气候变暖趋势下松墨天牛适生区分布模拟与预测

森林虫害是威胁森林生态健康及造成森林经济损失的重要因素,研究其在气候变化下的分布变化、发展趋势是有重要意义的。以松墨天牛为研究对象,对其在气候变暖趋势下的适生区进行分布模拟与预测。以2006—2015年6—8月月平均温度为预测指标,通过松墨天牛适生概率模型,在1km×1km空间尺度上,模拟与预测了不同增温模式下我国松墨天牛适生区分布。结果表明:1)当前,我国松墨天牛主要分布于山东、河南、安徽、广西、贵州等地区,分布较少的地区是西藏、青海及四川;2)随着温度的增加,松墨天牛的适生分布逐渐北移,其在西藏、青海等原本分布较少地区的适生概率逐渐增加。基于GIS的松墨天牛空间分布预测,为我国在全球气候变暖的背景下预防松材线虫病提供科学依据,为我国病虫害预测预报提供了理论基础。     

云南省细香核桃气候适宜性研究

利用卫星遥感图像判读细香核桃原产地分布区,利用GIS叠加分析方法采集分布区的年均温、大于10.8℃积温、年均降水、年均空气湿度作为生态适宜性限制因子,构建细香核桃气候适宜性概率模型,并进行栅格地图模拟,制作落实到山头地块的适宜区区划图,并进行空间统计与分析。结果表明:细香核桃适宜区主要分布于保山、大理、临沧、楚雄、红河州、曲靖市等地,面积约为1 335 491 hm~2,约占全省土地面积的3.37%,适宜生长的最佳温度为16.4℃,积温为5 350℃,湿度在32%附近。     

云南省迁入型黄脊竹蝗迁飞路径及适生区分布

为明确迁入型黄脊竹蝗在云南省的迁飞路径及潜在适生区分布,基于2020年云南省黄脊竹蝗监测防治区数据结合云南省地形,利用拉格朗日混合单粒子(Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model, HYSPLIT)在线轨迹分析模型,模拟分析黄脊竹蝗在云南省的迁飞轨迹;采用云南省黄脊竹蝗的位点分布和全球气候数据库(WorldClim)历史气候数据,利用最大熵生态位模型MaxEnt,预测黄脊竹蝗在云南省的潜在适生分布情况。结果显示：黄脊竹蝗在云南特有的高山河谷地形因素的影响下和西南季风的助力下,由南部低海拔地区沿着河流及衍生地带逐渐向北迁移扩散,主要路径为勐腊和江城—宁洱—墨江—元江—新平—双柏;黄脊竹蝗可在云南大部分地区生存,高适生区主要位于滇南及主要的河谷或峡谷(怒江、澜沧江、礼社江、元江、金沙江、南盘江、云岭山脉南段)周边。结果表明：温度是影响黄脊竹蝗在云南省的适生分布的限制生态因子;云南特有高山河谷地形地貌特征及其气候因子对迁入型黄脊竹蝗迁移过程的时空分布格局产生了深刻影响,西南季风助推了迁飞型黄脊竹蝗深入云南内地。     

云南省松材线虫适生区的精细化评估

以90 m×90 m为最小面积单元,评估了云南省松材线虫的适生性.按高度适生、适生、中度适生、不适生4个水平,给出了全云南省每一个栅格单元水平上的适生性分布地图.结果表明高度适生区土地面积在70%以上的县有13个,在50%～70%之间的县有17个,在25%～50%之间的县有27个,在5%～25%之间的县有26个,5%以下县有26个.在像素点水平上建立空间模型进行适生区分析或风险区分析是一种新的技术方法,能为基层单位的病虫害防治提供精细化的空间数据.     

