威剑纹夜蛾生物学及形态学特征研究

对莲藕新害虫威剑纹夜蛾的生物学特性及形态学特征进行了系统的观察与研究。研究结果表明,其卵发育历期为4~6 d,幼虫总发育历期为14~22 d,蛹期为12~16 d,成虫寿命为12~21 d;生长发育最适温区为25~31℃,当温度高于31℃时,其各虫态存活率大大下降,温度高至37℃时,存活率为零;成虫夜间活动,有趋光性,大多后半夜交配,交配当天即可产卵;初孵幼虫有取食卵壳或卵粒的习性,喜群集于卵块附近,1~3龄幼虫只取食莲叶上表皮和叶肉,4龄后开始取食全叶,5龄后进入暴食期。成虫触角丝状,翅展26.3~58.5 mm,前翅相对窄;卵圆形略扁,相互重叠呈链状,初产时为淡黄色,随后颜色不断加深至深黑褐色;幼虫共6龄,头黑褐色,腹部棕黑色,有长毛;蛹红褐色,有光泽,长12.2~15.2 mm。     

芦笋饲养甜菜夜蛾对其种群生长发育、繁殖力和存活的影响

研究了室内以芦笋为饲料饲养对甜菜夜蛾生长发育、繁殖力和存活的影响。结果表明,取食芦笋的甜菜夜蛾幼虫历期显著缩短1.72d,历期的天数主要集中在13d左右;蛹历期差异不显著,蛹重显著减少34.2mg,羽化率下降1.07%;雄成虫的平均寿命增加约1.47d,总的产卵前期长了0.82d;单雌产卵量下降了196.06粒,成虫雌雄比率分别为1：1.22和1：0.82;幼虫、蛹、成虫的存活率均下降;种群参数中内禀增长率分别为0.14和0.21,说明甜菜夜蛾种群数量都为上升趋势,但以芦笋饲养的种群上升趋势显著慢于人工饲料种群。     

温度对黑粪蚊生长发育的影响

对黑粪蚊(Scatopsesp.)的在室内人工气候箱中分别设置15、20、25、30和35℃的温度条件进行系统饲养,观察温度对黑粪蚊幼虫和蛹的发育历期、幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率及成虫寿命的影响。结果表明:在15～30℃条件下,黑粪蚊均能完成世代发育,且随温度升高,黑粪蚊幼虫、蛹的发育历期及成虫寿命显著缩短;但在35℃条件下,黑粪蚊不能完成个体发育。在15～25℃范围内,各龄幼虫的存活率虽然有些波动,但基本维持在一个较高的水平;在30℃条件下,不同龄期幼虫的存活率明显下降。20℃时幼虫化蛹率最高,为90%;羽化率则以25℃条件下最高,为75.2%。在30℃条件下,幼虫化蛹率和羽化率均降低,分别为75.20%和72.53%。由此可见,在供试温度条件下,20～25℃最有利于黑粪蚊的生长发育。     

蕹菜纪录虫——筒小卷蛾的生物学特性及形态学特征研究

对蕹菜上新发现的害虫筒小卷蛾的生物学特性及形态学特征进行了系统的观察和研究.研究结果表明,卵粒淡黄色,较扁平;幼虫体绿色,头壳黑色;蛹为被蛹,初化蛹为墨绿色,羽化前颜色为黄褐色;成虫褐色黄色相间,翅面中央一条明显浅黄色横带.筒小卷蛾的一个世代为(34.714±1.074)d,其中卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的发育历期分别为(4.250±0.125)d、(12.167±0.259)d、(5.917±0.130)d和(12.429±1.025)d.幼虫共5龄,1～5龄的发育历期分别为(1.583±0.142)d、(1.750±0.125)d、(1.833±0.108)d、(2.333±0.136)d和(4.667±0.245)d.低龄幼虫取食叶脉附近的叶肉,高龄幼虫卷叶取食,常伴有咬断叶柄行为.成虫羽化高峰在8:00～10:00,交配高峰在5:00～10:00.成虫羽化1～2d后进行交配,交配1～2 d后即可产卵,每雌产卵量为58～133粒.     

