Existing Situation on Disposal of Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plant in Three-Gorges Reservoir Area

At present 18 wastewater treatment plants operateing in the Small towns of Three Gorge Areas of Chongqing Municipality, producing 132.95 tons surplus sludge everyday. As regards to the disposition of such numerous surplus sludge, the major disposition technique in these wastewater water treatment plants, i. e. , thickening and mechanical dewatering technique followed by feeding into the municipal solid waste landfill, seems to have a rather bad effect on the normal operation of the municipal solid waste landfill, due to the unstabilized sludge resulted from this technique of the sludge disposition and high moisture in the sludge, which is higher than 80%. This paper has paid some attention to this phenomenon. With respect to the small towns having the the municipal solid waste landfill, the techniques of mechanical dewatering, calcareousness stabilized etc. before feeding into the municipal solid waste landfill, seem to be feasible, while the composting and comprehensive utilization of sludge is available in the small towns which have no municipal solid waste landfills.     

污泥堆肥的应用及其在农业中的发展趋势

污泥是污水处理厂剩余物,随着社会的发展,资源的紧缺,污泥作为堆肥原料已逐渐成为人们处理污泥的主要方式,即把污泥经过堆肥化形成的生物固体应用于农田、林地、草地、市政绿化、果树及蔬菜地,使严重扰动的土地逐渐恢复植被并促进土壤熟化。污泥因其含有大量有机质和氮磷钾等营养成分,是非常值得利用的肥源。此文综述了污泥堆肥农用的历史及现状,污泥堆肥化的原理和过程;并对污泥堆肥在农业、林业、蔬菜、花卉、果树以及土地修复重建上的应用做了详细介绍,指出污泥堆肥在农业中的发展趋势以及存在的问题。     

Application and Trend of Development of Sludge Thickening Technology in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant

In this paper,the present state of application and research of sludge thickening technology in municipal wastewater treatment plant are summed up and the trend of development of sludge thickening technology is pointed out.     

不同配比污泥基质对2种草本植物生长的影响

以北京小红门污泥转运站的生活污泥为研究对象,探讨不同配比污泥基质处理对高羊茅和黑麦草生长的影响,为北京市合理利用城市生活污泥提供科学理论依据。采用土壤农化常规分析法对污泥基质进行分析,通过对比试验对2种草本植物的生长和生理指标进行比较。研究表明,污泥的施用明显改变了土壤的生化指标,进而影响了植物的生长发育。对于生污泥来说,随着配比比例的增加,高羊茅和黑麦草各项生长指标均呈现先增加后减少的变化规律;而对于污泥混合类型来说,50%生污泥和50%脱水泥饼更有利于草种的发芽和生长;当污泥配比比例超过60%时,会抑制植物的发芽和生长。另外,对于施用污泥的植物来说,其生理指标叶绿素含量明显增高,并且丙二醛含量也有显著变化。研究结果将为污泥矿山修复利用技术提供理论指导作用。     

城市污泥堆肥及农用前后重金属形态变化的研究

笔者以城市污水处理厂污泥为研究对象,添加不同种类及不同比例的调理剂对A、B和C堆污泥进行高温堆肥试验,分析了堆肥成品的种子发芽指数和基本理化性质,用顺序提取法分析堆肥、种植小白菜前后重金属形态的变化,为城市污水厂污泥资源化利用及堆肥中重金属形态变化提供相关参考。结果表明,城市污水厂污泥经过堆肥处理,添加剂种类及添加比例对污泥的腐熟程度有一定影响,且堆料中重金属Cu、Zn的X-(KNO3+H2O)态均有所降低,其中Cu的X-(KNO3+H2O)态下降比例顺序是C堆(53.71%)＞A堆(24.64%)＞B堆(2.55%),Zn的X-(KNO3+H2O)态下降比例是A堆(80.58%)＞B堆(71.09%)＞C堆(66.34%);堆肥处理后的土壤中,Cu、Zn的X-(KNO3+H2O)态的比例则有所增加。试验结果对污水厂污泥堆肥土地利用及重金属形态在土壤中的形态转化具有实用价值。     

施用污泥对土壤中重金属含量的影响

随着城市污水处理厂数量的迅速增加,污泥的处置及其环境影响受到越来越多的关注。污泥土地利用因具有处理费用低廉及高效性的特点,已成为重要的污泥处理方式。然而污泥中的重金属元素是限制其大规模农田利用的重要因素。施污土壤中重金属的形态研究可以用来评价土壤中重金属的生物有效性以及它们在土壤中的移动性。用修正BCR三步连续提取法进行分步提取研究了施污后的水稻田土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布状况。与对照相比,在直接施用污泥的水稻田土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的含量显著增加。但即使是在施污60t hm-2的土壤中,Cu、Pb、Zn的含量亦远低于我国土壤环境质量标准。在施污的水稻田土壤中4种重金属元素的形态分布规律为：残渣态＞可氧化态＞可还原态＞可交换态和弱酸溶解态。这些重金属元素在水稻田土壤中相对稳定性顺序为Zn＞Cu＞Cd=Pb。     