基于生态位模型的云南野生茶树适宜性分析与评价

基于野生茶树已知分布点和环境因子,利用生态位模型（MaxEnt）研究野生茶树在云南省的生态适宜性。结果表明,模型预测效果良好（AUC值为0.868）,古茶树在云南省的高适生、适生、非适生区面积占比分别为4.28%、8.97%和86.75%。其中适生区主要分布在普洱市、保山市、红河州及临沧市等地区。最冷季降水量、气温季节性变动系数、海拔及最暖季降水量对古茶树的分布影响较大,其累计贡献率近80%。研究结果可为云南省野生茶树资源调查与保护提供科学依据。〖     

云南省白木香栽培生态适宜区划分

对云南省气象数据、海拔因子进行分析,探讨云南省白木香栽培的生态适宜区,结合霜期、年均温等气候因子,将云南省适宜栽培白木香区域划分为最适宜区,适宜区和不适宜区,以海拔低于1 200 m的区域为云南省白木香栽培产业发展适宜区。分析结果表明,云南省白木香生态适宜区主要集中在西双版纳州大部分地区,以及普洱、红河、文山、临沧、德宏等地的江河流域。     

云南省喙尾琵琶甲分布及生态环境调查

对云南省15个地区26个县(市、区)的调查表明,喙尾琵琶甲在云南民间广泛利用,是一种具有重大利用价值的民族药用昆虫;喙尾琵琶甲在云南省均有分布,其中滇中、滇东高原分布较为集中,适生区年均气温为13～19 ℃,年均降水量为750～1 100 mm,海拔为1 500～2 100 mm.垂直分布的海拔范围在760～2 450 m之间.喙尾琵琶甲成虫生境多局限于居民房屋、牲畜圈舍,幼虫栖息于疏松土壤,以谷糠、玉米面、面粉等为食,未发现野外分布.根据其适生的温度、降水量和食性推测其潜在分布区,表明西南地区为其分布的核心区域.目前通称的云南琵琶甲应为喙尾琵琶甲.     

基于MaxEnt的中国无患子属适生区区划及生态特征

【目的】基于我国无患子属空间分布数据,探索无患子属的适生区区划及主要生态特征,为无患子属种子调拨、种质资源多样性保护、引种栽培、合理选址提供科学依据。【方法】基于我国17省(区、市)无患子属226份种质资源空间分布数据,叠加分析后筛选133份代表性分布数据,结合24个生态因子,采用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)开展无患子属适生区区划并建立与生态因子的关系模型,运用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)检测模型精度,刀切法(Jackknife)筛选主导生态因子;结合Arc GIS系统实现我国无患子属适生区可视化。【结果】MaxEnt模型模拟结果可信度高,无患子属适生区区划结果 ROC曲线训练集和测试集AUC值均达到0.990以上;无患子属适生区面积为248.71万km2,占国土面积的25.81%,其中无患子为240.66万km2(占国土面积的24.99%)、川滇无患子为78.99万km2(占国土面积的8.20%)、毛瓣无患子为100.40万km2(占国土面积的10.42%);显著影响无患子适生区区划的生态因子为最暖季降水量(贡献率为57.1%)和等温性(贡献率为22.6%),川滇无患子为最暖季降水量(贡献率为37.9%)、最冷季平均气温(贡献率为15.9%)、海拔(贡献率为12.8%)和降水量变异系数(贡献率为11.2%),毛瓣无患子为年均温度变化范围(贡献率为19.6%)、最暖季降水量(贡献率为17.8%)、根系的氧气有效性(贡献率为11.9%)和等温性(贡献率为11.1%)。【结论】我国无患子属生态适生区广泛分布于华中和华南地区;无患子极适生区主要分布于我国福建省、广西壮族自治区、贵州省、重庆市、广东省北部、江西省南昌和赣州及四川盆地,川滇无患子极适生区集中于四川盆地、云南省昆明和曲靖,毛瓣无患子极适生区集中于云南省南部的玉溪、普洱、红河哈尼彝族自治州和文山壮族自治州;最暖季降水量是决定无患子属及各种适生区区划的最显著生态因子;无患子适宜在最暖季降水量400～800 mm、等温性为24%～35%的区域分布,川滇无患子适宜在海拔1 200～3 000 m、最冷季平均气温4～11℃的区域生存,毛瓣无患子更适合在年均温度变化范围较小(14～24℃),最暖季降水量较高(550～1 550 mm)的热带地区分布。     

