Theoretical and Experimental Study on Air TemperatureCharacteristics inside a Car during Parking and Starting

This paper puts forward a theoretical analysis model for air temperature characteristic inside a car during parking and starting. The analysis solution shows that the variation of air temperature inside a car with time follows index number law and becomes stable when the time is long enough. The theoretical analysis not only reveals the law of air temperature variation in clear physical meaning, but also coincides well with the experimental results.     

Evaluating Parking Monetization as a Strategy for Subsidizing Major League Sports Facilities

The public sector traditionally subsidizes construction of major league sports facilities with bonds. In 2012, the city of Sacramento, California, approved a parking monetization agreement to raise cash for a new arena, thereby potentially avoiding the risks of bond financing altogether. Though the subsidy proposal ultimately fell through, the increasing popularity of parking monetization suggests that it is only a matter of time before other local governments consider the approach. This paper evaluates the use of parking monetization as a financing strategy to construct major league sports facilities. While professional stadia are the primary focus, many of the criticisms apply to large public capital projects more generally. We conclude that parking monetization is a risky facility subsidization strategy and a poor alternative to traditional bond financing.     

城市模型反射率测量方法与运用

介绍了一种测试城市模型反射率的试验方法。制作10个条形和十字形的城市模型进行测试,观测路面不同反射率对城市反射率的影响,并将实测模型反射率与ASTM E1918-06规范计算结果进行对比。研究发现:瞬时太阳辐射强度变化值在规范允许范围内,模型计算的反射率与ASTM E1918-06测量值的误差在0~0.1之间。当峡谷纵横比(建筑物高度与路面宽度之比)为1.0时,路面反射率从0.15提高到0.65,城市峡谷反射率增幅在0~0.30之间;提高路面反射率并不能有效提高城市峡谷反射率,尤其是纵横比较大的深峡谷。城市峡谷中的多重反射抑制城市反射率的提高。同时,反射路面将给行人增加额外的辐射通量,可能带来热不适感和眩光刺眼等问题。因此,应谨慎看待反射路面作为一个缓解城市热岛效应策略。     

南京局地气候系统反演建模研究

为了研究南京局地气候动力系统的演变,利用无量纲处理后的南京站1951—2013年逐年云量、气温和降水资料,采用反演建模方法,构建了1951—2013年南京局地气候模型,并对南京局地气候模型的各项系数进行了初步的物理解释。结果发现,南京局地气候模型中云量指数的变化与云量指数、降水指数和降水指数的二次项有关;气温指数的变化与气温指数、云量指数、降水指数和气温指数的二次项有关;降水指数的变化与降水指数、云量指数和降水指数的二次项有关。以每30年的数据反演局地气候模型,发现非线性部分系数呈减小趋势,其中利用1961—1990年和1962—1991年数据的反演结果中,云量和降水变化方程中降水二次项系数都发生了突变。线性部分在气候态附近保持稳定。     

A Selection Index to Cope with Genotype-Environment Interaction with an Application to Wheat Breeding

The objective of this study was to develop a genetic selection index for the combination of quantitative observations repeated in different environments when there may be genotype-environment interactions and heterogeneity of the variance. A distinction is made between the index for local ranking of strains for each environment on its own and the index for a joint ranking which predicts mean genotypic value averaged over all environments. The resulting index was applied to field trial observations on the yield of wheat at two locations, involving 276 newly developed strains in six trial groups of equal size, in order to study the efficiency of the index and the sampling variance of index weights. The index for local ranking of strains was found to be consistently more efficient than ranking without the index, though only marginally so in trials with low coefficients of error variation. Limitations on general use of the index, as related to trial size and the standard errors of index weights, are discussed.     

Increasing grain yield of oats by independent culling for harvest index and vegetative growth index or unit straw weight

Summary Most variation in grain yield of oats is due to variation in harvest index and vegetative growth index, but the latter traits are negatively associated. Therefore we used independent culling levels to select oat genotypes with high levels of vigor traits and a desirable level of harvest index in an attempts to maximize grain yield. Harvest index and vegetative growth index or harvest index and unit straw weight were selected at various culling levels. Intensive selection for harvest index resulted in high harvest index but no grain yield improvement, because the selected lines had poor vigor. Intensive selection for vegetative growth index or unit straw weight resulted in high biomass but low harvest index.The most effective combination of culling levels was to select 25% of the original population for harvest index and, subsequently, to select for vegetative growth index or unit straw weight at an 8% intensity in the remnant population.Journal Paper No. J-11272 of the Iowa Agric. and Home Econ. Exp. Stn., Ames, IA 50011. Project 2447. This work was supported in part by the World Food Institute, Iowa State Univ., in the form of a Senior Fellowship for the senior author.     