Treatment of Tick Effluent From Monosodium Glutamate Production

In-beaker flocculation experiments are performed on the treatment of thick organic wastewater from sodium glutamate production. The effects of different flocculantand its dosage, pH value, and the effects of the composition between the inorganic polymer flocculants and the organic polymer flocculants are investigated.The best flocculation effect is achieved by adopting an inorganic polymeric flocculant PFSS(self-made). Under the condition of pH value within (7.5) to 8.5, the optimum dosage of PFSS is 20 mg/L, the COD_(cr)removal ratio was 68%, and the turbidity removal efficiency was over 89.7%. While, the organic polymer flocculants can synergistic coagulation effects when it is compounded with PFSS. The results demonstrate that the application of such flocculation technology to the pretreatment of thick effluent from sodium glutamate production is effective and economic.     

赤子爱胜蚓分解处理城市污泥的最佳生态条件研究

城市污泥是城市污水处理的副产物,成分复杂,若不妥善处置,将对环境造成二次污染。本文利用采用4因素3水平的正交设计,以赤子爱胜蚓的日增重倍数与日增殖倍数为测试指标,研究了在含水率保持恒定的条件下,温度、种蚓投加密度、污泥碳氮比以及EM添加量对赤子爱胜蚓生长与繁殖的影响。从而找到赤子爱蚯蚓分解处理城市污泥的最佳生态条件,为城市污泥的处理提供理依据。结果：当温度为22 ℃,种蚓投加密度为0.1 g/ cm2,污泥碳氮比为20,EM投加量为0.1％时,赤子爱胜蚓具有最佳的生长与繁殖效果。因此,确定了蚯蚓处理城市污泥的最佳生态条件。     

The effect of volatile component on the heat value of wastewater and sludge samples from WWTP

The municipal wastewater biology treatment process includes both pollutants transferring and energy utilization. The wastewater and sludge samples of several WWTP (wastewater treatment plant) in Chongqing are investigated. The heat value, volatile component and element content of those samples are determined. The effect of volatile component on heat value is analyzed. The results show that it has a good correlation between volatile component and heat value. The heat value has a negative correlation with volatile component when volatile component is below 30%, while it has a positive correlation with volatile component when volatile component is above 37%. The heat value is also calculated by the Dulong formula. The conclusions are pretty close: heat value has a negative correlation with volatile component when volatile component is below 28.26%, while has a positive correlation with it when volatile component is above 28.26%. It indicates that the analysis method for heat value of wastewater and sludge in this paper is effective, and it can be used in wastewater measurement.     

城市污水处理厂所出水中的细菌对抗生素耐性的研究

为研究城市污水厂所出水中的一般细菌对抗生素的耐性。在成都市选取了2座有代表性的污水厂,检测分析其出水中的细菌分别对6种抗生素（青霉素、头孢氨苄、环丙沙星、四环素、庆大霉素、阿奇霉素）的抗性菌浓度、比例、及半抑制浓度。结果表明：2座污水厂出水的细菌总数随着抗生素浓度的增加而减少;青霉素和头孢氨苄对细菌总数的影响较小,四环素和环丙沙星对细菌总数的影响较大。青霉素的抗性菌浓度最高,A、B厂分别高达6.5×104 、2×104 CFU/mL,B厂的四环素抗性菌浓度最低为8.9 ×102 CFU/mL。A、B污水厂出水中细菌的庆大霉素抗性水平最高,其半抑制浓度分别高达28.1 mg/L和25.4 mg/L。2座污水厂出水细菌的抗生素半抑制浓度高于污水中的抗生素浓度,低浓度的抗生素是抗性菌稳定存在的重要因素,因此应该谨慎抗生素的使用,降低抗性菌的环境污染风险。     

Optimizing Analysis of Microbial Flocculants Using in Wastewater Treatment

Limits about the traditional flocculants and the superiorities about the microbial flocculants in the water treatment have been reviewed from the effect of wastewater treatment,poisonous to the biology,with or without the second pollution and other aspects. It is analyzed that microbial flocculants will probably replace all or partly the traditional inorganic and organic compound macromolecule flocculants. Lots of optimizing projects were brought forward about how to low the wastewater treatment running cost and how to improve the treatment efficiency. At the same time, lots of examples of the wastewater treatment have been listed to show the microbial flocculants' superiority and the development trends in the future.     

城镇污泥生物沥浸减量试验研究

通过生物沥浸技术实现对城镇污水处理厂污泥减量并最终达到资源化利用的目的,具有非常重要的实际意义。利用可移动集装箱式试验机,采用续批式运行模式对天津本地两处污水处理厂污泥进行生物沥浸减量实验。结果表明,环境温度为15~25℃、曝气量为1.2L/min、反应时间72h,初始批次将260L接种物和0.73kg营养剂投入400L原泥中,按回流比40%进行3批次沥浸实验。当反应结束后,2种污泥3批次的终点pH从沥浸前的5左右可降至3以下。2种污泥的镉、铜、锌、镍平均溶出率都达到80%以上,其中锌、镉的溶出率分别达到了94.26%、86.67%以上,平均溶出效果从高到底依次为锌＞镉＞铜＞镍。汞、铅、砷的平均溶出率最低,分别为21.42%、20.4%、23.52%。2种污泥经生物沥浸固液分离后,泥饼含水率均降至53%以下。向压滤液分别投加4kg/t、2kg/t石灰后,污泥1、2的上部澄清液中氨氮、COD及污泥1的SS都超过了污染物一级排放标准。与原泥相比,粪大肠菌群杀灭率达到99.99%,沥浸过程造成总养分分别损失24.89%、9.31%,有机质也有所损失,泥饼盐分含量超过2.00%。因此,生物沥浸具有很好的应用效果及应用前景,为进一步在本地工程化应用提供了相关依据。     