赤桉在中国的适生地理区域及其对气候变化的响应

【目的】采用MaxEnt模型对赤桉在中国的适生地理区域及其对气候变化的响应进行预测,分析影响赤桉分布的主要生态因子,为赤桉的推广种植提供理论依据。【方法】基于赤桉现有的分布数据,气候、土壤、地形因子数据以及政府间气候变化专门委员会第五次评估报告发布的气候模式数据,采用MaxEnt模型预测赤桉在当前气候和温室气体低、中、高3种浓度排放情景下2041—2060和2061—2080年代的潜在适生区,分析未来气候条件下赤桉适生面积和分布格局的变化趋势。比较生态因子在原产地澳大利亚自然分布区和中国最适生区之间的相似性,综合Jackknife检验结果、百分比贡献率、最适生区与原产地自然分布区生态因子相似性,探讨影响赤桉分布的主要环境因子。【结果】模型训练子集和测试子集的受试者操作特征曲线下的面积(AUC)分别为0. 939和0. 847,模拟精度较高;当前赤桉的最适生区主要集中在东南沿海丘陵、南岭山地和云贵高原西部,预测结果显示,未来不同气候情景下,到2070年赤桉最适生面积具有潜在的增大趋势,低温室气体浓度情景(RCP 2. 6)下增幅最大,响应最敏感,东南沿海丘陵最适生区为纬度方向上的波动,南岭山地最适生区为内部扩张,云贵高原西部最适生区则是沿河流向低海拔地区扩张; Jackknife检验结果显示,最干季度平均气温、气温季节变化方差、最热月份最高气温、海拔、最热季度降水量、最热季度平均气温、年降水量、坡度、坡向、太阳辐射是影响赤桉分布的主要生态因子,累积贡献率达87. 0%;中国最适生区的气温季节变化方差、最热月份最高气温、最热季度平均气温、海拔和坡向与原产地自然分布区相似。【结论】当前我国赤桉的最适地理区为东南沿海丘陵、南岭山地和云贵高原西部,未来气候情景下,赤桉可在这3个区域找到更多的适生环境。最干季平均气温、最热季平均气温、气温季节变化方差、最热月最高气温、最热季降水量、年均降水量、海拔、坡度、坡向和太阳辐射是制约赤桉分布的重要环境因子。与原产地自然分布区相比,我国最适生区的最热季度降水量和年降水量分别高2. 24和2. 10倍,有利于赤桉快速生长。     

云南省杉木气候区划

选择:年均温、一月份均温,七月分均温、≥10℃活动积温,年降雨量、无霜期、平均相对湿度等7个气候因子对云南省杉木分布进行气候划区,划分为:最适宜区、适宜区Ⅰ、适宜区Ⅱ等三个区域。     

Growth and physiological response of six Australian rainforest tree species to a light gradient

An understanding of growth and photosynthetic potential of subtropical rainforest species to variations in light environment can be useful for determining the sequence of species introductions in rainforest restoration projects and mixed species plantations. We examined the growth and physiology of six Australian subtropical rainforest tree species in a greenhouse consisting of three artificial light environments (10%, 30%, and 60% full sunlight). Morphological responses followed the typical sun-shade dichotomy, with early and late secondary species (Elaeocarpus grandis, Flindersia brayleyana, Flindersia schottiana, and Gmelina leichhardtii) displaying higher relative growth rate (RGR) compared to mature stage species (Cryptocarya erythroxylon and Heritiera trifoliolatum). Growth and photosynthetic performance of most species reached a maximum in 30–60% full sunlight. Physiological responses provided limited evidence of a distinct dichotomy between early and late successional species. E. grandis and F. brayleyana, provided a clear representation of early successional species, with marked increase in A_max in high light and an ability to down regulate photosynthetic machinery in low light conditions. The remaining species (F. schottiana, G. leichhardtii, and H. trifoliolatum) were better represented as falling along a shade-tolerant continuum, with limited ability to adjust physiologically to an increase or decrease in light, maintaining similar A_max across all light environments. Results show that most species belong to a shade-tolerant constituency, with an ability to grow and persist across a wide range of light environments. The species offer a wide range of potential planting scenarios and silvicultural options, with ample potential to achieve rapid canopy closure and rainforest restoration goals.     