果树授粉昆虫壁蜂的管理技术

1壁蜂的生活习性衡水市桃城区生产中推广的壁蜂主要有凹唇壁蜂、紫壁蜂和由日本引进的角额壁蜂3种。壁蜂1年1代。卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫均在巢管内越夏越冬。成虫具有群聚独栖的特性,喜欢在茎杆、树洞、石洞内用泥土建巢室,采集花粉繁殖后代。雄蜂羽化出茧后只在雄巢周围飞翔与雌蜂交尾。雌蜂交尾后,先选巢管,然后以腹毛刷采集花粉、产卵、筑巢室。     

寄主龄期对马尼拉陡胸茧蜂繁殖力和寿命的影响

研究了甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾不同龄期对马尼拉陡胸茧蜂繁殖力、寿命的影响。结果表明,马尼拉陡胸茧蜂寄生甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫时,繁殖力最高;当寄主虫龄大于2龄时,马尼拉陡胸茧蜂繁殖力随着虫龄的增大而降低。在寄生甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的各个龄期中,马尼拉陡胸茧蜂的雌蜂寿命均长于雄蜂寿命。在寄生甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫时,雌雄蜂寿命均最长;随着龄期的增长,雌雄蜂寿命逐渐缩短。     

栗瘿蜂生物学特性及防治措施

<正>1栗瘿蜂生物学特性1.1生活史本地区栗瘿蜂1年发生1代,营孤雌生殖。越冬幼虫于4月上旬解除休眠后开始活动,4月下旬至5月中旬为旺盛取食期,5月下旬进入老熟期(预蛹期),6月上中旬化蛹,6月末化蛹结束,成虫6月末到7月上旬羽化,至7月末羽化结束。成虫于7月     

菜粉蝶发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

采用18,21,24,27,30℃五个温度对菜粉蝶(Pieris rapeasp L.)各虫态(龄)发育起点温度和有效积温进行了测定.研究结果表明,卵、幼虫和蛹在18～30℃范围内均能正常生长发育,尤以24～27℃条件下最适宜,发育速率与温度呈直线关系:卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、5龄幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为8.4,8.8,8.3,8.3,8.6,8.6,14.5℃,有效积温分别为56.4,53.8,53.1,53.1,47.7,47.7,82.8 d·℃;卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期分别为4～8d,11～22 d,5～16 d;成虫寿命4～6 d.延安地区菜粉蝶1 a可发生5～6代.     

桃蛀螟的发生与防治技术

1 发生规律 该虫在松原地区1年发生2代。以老熟幼虫在树皮缝、树洞及玉米、蓖麻等残株内和向日葵盘上结茧越冬。次年5月上旬化蛹,5月末陆续羽化。越冬代成虫羽化1周后开始产卵,卵期7～8d,6月上中旬始见幼虫。幼虫危害期30~40d,7月下旬化蛹,蛹期10d左右,7月下旬始见第1代成虫。     

甘蔗红尾白螟蛹、成虫及卵特性研究

在室温条件下对甘蔗红尾白螟蛹、雌雄成虫及卵的特性进行了观察研究,测定了雌雄蛹和成虫每头平均体重、体长和体宽（翅展）,并进行了相关性分析.结果表明,成虫羽化雌雄比为1.36：1;蛹的平均发育历期为35.14±0.370d,雌雄成虫平均发育历期分别为6.10±0.220d和7.13±0.451d,卵的平均发育历期为11.58±0.267d;雄成虫的体重和翅展没有相关性,雌雄蛹和成虫的体重、体长及体宽（翅展）之间都呈显著正相关.     