Effect of Polymer Coagulant on the Dewatering Characteristic of Sludge

Based on analysis of the characteristic of the sludge, in this paper, three kinds of sludge were selected to make coagulant experiment with three different coagulants. The specific resistance to filtration is tested. Finally,the optimum coagulant with its optimum dosage is obtained and the dewatering effect is improved.     

Experimental Simulation of Landfill Gas Production from MSW Co-disposed with Wastewater Sludge

In this paper, the landfill gas generation process was investigated by a landfill lysimeter of municipal solid waste (MSW) co-disposed with wastewater sludge. The experimental results show that the wastewater sludge played a role of inoculation in MSW degradation process and accelerated organic waste decomposition. Compared with the MSW landfill alone, the landfill gas generation rate of MSW co-disposed with sludge was higher by about 30%. The average CH 4 content in landfill gas reached 64%, which was much higher than in case of MSW landfill alone and useful for landfill gas utilization. It is also proved that co-disposal of sludge with MSW is a good choice for beneficial use of sludge.     

沼气发酵原料研究进展

为了拓宽沼气生产的使用范围和发展空间,促进中国农村生态能源事业的快速发展。综述了国内外有关沼气发酵原料的研究,主要从富氮和富碳原料以及水生植物、农产品加工的各种有机废物和废水、城市垃圾及生活污水等方面的发酵沼气进行阐述,并对其发展趋势进行了展望,旨在为农村沼气的深化研究与合理利用提供参考。     

Research on Main Microorganism Groups and Their Ecological Law im Aeration Sludge Composting Process

This paper emphatically probes into main microorganism groups and their characteristics in sewage sludge aeration composition system,and relationships between these groups and the environmental factors.Researches show that there exist interactions between microorganism groups and the environmental factors,such as organic matters,temperature and pH.Organic matters and temperature are two primary factors that effect on variations of microorganism groups. pH is a non-primary environmental factor.It is also found that microbial quantity variation curve in sludge composting process is different from that of in wastewater treatment process.     

Microbial Community Structure and Ecological Variation in TISTD Reactor

Based on the sewage treatment device of Two-phase Integrated Sludge Thickening and Digestion reactor (TISTD), microbial community structure in stable operation and its ecological variation when load changes are investigated. During a stable operation with 30% sludge dosage rate, 20 dominant bacterial strains are individually isolated from acid-phase and methane-phase of the reactor. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA reveals that six of the achieved strains belong to Bacillus, Methanospirillum and Methanococcus respectively. Ten sludge samples are collected separately in 5 periods when the reactor operates with 10%, 20% and 30% sludge dosage rate and in the state of started-up and disordered, and followed by DNA extraction, purification, 16S rDNA PCR amplification and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). The good quality of DNA extraction and amplification demonstrates that there is an abundant biomass in the sludge under mid-temperature condition. The results show that TISTD reactor has a high biodiversity in microbial communities and is complex and stable in ecosystem structure, which effectively supports the good digestion in sludge thickening.     

城市污泥农用存在的问题与对策

介绍了城市污泥的性质并结合肥料市场信息分析了污泥农用存在的若干问题,即：有害物质的负面影响;养分含量低、施用成本高、肥效慢;运输和施用不方便;市场布局不合理。提出了相应的对策,即：堆肥化处理提高污泥稳定性;对城市污泥堆肥进行深加工;利用污泥堆肥进行土壤生物控氮;开拓污泥堆肥的新市场。     

皂荚皂苷的絮凝脱色及膜分离纯化

为获得高纯度的皂荚皂苷，以乙醇提取皂荚果皮所得皂苷粗提液为原料，采用多种无机低分子絮凝剂和有机高分子絮凝剂处理皂苷粗提液。通过对比不同种类和不同加量的絮凝剂对皂苷纯化及脱色效果的影响，确定最佳的絮凝剂种类和加量；采用膜处理工艺进一步提高皂苷产品纯度。结果表明：最佳絮凝工艺为双氰胺-双氰胺甲醛或双氰胺-双氰胺铵盐絮凝剂，加量为1.5%，搅拌速度为80 r/min。经过10000 Da、2000 Da及500 Da 3种分子量的卷式膜处理后，喷雾干燥所得皂荚皂苷产品脱色率达到60%，含量从43%提高到78%以上。该研究结果絮凝脱色及膜处理工艺可用于较高纯度皂荚皂苷产品的生产，为企业综合开发利用皂荚资源提供基础。