八大公山栎类林分空间结构对林下灌木物种多样性影响分析

林分空间结构会显著影响其林下植被多样性,为明确其影响灌木物种多样性的关键因子,以八大公山栎类天然次生林为研究对象,计算混交度、大小比数、开敞度指数以及聚集指数代表林分空间结构,计算Margalef指数、Pielou指数和Auclair Goff指数评价灌木物种多样性,并利用Pearson相关系数分析方法探究两者间的相关关系。结果表明,八大公山栎类天然次生林的林下灌木物种多样性变化与开敞度和林木聚集指数之间存在着明显的相互影响关系。开敞度与Pielou指数、聚集指数与Auclair Goff指数表现出明显的相互影响关系;随着开敞度的增大,Pielou指数增大,即林下灌木物种均匀度不断增加;随着八大公山栎类聚集指数增加,Auclair Goff指数增加,即林下灌木的物种多样性程度不断增长。因此,以调整树种结构为主,综合研究调整林木空间的格局和分布,尤其在林木开敞度、聚集度方面能够起到提高八大公山栎类天然次生林下灌木物种多样性的作用。     

Nitrogen uptake and nitrogen harvest index in durum wheat cultivars varying in their grain protein concentration

Summary In a field experiment, plant (excluding roots) and grain nitrogen at harvest were estimated in 15 durum wheat cultivars varying in their grain protein concentration. They showed significant variation in grain yield, grain protein concentration, biological yield, total plant nitrogen at harvest and residual nitrogen in straw. Harvest index and nitrogen harvest index were calculated from this primary data. Nitrogen harvest index varied from 57 to 83%. Plant nitrogen showed significant positive correlation with biological yield, grain yield and grain protein yield, but the correlations with grain protein concentration, harvest index and nitrogen harvest index were not significant. Nitrogen harvest index was positively correlated with harvest index indicating that the distribution of N between straw and grain to a large extent, but not entirely, depends upon the partitioning of dry matter between the two. Grain protein concentration was neither correlated significantly to plant nitrogen nor to nitrogen harvest index.     

黄土丘陵区耕地细碎化特征及影响因素研究——以山西省和顺县为例

耕地细碎化是中国实现农业大规模管理和经营面临的主要问题。以农村土地承包经营权数据为基础,利用景观格局软件获取耕地斑块面积指数(PAI)、斑块形状指数(PSI)和斑块密度指数(PDI) 3个指标值来衡量耕地细碎化程度,并利用GIS空间分析和回归分析的方法,研究和顺县耕地细碎化及其影响因素。结果表明:（1）斑块面积指数(PAI)和斑块形状指数(PSI)、斑块密度指数(PDI)具有相同的空间分布特征,即东—西—中部呈现依次下降的趋势;（2）耕地细碎化呈现空间集聚性,且局部空间自相关性分析中,以L-L型为主且主要集中分布在中部的县城周围;（3）人均耕地面积对斑块面积指数(PAI)和斑块密度指数(PDI)有较显著的影响,呈正向作用,坡度和宅化率对其形成负向作用;劳动力比例和人均耕地面积对形状指数有负向作用。该研究可以为提高区域耕地利用率进而实现农业规模经营提供科学参考。     

黑龙江省春季低温指数及其对作物产量的影响

[目的]为了解近44年来黑龙江省春季低温指数的分布规律和变化趋势及对作物产量的影响。[方法]利用1971—2014年黑龙江省80个气象站春季最低气温和平均气温资料,结合低温指数模型,通过线性回归和EOF分析等方法,对黑龙江省春季低温指数的变化特征进行分析。[结果]结果表明：春季低温指数呈减少趋势,1980s升温以来,低温指数明显减少;2010s极端气温的升高,低温指数明显增加。春季低温指数第1特征向量呈现一致的正变化,东南部等值线密集,由于热量条件变化多,低温指数变化较快;第2特征向量南部和西部地区为负值,其他地区为正值,时间系数正值(负值)的年份里,特征向量正值的区域低温指数增加(减少),特征向量负值的区域低温指数减少(增加)。各站点春季平均气温呈升高趋势,1970s以来各年代呈升高的趋势,2010s有所下降且年际波动加大,春季低温指数相反。低温指数是气温的一种表现形式。春季低温指数与气温、玉米和水稻单产负相关,春季气温升高1 ℃,低温指数减少3.0 d;低温指数增加1 d,玉米和水稻产量分别下降2.67％和2.54％,极端低温事件发生将会造成减产幅度加大。[结论]研究结果不仅可为区域尺度内研究低温冷害提供基础方法,而且对进一步科学制定农作物品种布局及农作物种植北界北移具有重要的科学指导作用。     

