation of the inflammatory response due to ingestion of high levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can slow down gingivitis development, and thus delay the progression of periodontal disease (PD) in dogs. To this aim, 44 client‐owned adult dogs (>1 and <8 years old) with naturally occurring PD (stages 1 and 2) were submitted to a plaque, gingivitis and calculus scoring followed by a dental cleaning procedure and collection of blood samples. The animals were then fed a canine adult maintenance diet, supplemented with either corn oil (0.00 g EPA and 0.00 g DHA) or fish oil (1.53 g EPA and 0.86 g DHA, both per 1,000 kcal ME) over the following 5 months. At the end of this period, the PD scoring and the blood sampling were repeated. The animals consuming fish oil had higher plasma levels of the longer chain (C ≥ 20) omega 3 fatty acids (p < 0.01) and similar plasma levels of alpha‐linolenic acid (p = 0.53), omega 6 fatty acids (p > 0.63) and C reactive protein (p = 0.28) then the ones consuming corn oil. There were no differences between fish oil and corn oil diet supplementation on plaque (18.2 vs. 17.8, p = 0.78), calculus (10.1 vs. 11.5, p = 0.18) or gingivitis (19.3 vs. 19.0, p = 0.77) indexes. The authors conclude that supplementation with EPA + DHA does not slow down progression of PD in dogs.     

Effects of oral sunflower oil and olive oil on serum and cutaneous fatty acid concentrations in dogs.

The effects of dietary fatty acids on serum and cutaneous fatty acids of healthy dogs were evaluated under controlled conditions. Beagle puppies (n = 12) were fed a standard diet supplemented with sunflower oil (group A), olive oil (group B) or no supplementation (group C) for 12 weeks. There were no significant differences in food intake or growth rates between the three groups. Dogs in group A had significant increases (P < 0.05) in serum 18:2n6 (linoleic acid) and 20:3n6 (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid), and cutaneous 18:2n6 with significant decreases in serum 20:4n6 (arachidonic acid) and cutaneous 18:1n9 (oleic acid) and 18:3n3 (alpha-linolenic acid). Dogs in group B had significant increases in serum 18:1n9, 20:3n6 and cutaneous 18:1n9 with decreases in serum 20:4n6, 22:4n6, 22:5n3 and 22:5n6, and cutaneous 18:2n6, 18:3n3 and 20:4n6. There were no significant changes in serum or cutaneous fatty acids for the dogs in group C. This study demonstrates that fatty acid supplements can be used to alter the serum and cutaneous fatty acid compositions of dogs.     

Rumen microbial response in production of CLA and methane to safflower oil in association with fish oil or/and fumarate

Supplementation effect of fish oil and/or fumarate on production of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and methane by rumen microbes was examined when incubated with safflower oil. One hundred and twenty milligrams of safflower oil (SO), safflower oil with 24 mg fish oil (SOFO), safflower oil with 24 mmol/L fumarate (SOFA), or safflower oil with 24 mg fish oil and 24 mmol/L fumarate (SOFOFA) were added to the 90 mL culture solution. The culture solution was also made without any supplements (control). The SOFA and SOFOFA increased pH and propionate (C3) compared to other treatments from 3 h incubation time. An accumulated amount of total methane (CH₄) for 12 h incubation was decreased by all the supplements compared to control. The concentrations of c9,t11CLA for all the incubation times were increased in the treatments of SOFO, SOFA and SOFOFA compared to SO. The highest concentration of c9,t11CLA was observed from SOFOFA among all the treatments at all incubation times. Overall data indicate that supplementation of combined fumarate and/or fish oil when incubated with safflower oil could depress CH₄ generation and increase production of C₃ and CLA under the condition of current in vitro study.     

Rosemary oil,clove oil,and a mix of thyme-orange essential oils inhibit Salmonella and Campylobacter in vitro

The demand for foods that are free of pathogens and chemical residues has increased interest in the use of plant-based products as natural antimicrobials. Essential oils (EO) from plants are natural compounds that have been shown to have antimicrobial properties against food-borne pathogens. The objective of the current study was to determine the ability of various concentrations of 4 selected EO to inhibit Salmonella enterica (3 different serovars and a cocktail of all 3) and Campylobacter (2 strains of Campylobacter jejuni, one strain of Campylobacter coli, and a cocktail of all 3). The disc diffusion method was used to screen the oils of thyme, orange, rosemary, and clove oil. The minimum inhibitory concentration or minimum bactericidal concentration of the EO was determined using a 2-fold broth dilution method at concentrations ranging from 0.0008 to 1.000% (vol/vol). Two independent experiments were performed. Zones of inhibition (ZI) were expressed in millimeters and concentrations were expressed in percentages. All the oils demonstrated antibacterial activity against the strains tested. However, thyme oil demonstrated the strongest inhibitory activity than other oils against Salmonella (ZI of 18.5 mm). In general, Campylobacter was more susceptible to the antibacterial activity of EO, with plates containing thyme or clove oil showing no growth. Orange oil was also highly effective on Campylobacter, with a mean ZI of 17.5 mm. The least expensive treatment effective against both Salmonella and Campylobacter was a combination of 100% concentrations of thyme and orange oil combined on a 50:50 proportion. Tested on the same strains of bacteria, the thyme-orange combination (TOC) had a mean ZI of 20.5 mm for Salmonella and 21.3 mm for Campylobacter. Thyme-orange combination demonstrated a synergetic effect against Salmonella, but no such effect was noticed for Campylobacter. On average, 0.14% TOC was required to inhibit both pathogens. Hence, TOC can be considered as a potential antimicrobial for future studies on food systems.     

Effect of emu oil on auricular inflammation induced with croton oil in mice

OBJECTIVE: To determine the acute anti-inflammatory effects of topically applied emu oil. ANIMALS: 96 male CD-1 mice assigned randomly to 4 groups, each comprising 24 mice. PROCEDURE: To induce auricular inflammation, 50 microl of a solution comprising 10 microl of croton oil dissolved in 1 ml of acetone was applied to the inner surface of the left auricle (pinna). One hour later, 3 or 5 microl of emu oil (low- and high-dose groups, respectively) or 5 microl of porcine oil (oil-control) was applied to the left pinna. Control mice remained untreated. Six mice per group were euthanatized 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours after induction of inflammation. Specimens of auricular tissue (ear plugs) were obtained, using a 6-mm biopsy punch. Magnitude of swelling was calculated as the weight difference between left (inflamed) and right (noninflamed) ear plugs; degree of edema was determined as the difference between wet and dry weights of the left ear plug. RESULTS: Magnitude of swelling was significantly reduced at 6 and 12 hours in mice treated with emu or porcine oil, compared with controls. The greatest reduction in swelling was detected in the high-dose emu group at 6 hours. Compared with controls, degree of edema was significantly reduced at 6 hours only in the high-dose group, whereas by 12 hours, all groups treated with oils had significantly less edema than controls. At 24 hours, magnitude of swelling and degree of edema did not differ among groups. CONCLUSION: Topically applied emu oil significantly reduced severity of acute auricular inflammation induced by croton oil in mice.     

饲用油脂的质量控制

目前，油脂在饲料中的应用已经越来越普遍，随着市场上对高营养浓度饲料需求的不断增大，油脂作为浓缩能源在饲料中的用量也在不断提高，因此饲料油脂的质量控制也就显得日益重要。笔者对目前饲料中使用的主要油脂种类及油脂的质量控制方法作一综述。