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现代畜禽育种新技术及发展趋势 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
随着家畜生产水平的不断提高达到新的较高平台,单靠传统的育种技术来继续提高家畜的生产性能收效越来越小。因而,新的动物育种方法、技术、措施和制度不断涌现。笔者重点介绍了目前已进入或正进入实用化阶段,而与传统育种方法不同的家畜育种新技术、新方法和新制度。 相似文献
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随着分子遗传学、计算机科学、信息科学和现代生物技术的迅速发展,由分子遗传学与数量遗传学结合产生的新兴交叉学科--分子数量遗传学也得到了一定的发展,并为动物分子育种奠定了理论基础.与传统的动物育种方法相比,动物分子育种是直接在DNA水平上对性状的基因型或基因进行选择,因而其选种的准确性大大提高.同时,转基因技术的成功应用不仅可提高畜牧业的生产效率,还可拓展家畜的新用途.本文综合论述了分子育种及其在牦牛育种中的应用情况. 相似文献
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疾病是影响畜牧业生产的主要因素,虽然传统的疾病控制方法对疾病的预防和治疗起到了重要作用,但随着分子生物学和基因工程技术的发展,分析在抗性和易感群体中候选基因的标记等位基因频率差异,结合遗传育种技术,提高家畜的抗病性与健康水平已成为当今提高家畜生产水平的重要途径。甘露糖结合凝集素(mannan-binding lectins,MBL)是构成人和动物血清补体凝集素途径的主要成分,在先天免疫过程中起重要作用。笔者简述了MBL的分布、结构、功能,介绍了MBL基因与抗病力的关系,对其作为家畜抗病育种遗传标记的应用前景进行了展望。期望MBL作为遗传标记,通过标记辅助选择进行抗病育种可以培育出抗病力强的家畜品种。 相似文献
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《畜牧兽医科技信息》2015,(7)
家畜遗传资源,是在家畜中存在的遗传性变异,能应用于家畜育种事业。现代家畜育种在畜牧生产中占据主导地位.而某些提高了家畜经济效益、个体产量的育成品种,则会使得大量地方品种灭绝或数量大幅度减少,为防止家畜遗传资源的进一步破坏和枯竭,以原位保存为主,加入冷冻保存,繁殖技术,基因定位,DNA文库等新技术来保护家畜遗传资源必不可少。 相似文献
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同期发情是近几十年发展起来的新的家畜繁殖控制新技术,是提高母畜繁殖率和养殖生产管理水平的一项有效技术措施.该文就家畜同期发情技术的原理、概况、药物、方法和存在的主要问题进行了综述. 相似文献
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家畜育种是通过创造遗传变异和控制繁殖等手段来提高畜禽经济性能或观赏价值的科学技术.家畜育种对促进畜牧业的生产发展具有重要意义,具体表现在它可以提供优良畜种、保证畜群生产性能的提升.为培养出适应新时代要求的家畜育种学的专门人才,目前各大农牧院校动物学科专业纷纷对家畜育种学进行了教学改革,小规模限制性在线课程(SPOC)教... 相似文献
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Beran GW 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2008,86(3-4):198-207
When early people made their appearance, zoonotic infectious diseases were already waiting, but epidemic diseases did not appear in human history until people began to live in large numbers under conditions of close contact, mainly during the last 10,000 years. Disease has decimated urban populations, conquered armies, and disrupted society. The focus here is on (1) the plague of Athens and the Black Death; (2) smallpox, influenza, and rabies; (3) avian influenza prion diseases, and foot & mouth disease; and (4) emerging and re-emerging diseases. All have veterinary public health associations. In Athens, Greece, in 430 BC, when the Spartans ravaged the countryside, hordes crowded into Athens so that orderly movements, space in which to live, and adequate supplies of food became impossible. Crowding of any population fosters disease transmission; chaos and disorder enhance it all the more. Out of northern Egypt came a terrible plague from across the Mediterranean Sea. The identity of the plague of Athens remains unsure, but the well-considered conclusion is Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne, viral zoonosis. The Black Death, also called the Plague, raged in Asia for centuries. In 1347, the Black Death was brought by a ship out of Asia to Sicily. The scenes of devastation were repeated throughout Europe, with 90% or more of the people dying in city after city. Influenza, too, has been a cause of periodic human epidemics, but the great pandemic of influenza occurred in the last months of World War I. In the years of highest occurrence, more than half the world's population became clinically infected. If veterinary public health had been born earlier, it could have led to elucidating the epidemiology of influenza and the plagues of Athens, Europe, and Asia. In turn, smallpox had also caused continual tragedy. In 1796, Edward Jenner began to harvest pustules of cowpox from children or infected cows and inject them into susceptible children. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated from the world. Rabies, though, still strikes terror. A number of animal diseases, broadly termed emerging and re-emerging diseases, need surveillance because they have the potential to impact human health. From late in 2003 to 2007, the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in poultry infected at least 121 people and caused 62 deaths in four countries. The prion diseases, too, all have very high numbers in concentrated contacts. To control these diseases, veterinary public health is essential, with diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, clinical manifestations, and prevention as primary measures. 相似文献
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Dekker A Dercksen D Snoep J van Wuyjckhuise L 《Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde》2007,132(18):695-701
On 26th of july 2007 a new case of bluetongue was notified in the Netherlands and on 2nd of august 2007 foot-and-mouth disease was diagnosed in Surrey, England, which raised the threat of having both infections simultaniously in one area. Bluetongue and foot-and-mouth disease have a different pathogenesis, but symptoms may resemble each other at a later stage of infection. The pathogenesis and possible clinical symptoms of both infections are discussed and illustrated with pictures. 相似文献
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在动物的异常行为中以刻板行为最为常见,而咽气癖又是马最常见的口部刻板行为之一。作者就咽气癖在生理方面和心智方面对马体产生的影响、行为基础、诱因的研究进展及常见的防治措施进行综述。 相似文献
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近几年,世界饲用添加剂市场增长较快,预计今后将进一步增长,据世界粮农组织(FAO)首领会议的倡议,到2015年,将使世界营养不良的人口削减一半,其间,肉制品将会以每年2%的速度增长,特别是加快猪肉和禽肉增长。这将促进世界添加剂,尤其是蛋氨酸和赖氨酸需求量的增加。 相似文献
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