Predisposition to bark beetle attack by root herbivores and associated pathogens: Roles in forest decline,gap formation,and persistence of endemic bark beetle populations

Bark beetles are largely known for their ability to undergo intermittent population eruptions that transform entire landscapes and pose significant economic hardships. However, most species do not undergo outbreaks, and eruptive species usually exert only minor disturbances. Understanding the dynamics of tree-killing noneruptive species can provide insights into how beetles persist at low densities, and how some spatiotemporal patterns of host predisposition may more likely favor breaching eruptive thresholds than others. Elucidating mechanisms behind low-density populations is challenging, however, due to the requirement of long-term monitoring and high degrees of spatial and temporal covariance. We censused more than 2700 trees annually over 7 years, and at the end of 17 years, in a mature red pine plantation. Trees were measured for the presence of bark beetles and wood borers that breed within the primary stem, root weevils that breed in root collars, and bark beetles that breed in basal stems. We quantify the sequence of events that drive this decline syndrome, with the primary emergent pattern being an interaction between below- and above-ground herbivores and their fungal symbionts. This interaction results in an expanding forest gap, with subsequent colonization by early-successional vegetation. Spatial position strongly affects the likelihood of tree mortality. A red pine is initially very likely to avoid attack by tree-killing Ips beetles, but attack becomes increasingly likely as the belowground complex spreads to neighboring trees and eventually make trees susceptible. This system is largely internally driven, as there are strong gap edge, but not stand-edge, effects. Additional stressors, such as drought, can provide an intermittent source of susceptible trees to Ips beetles, and elevated temperature slightly accentuates this effect. New gaps can arise from such trees as they subsequently become epicenters for the full complex of organisms associated with this decline, but this is not common. As Ips populations rise, there is some element of positive feedback, in that the proportion of killed trees that were not first colonized by root organisms increases. This positive feedback is very weak, however, and we propose the slope between beetle population density and reliance on host stress as a quantitative distinction along a gradient from noneruptive through eruptive species. Almost all trees colonized by Ips were subsequently colonized by wood borers, likely a source of negative feedback. We discuss implications to our overall understanding of cross-scale interactions, between-guild interactions, forest declines, and eruptive thresholds.     

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts from Brazilian southeast region

A screening was conducted with 26 plants collected in the Brazilian southeast region, to identify plant extracts with antibacterial properties against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Initially, the agar diffusion method was employed. Then, those extracts presenting activity were submitted to a broth microdilution assay to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). It was observed that 13 of the tested extracts showed antibacterial activity. The best results were obtained with those from Lantana lilacina and Phyllanthus tenellus.     

Long-term effects of single prescribed fires on hardwood regeneration in oak shelterwood stands

One of the arguments against using prescribed fire to regenerate oak (Quercus spp.) forests is that the improvement in species composition of the hardwood regeneration pool is temporary and multiple burns are necessary to achieve and maintain oak dominance. To explore this concern, I re-inventoried a prescribed fire study conducted in the mid-1990s to determine the longevity of the effects of a single prescribed fire on hardwood regeneration. The initial study was conducted in three oak shelterwood stands in central Virginia, USA. In 1994, each stand was divided into four treatments (spring, summer, and winter burns and a control) and the hardwood regeneration was inventoried before the fires. During the burns, fire intensity was measured and categorized in each regeneration sampling plot. Second-year postfire data showed marked differences in species mortality rates, depending on season-of-burn and fire intensity: oak and hickory (Carya spp.) regeneration dominated areas burned by medium- to high-intensity fire during the spring and summer while yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and red maple (Acer rubrum) seedlings dominated unburned areas and all areas treated with low-intensity fire regardless of season-of-burn. The treatments were re-inventoried in 2006 and 2007 to determine whether these fire effects were still present. The new data show that the species distributions by season-of-burn and fire intensity found in 1996 still existed 11 years after the treatments. The fact that fire effects in oak shelterwood stands can last at least a decade has important management implications for resource professionals interested in sustaining oak forests in the eastern United States.     