中国棉花生产优势省域分析

中国棉区分布广阔,各地宜棉程度差别很大。在前人研究的基础上,利用1989—2003年的全国及各省区的生产统计资料,以规模优势指数、单产优势指数、集中度优势指数、综合优势指数、棉粮单产比指数、棉粮面积比指数对各省区近阶段产棉优势分布及部分省区优势变化进行了分析。分析结果表明：中国有新疆、河南、山东、河北、湖北、江苏、安徽,这7个稳定的棉花生产优势省区,天津可能成为新兴的棉花优势省区,总体而言,中国棉花生产优势在东部有所波动,略有减小的状态下,植棉重心向西北部偏移。     

小麦抗旱性鉴定方法及评价指标研究Ⅰ 鉴定方法及评价指标

为了筛选适宜于小麦品种抗旱性鉴定的方法和指标，笔者概述了小麦抗旱性的概念、类型和鉴定原理，对多种抗旱鉴定方法和评价指标进行了比较分析，阐述了小麦品种抗旱鉴定的特点和要求，确定小麦全生育期旱棚鉴定法和抗旱指数是最适宜于抗旱育种和区试工作采用的综合性鉴定方法和评价指标     

1987—2012年黄淮海地区冬小麦生育期气候适宜指数时空分布特征

为了研究气候资源对黄淮海地区冬小麦生产的气候适宜度,以冬小麦气候适宜度模型为基础,选取5省63站1987—2012年逐旬气象数据分析了该区域冬小麦气候适宜指数时空分布特征。结果表明,黄淮海地区冬小麦生长季内温度适宜度、日照适宜度、降水适宜度的空间分布差异较大,温度适宜指数由北向南、日照适宜指数由东向西,降水适宜指数由南向北总体呈现递减的地域分布特征。黄淮海地区冬小麦气候适宜程度较高,总体能满足冬小麦不同阶段生长发育的需要。光温资源总体较好,相应的气候适宜指数较高,各个发育期日照适宜指数均高于0.8,温度适宜指数除分蘖期受气温起伏影响值偏小以外,其余发育阶段均高于0.7;但降水适宜指数明显较低,均小于0.6,是制约该区域冬小麦生产的关键因素。     

郑州市郊农田土壤重金属污染评价

为了解郑州市郊农田土壤的重金属污染状况,通过野外调查和室内分析,对该区域农田（小麦田、蔬菜地、休闲地）土壤重金属Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Cd的含量进行总量检测。采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗(N. L. Nemerow)综合污染指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属污染做出综合评价。结果表明,各元素单因子污染指数小于1,属于土壤未污染,按照单项污染指数进行排序,其大小顺序为：Cd>Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb;就小麦田、蔬菜地和休闲地而言,内梅罗综合污染指数均小于0.7,土壤处于清洁水平,污染等级为安全;用潜在生态危害指数法获得各元素的潜在生态危害系数和各样点的潜在生态危害指数,判断土壤重金属为低生态风险水平。总之,郑州市郊农田土壤环境质量良好。     

豚草入侵湖南对植物多样性的影响

采用样方法调查了湖南省6个豚草入侵样地中4～10月杂草的种类和数量,分析了其物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数。结果表明,6个样地采得本地植物83种,其中常见本地植物41种,隶属19科。豚草入侵造成6种生境条件下物种丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数下降显著或极显著,均匀度指数变化小。豚草群落在不同季节物种丰富度指数变化小,多样性指数和均匀度指数在春夏季上升。表明豚草的入侵对生物多样性有不利影响。     

生物入侵危害的指标体系探讨

生物入侵已经对中国的生物多样性、生态环境和国民经济产生严重的威胁。生态安全指标体系的构建：生物入侵危害研究的深入;以及众多其他领域指标体系研究框架的成果为生物入侵危害指标体系的构建提供了依据。在总结了近年来关于生物入侵造成危害相关研究的基础上,根据频度分析法。将众多文献中的危害指标进行筛选、整理,并根据客观形势的发展和需要提出一些新的指标。结合指标体系研究中一些比较成熟的框架,尝试构建了生物入侵指标体系。旨在为政府部门及科研机构更科学的评价生物入侵危害提供一个可行的框架。     