莲藕食根金花虫的生物学特性研究

采用室内测定及野外观察相结合的方法，描述了莲藕食根金花虫各虫态的形态特征，以及成虫的取食、繁殖行为。生物学研究结果表明：莲藕食根金花虫在湖北地区1 a发生1代，卵历期8~10 d，蛹历期15~18 d，成虫期7~12 d，以幼虫越冬；莲藕食根金花虫的雌虫产卵量为175.67粒·头-1，22～32 ℃时，温度升高，卵孵化率增加，卵历期降低，25 ℃以上孵化率可达90 %，卵的发育起点温度为（11.74±2.36）℃，有效积温为（158.08±22.98）日·度。     

大白菜受精过程及其各阶段持续时间的研究

 对3个大白菜(Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis) 品种的受精过程及其各阶段持续的时间进行了研究。其结果如下: 1. 授粉后2～3 h, 花粉在柱头上萌发。2. 授粉后4～8 h, 花粉管在花柱中生长。3.授粉后8～14 h, 花粉管在子房中生长并通过珠孔进入胚珠。4. 授粉后16 h, 花粉管进入胚囊, 破坏1个助细胞, 并将内含物释放入该助细胞内。5. 授粉后16～18 h, 精核向卵细胞移动并进入卵细胞。授粉后18 h,精核附在卵核的核膜上。6. 授粉后20 h, 精核进入卵细胞核, 精核染色质逐渐松解; 授粉后24 h, 出现雄性核仁。受精卵核内有一明显大的雌性核仁和1个较小的雄性核仁, 此时形成合子。精核染色质在卵核内分散延续的时间长达4 h左右。7. 授粉后32～34 h, 合子进行第1次分裂。大白菜合子静止期8～10 h左右。8.受精前二极核合并成次生核或不合并, 位于卵细胞的合点端。9. 授粉后16～18 h精核向极核或次生核移动。授粉后18 h, 精核附在极核或次生核的核膜上。10. 授粉后20 h, 精核进入1个极核或次生核, 二者进行融合。精核与极核或次生核的融合过程同精核与卵核的融合过程相同, 只是精核与极核或次生核融合速度较快。精核染色质在极核或次生核里分散的时间大约为2 h。11. 授粉后22 h, 形成初生胚乳核, 在分裂前常常看到初生胚乳核内的雌雄性核仁仍未合并。12. 授粉后24 h, 初生胚乳核进行第1次有丝分裂。     

夜蛾黑卵蜂(Telenomus remus Nixon)对甜菜夜蛾信息化合物的嗅觉反应

利用Y型嗅觉仪测定了源于甜菜夜蛾不同生理阶段的雌蛾性附腺、卵表、鳞片及尾毛浸提液对夜蛾黑卵蜂寄主选择行为的影响。结果表明,甜菜夜蛾不同生理阶段的雌蛾性附腺、卵表及尾毛浸提液对夜蛾黑卵蜂均有较强的引诱作用,但鳞片浸提液的效果不明显。甜菜夜蛾卵表信息化合物可通过蒸馏水、丙酮及正己烷3种介质浸提。卵表及尾毛对夜蛾黑卵蜂有引诱效果的物质浓度分别为10卵块/mL与2mg/mL。在处女蛾、交配未产卵、产卵前期及产卵末期这4种不同生理阶段的性附腺浸提物质中,处女蛾性附腺浸提液在30μL时对夜蛾黑卵蜂有显著的引诱作用,交配但未产卵雌蛾及产卵前期雌蛾性附腺浸提物在60μL时对夜蛾黑卵蜂产生引诱作用,而处于产卵后期雌蛾性附腺浸提物在30μL与60μL时均表现出明显的引诱作用。     