Aromatic plant-derived essential oil: an alternative larvicide for mosquito control

Five aromatic plants, Carum carvi (caraway), Apium graveolens (celery), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Zanthoxylum limonella (mullilam) and Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) were selected for investigating larvicidal potential against mosquito vectors. Two laboratory-reared mosquito species, Anopheles dirus, the major malaria vector in Thailand, and Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in urban areas, were used. All of the volatile oils exerted significant larvicidal activity against the two mosquito species after 24-h exposure. Essential oil from mullilam was the most effective against the larvae of A. aegypti, while A. dirus larvae showed the highest susceptibility to zedoary oil.     

Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plants growing in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey

The Eastern Black Sea Region has an extensive flora because of ample rainfall lasting all year. In this study, antimicrobial effects of 74 crude extracts of 22 endemic plants were investigated. Among the 30 active crude extracts, water-insoluble crude extracts from Betula medwediewii, Heracleum platytaenium, Primula longipes, Anthemis cretica ssp. argaea and Centaurea helenioides were the prominent ones with their MIC values.     

Response of bark beetles and their natural enemies to fire and fire surrogate treatments in mixed-conifer forests in western Montana

Four treatments (control, burn-only, thin-only, and thin-and-burn) were evaluated for their effects on bark beetle-caused mortality in both the short-term (one to four years) and the long-term (seven years) in mixed-conifer forests in western Montana, USA. In addition to assessing bark beetle responses to these treatments, we also measured natural enemy landing rates and resin flow of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) the season fire treatments were implemented. All bark beetles were present at low population levels (non-outbreak) for the duration of the study. Post-treatment mortality of trees due to bark beetles was lowest in the thin-only and control units and highest in the units receiving burns. Three tree-killing bark beetle species responded positively to fire treatments: Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae), pine engraver (Ips pini), and western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis). Red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) responded positively to fire treatments, but never caused mortality. Three fire damage variables tested (height of crown scorch, percent circumference of the tree bole scorched, or degree of ground char) were significant factors in predicting beetle attack on trees. Douglas-fir beetle and pine engraver responded rapidly to increased availability of resources (fire-damaged trees); however, successful attacks dropped rapidly once these resources were depleted. Movement to green trees by pine engraver was not observed in plots receiving fire treatments, or in thinned plots where slash supported substantial reproduction by this beetle. The fourth tree-killing beetle present at the site, the mountain pine beetle, did not exhibit responses to any treatment. Natural enemies generally arrived at trees the same time as host bark beetles. However, the landing rates of only one, Medetera spp., was affected by treatment. This predator responded positively to thinning treatments. This insect was present in very high numbers indicating a regulatory effect on beetles, at least in the short-term, in thinned stands. Resin flow decreased from June to August. However, resin flow was significantly higher in trees in August than in June in fire treatments. Increased flow in burned trees later in the season did not affect beetle attack success. Overall, responses by beetles to treatments were short-term and limited to fire-damaged trees. Expansions into green trees did not occur. This lack of spread was likely due to a combination of high tree vigor in residual stands and low background populations of bark beetles.     

Screening of antioxidant activity of three Euphorbia species from Turkey

Euphorbia acanthothamnos, E. macroclada and E. rigida were investigated for their antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential of extracts of E. acanthothamnos, E. macroclada and E. rigida was evaluated using different complementary antioxidant tests.     

Insecticidal activity of Vitex mollis

Organic extracts from the leaves of Vitex mollis were assessed for their toxic effect on fall armyworm neonate larvae (Spodoptera frugiperda), an important insect pest of corn. The extracts showed insecticidal and insect growth regulatory activity, being CHCl(3)-MeOH (1:1) extract the most active, also found to be toxic in the Artemia salina test.