云南省耕地复种指数特征及其潜力研究

为全面了解云南省耕地资源利用情况、保护及合理利用耕地资源,基于2003—2012 年统计资料,从区域对比、时间变化、空间差异、潜力测算方面对云南省耕地复种指数进行多角度的研究分析,宏观评价耕地资源的集约化利用程度。结果表明：从外部看,云南省复种水平远低于全国平均水平,并且低于同属于西南地区的四川省、广西省和贵州省;从内部看,各州市的复种指数总体呈上升趋势,耕地利用总体趋向于集约化利用,但集约化利用程度非常低,其中,中部地区的复种指数较高,北部地区的复种指数参差不齐,南部地区的复种指数最低,是全省弃耕撂荒现象最为严重的区域,同时也是复种指数可挖掘潜力最大的地区,应将其作为改革耕作制度、实施农田水利改造工程、提高耕地利用率和产出率的重点区域。     

论中国政府财政对农业投资效益评估指标体系与评价方法

中国政府财政对农业投资一直没有有效的考核办法,没有量化的考核指标,不利于正确、合理地安排财政对农业投资。因此,迫切需要制订一套评估财政对农业投资效益的指标体系。在遵循合理原则的基础上,运用“德尔菲法”构建的中国政府财政对农业投资效益评估指标体系,共三部分18个指标。在指出运用该指标体系的三个关键环节后,给出了运用该指标体系的两种方法：测分评价法和指标比较法。     

多种干旱遥感指数在临沂地区的适用性分析

为研究临沂地区适合的干旱遥感指数,本文利用2012年4～11月MODIS数据反演了临沂地区的NDVI和EVI植被指数,分别构建了温度植被指数(TVDI)和植被供水指数(VSWI)。结合地面实测土壤相对湿度数据,建立了上述植被指数与土壤相对湿度的关系模型,并反演得到区域性的土壤墒情。通过比较多种干旱遥感指数的反演结果,研究了适宜于临沂地区的遥感干旱监测模型。结果表明：TVDI_NDVI、TVDI_EVI、VSWI_NDVI和VSWI_EVI4种干旱遥感指数与10～20cm的土壤相对湿度均显著关系,82%通过0.01显著性检验,TVDI指数的相关系数总体比VSWI指数高5%,TVDI_EVI的相关系数比TVDI_NDVI指数高3%,VSWI_NDVI的相关系数比VSWI_EVI高1%,差异较小。     

Relationship Between Watershed Landscape Pattern Change and Runoff-Sediment in Wind-Water Erosion Crisscross Region

This paper selected the typical wind-water erosion crisscross region Xiliugou watershed for research to reveal the impact of the landscape pattern change of the underlying surface in wind-water erosion crisscross region where soil erosion is most serious on rainfall and runoff as well as erosion and sediment.Based on the Landsat TM image data and measured data of runoff-sediment in that watershed,the paper analyzed the characteristics of watershed landscape pattern change and runoff-sediment and explored the relationship between landscape index and runoff-sediment yield by means of GIS and Fragstats.The results were included as follows.(1)Grassland was the dominant landscape.In terms of the number of patches and area change rate,from 1985 to 2010,cultivated land,forest land and construction land were most stable,followed by unused land.Unused land,grassland and cultivated land experienced the most dramatic conversion and maximally affected by human activities.(2)The inter-annual difference between annual runoff and annual sediment load was significant.Compared with the annual sediment load,the trend of decreasing runoff was more obvious.The correlation coefficient of runoff-sediment was 0.67,representing a significant correlation.(3)There was a significant correlation between the landscape index and runoff-sediment.The runoff was negatively correlated with the largest patch index,patch cohesion index,aggregation index and contagion index,but positively correlated with landscape morphology index and landscape division index.And the sediment was negatively correlated with the contagion index,aggregation index and plaque cohesion index,but positively correlated with other landscape indexes.The results indicate that with the increase of the largest patch index,patch cohesion index and aggregation index,the rainfall infiltration capacity increase obviously and the soil erosion reduce significantly.Therefore,increasing the largest patch index,patch cohesion and aggregation index of the watershed landscape can enhance the function of water storage and soil conservation as well as ecological optimization in the windwater erosion crisscross region.The results can provide theoretical support for the ecological environment construction and comprehensive utilization of water and soil resources.