Effect of crop plant density on critical period of weed competition in potato

A field study was conducted in Hamedan western Iran in 2006 to establish the critical period of weed competition (CPWC) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) for commercial and seed production plant densities. A quantitative series of treatments concerned with both increasing duration of interference and length of weed-free period were imposed within each commercial and seed potato production plant density. The beginning and end of the CPWC based on a 10% loss of tuber yield was determined by fitting logistic and Gompertz equations to the relative tuber yield data representing increasing duration of weed interference and weed-free period, respectively. At a 10% tuber yield loss level, the duration of weed interference for 571 and 676 growing degree days (GDDs) from crop emergence, corresponding to 40% and 50% canopy closure, marked out the beginning of the CPWC for commercial and seed production plant densities, respectively. When maintained weed-free for 1163 and 1014 (GDD), corresponding to 100% and 80% canopy closure, weed emerging later caused tuber yield losses of less than 10% for commercial and seed production plant densities, respectively. Practical implications of this study are that post-emergence herbicides or other weed control methods should be used in western Iran to eliminate weeds from 19–24 days post-crop emergence up to 43–51 days. Such an approach would keep yield loss levels below 10%. Interactions between plant density and weed competition durations indicated that weed management in commercial plant density of potato could be less intensive than that of seed production plant density, reducing herbicide use and risk of herbicide carryover to sensitive rotation crops.     

辣椒受精过程及其经历时间的研究

 运用常规石蜡制片技术与光学显微镜技术研究了辣椒（Capsicum annuum L.）受精过程及其经历的时间。结果表明：辣椒为自花授粉植物;成熟雄配子体为二细胞型花粉,生殖细胞在花粉管内分裂产生二个精子;花粉管破坏一个助细胞并释放精子,二精子同时移向卵细胞与次生核,精卵融合速度较慢,精子和次生核融合较快;辣椒为细胞型胚乳。自花授粉后2–4 h在柱头上大量花粉萌发;授粉后8–12 h左右花粉管长过花柱进入子房腔;授粉后12–20 h左右花粉管在助细胞里释放精子;授粉后14–30 h左右雌雄性细胞融合;授粉后18–40 h初生胚乳核分裂,初生胚乳核休眠期约为4–6 h;授粉后4 d左右合子分裂,合子休眠期为3 d左右。     

印度实蝇姬小蜂寄生习性研究

【目的】探明印度实蝇姬小蜂Aceratoneuromyia indica(Silvestri)在广州地区阳桃园内的自然寄生情况及其寄生习性。【方法】以橘小实蝇和印度实蝇姬小蜂为研究对象,采集田间落果和采用室内饲养的方法研究了印度实蝇姬小蜂对橘小实蝇的自然寄生情况,并在室内研究了印度实蝇姬小蜂的寄生习性。【结果】田间调查表明,印度实蝇姬小蜂在广州阳桃园的田间寄生率可高达43.8%。印度实蝇姬小蜂对寄主具有选择性,能寄生于橘小实蝇的幼虫和蛹,但不能寄生黄粉虫卵、幼虫和蛹以及米蛾卵。从单只橘小实蝇蛹中羽化出的印度实蝇姬小蜂成虫数为16.4±4.2只;补充营养能显著增加印度实蝇姬小蜂成虫寿命;从繁殖印度实蝇姬小蜂后代的效果来看,不同营养物质对F1代的影响并不一致,室内饲养时,可用10%蔗糖和10%蜂蜜喂养印度实蝇姬小蜂成虫。【结论】印度实蝇姬小蜂是橘小实蝇幼虫和蛹期寄生蜂,可科学利用印度实蝇姬小蜂防治橘小实蝇。     

Cold treatment modifies the photoperiodic flowering response of Lobelia×speciosa

Lobelia×speciosa Sweet ‘Compliment Scarlet' was grown under a range of photoperiods and low temperature treatments to determine their effects on flowering. In the first experiment, plants were held at 5°C for 0 or 15 weeks, then grown at 20°C under the following photoperiods: 10, 12, 14, 16, or 24 h of continual light or 9 h with a 4 h night interruption (NI). Non-cooled ‘Compliment Scarlet' flowered as a qualitative long-day plant (LDP) with a minimum flowering photoperiod of 14 h. Following cold, flowering was quantitative with respect to photoperiod, until ≈14.2 h, when the calculated rate of progress toward flowering reached a plateau. In cooled plants, node number below the inflorescence decreased from 27 to 16 as the photoperiod increased from 10 to 24 h. Cooled plants developed 61–149% more flowers and were ≥17% taller than non-cooled ones under the same photoperiod. To determine the cold duration required for flowering under short days (SD), plants were held at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 weeks at 5°C then grown at 20°C under SD (9 h photoperiod) or long days (9 h photoperiod with a 4 h NI). Under SD, few plants flowered after ≤6 weeks of cold. As cold treatment increased from 9 to 15 weeks, flowering percentage increased, time to flower decreased from 93 to 64 days, and node count decreased from 24 to 13. Cold treatment did not affect flowering percentage or time under NI, but plants always had more flowers and were taller than reproductive ones under 9 h day lengths. Thus, ‘Compliment Scarlet', is a qualitative LDP, but an extended cold treatment can partially substitute for the long day (LD) photoperiodic requirement.     

Effects of chronic Clonorchis sinensis infestation on inflammatory reaction of macrophages

AIM：To evaluate the immune state in rats with chronic Clonorchis sinesis (Cs) infestation by investigating the effects of Cs on macrophage polarization and inflammatory reactions. METHODS：Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. Chronic Cs infestation model was reproduced by intragastric perfusion with Cs eggs. Twenty rats were randomly divided into normal group (n=10) and Cs infestation group (n=10). The serum levels of interleukin (IL-4) and IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) were detected by ELISA. The macrophages were harvested by peritoneal lavage. The differentiation proportion of M1 and M2 macrophages were detected by flow cytometry. The macrophages were divided into control group, normal group and chronic Cs infestation group according to the sources of macrophages. The levels of TNF-α and IL-10 in the culture supernatants were detected by ELISA at 0, 2, 12 and 24 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 μg/L) stimulation in vitro. RESULTS：Compared with normal group, chronic Cs infestation increased the serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10. The differentiation proportion of M1 detected by flow cytometry was 92.1% in normal group and that of M2 macrophages was 93.8% in Cs infestation group. The levels TNF-α and IL-10 in culture supernatants were increased at 2~24 h after LPS stimulation both in normal group and Cs infestation group, but the levels of TNF-α were lower in chronic Cs infestation group than that in normal group at 2 h,12 h and 24 h after LPS stimulation. The level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was higher in Cs infestation group than that in normal group at 2 h, 12 h and 24 h after LPS stimulation. CONCLUSION：Chronic Cs infestation increases the serum levels of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus inducing the polarization of M2 macrophages. The macrophages derived from chronic Cs-infected rats produce tolerance in the inflammatory process against LPS in vitro.     

Interactions of photoperiod,temperature, duration of short-day treatment and plant age on flowering of Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Korona

The effects of photoperiod (10, 12, 16, 20 or 24 h), day-temperature (12, 15, 18, 24 or 30 °C), the number of short days (14, 21 or 28 days), plant age (4, 8 or 12 weeks) and their interactions on flower and inflorescence emergence were investigated in strawberry cv. Korona. No flowers emerged in plants exposed to photoperiods of 16, 20 or 24 h or to a short-day treatment for 14 days. All plants exposed to short days at daily photoperiods of 10 or 12 h for 21 days or longer, emerged flowers at temperatures between 12 and 18 °C. A further increase in temperature led to a drastic decrease in the total number of flowers per plant. A short-day treatment (10 or 12 h photoperiod) of 28 days resulted in highest numbers of inflorescences and flowers per plant, while a short-day treatment of 21 days resulted in the highest numbers of flowers per inflorescence. Complete flower induction was observed in only 4-week-old runner plants. The number of inflorescences and the number of flowers per inflorescence increased with plant age. However, the start of flowering was delayed with increasing plant age.